Acronym Explanation A
ADEN ALOS European Data Node
ADEOS Advanced Earth Monitoring satellite ADRC Asian Disaster Reduction Center ALFLEX Automatic Landing Flight Experiment APRSAF Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum ARV ATV Return Vehicle
ATV Automated Transfer Vehicle
AVNIR-2 Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer Type-2 B
BOC Besoins Operationnels Communs BRT Business Roundtable
C
CCI Climate Change Initiative
CEOS Committee on Earth Observation Satellites CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CNES Centre National d'Études Spatiales
COPUOS Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space CSDP Common Security and Defence Policy
CSTP Council for Science and Technology Policy D
DBS Direct Broadcasting Services
DMSS Disaster Management Support System DOD Department of Defense
E
EAP Environmental Action Programmes
EGNOS European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service EGNOSS European Global Navigation Overlay System ELDO European Launcher Development organization
ELINT Electronic Intelligence
Elips European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences ELV European Launch Vehicle
EO Earth Observation
EPA Economic Partnership Agreement ESRO European Space Research Organisation
Acronym Explanation
EUMETSAT European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites F
FLPP Future Launchers Preparatory Programme FSS Fixed satellite Services
FTA Free Trade Agreement G
G8 Group of Eight
GCMs General Circulation Models
GCOM Global Change Observation Mission GEO Group on Earth Observation
GEOSS Global Earth Observation System of Systems
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GIS Geographic Information Systems
GLI Global Imager
GMES Global Monitoring for Environment and Security GNI Gross National Income
GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System
GOCE Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer GTO Geostationary Transfer Orbit
H
HSPG High-level Space Policy Group HTV H-2 Transfer Vehicle
HYFLEX Hypersonic Flight Experiment I
IAWG International Architecture Working Group ICT Information and Communication Technologies IFRI Institut Français des Relations Internationales ILS International Launch Services
IRS Indian Remote Sensing
ISAS Institute of Space and Astronautical Science
ISECG International Space Exploration Coordination Group ISS International Space Station
ISWG International Standards Working Group J
JAMSS Japan's Manned Space Systems Corporation JEM Japanese Experiment Module
JRC Joint Research Centre JSDF Japan’s Self Defence Force
JSF Japan Space Forum
JSpOC Joint Space Operations Center
L
LEO Low-Earth orbit
LPT Light Particle Telescope M
ME Midlife Evolution
MELCO Mitsubishi Electric Corporation MEO Medium-Earth orbit
METI Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
MEXT Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology MFF Multiannual Financial Framework
MHI Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
MIC Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
MLIT Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism MMO Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter
MOFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs MPO Mercury Planetary Orbiter
MR Medium Resolution
MS Member State
MUSIS Multinational Space-Based Imaging System for Surveillance, Reconnaissance and Observation
N
NAL National Aerospace Laboratory
NASDA National Space Development Agency of Japan NDPG National Defense Program Guidelines
NEDO New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation NEOs Near-Earth Objects
NGL Next-Generation Launcher
O
OOSA United Nations’ Office for Outer Space Affairs
OST Outer Space Treaty
P
PALSAR Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar PCRF Protein Crystallization Research Facility
PNT Position, Navigation and Timing
PRISM Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument of Stereo Mapping R
R&D Research and Development
RESTEC Remote Sensing Technology Center RFSA Russian Federal Space Agency RLV Reusable Launch Vehicle RRD Regulatory Reform Dialogue RVS Rendezvous- and Docking Sensor
S
SAC Space Activities Commission
SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar
SATCOM Satellite Communications
SCC Space Communications Corporation SDA Space Data Association
SFOC Space Flight Operations Contract SJAC Space Activities Commission
SMEs Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises SMOS Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity SPASEC Space and Security Panel of Experts
SPI Space Policy Institute
SPICA A joint ESA-JAXA mission
SSA Space Situational Awareness
SSA-PP SSA Preparatory Programme SSN Space Surveillance Network
STSC Scientific and Technical Subcommittee SWG Science Working Group
T
TCBMs Transparency and Confidence-Building Measures TEU Treaty on European Union
TsSKB Progress The Progress State Research and Production Space Centre U
ULA United Launch Alliance UNEP UN Environment Programme
UNFCCC UN Framework Convention on Climate Change UPLC Unpressurized Logistic Carrier
USA United Space Alliance
USEF Unmanned Space Experiment Free Flyer USOCs User Support & Operation Centers USSTRATCOM U.S. Strategic Command
V
VHR Very High Resolution W
WP Working Parties
WTO World Trade Organization
Annex
A.1 Project Methodology
To address the topic of Europe–Japan coop-eration in space, information and research materials were collected through a number of means, including in-house, open source re-search and expert interviews via telephone and in-person. The research involved a re-view of the current status of Japan’s coopera-tion with Europe in space, including with the EU, Member States (through national space programmes) and participation in ESA pro-grammes.
Experts in the areas of space policy, civilian space activities and space security, from ESA, JAXA, the national space agencies of Europe, the EU, relevant Ministries in Japan, commer-cial entities, academia and non-governmental organizations were contacted to provide their expert views to augment and reinforce the study. Particular attention was paid to those experts familiar with past cooperative efforts in various fields to gain insights concerning the technical and practical issues that accom-pany such cooperative efforts.
A number of interviews with high-level offi-cials took place during a fact-finding visit to Japan that occurred in March 2011. Prelimi-nary discussions were also conducted at that time concerning a gathering entitled
“Europe–Japan Space Cooperation” that was held on 17 January 2012. Former ESPI Direc-tor, Kai-Uwe Schrogl, and ESPI Resident Fel-low, Jana Robinson, met with government officials from various Ministries, including the Deputy Secretary-General of the Cabinet Secretariat’s Strategic Headquarters for Space Policy, the Chairman of the Space Ac-tivities Commission (SJAC), the Deputy Direc-tor-General of the Ministry of Education (MEXT), and the Director of International Science Cooperation Division of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA). A scheduled meet-ing with the Director of the Space Industry Office at the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) had to be cancelled due to the devastating earthquake/tsunami that struck Japan on Friday, 11 March 2011. With regard to Japanese industry, meetings were held with the President of Japan’s Manned Space Systems Corporation (JAMSS) and the President of the Japan Space Forum (JSF).
On 14 March, a special meeting was arranged for ESPI representatives and the Director of the George Washington University’s Space Policy Institute (SPI), Dr. Scott Pace, with JAXA President, Keiji Tachikawa, and JAXA Executive Vice President, Kiyoshi Higuchi. In JAXA’s offices, ESPI gave a presentation on the European perspective concerning future space transportation programmes and inter-national cooperation.
At JAXA with President Keiji Tachikawa and Executive Vice President Kiyoshi Higuchi (third and fourth from left standing)
On 17 January 2012, ESPI organised, on its premises in Vienna, a workshop entitled
“Europe–Japan Space Cooperation”. Jana Robinson, the report’s author, was responsi-ble for of the workshop’s organisation. Four panels discussed the four dimensions of Europe–Japan cooperation addressed in this report. The workshop participants included Jiří Buriánek, Director of the EU Council’s Directorate for Competitiveness, Lisbon Strategy, Industry, Research, Information Society and Electronic Communications; Tet-suhiko Ikegami, Chairman of the Space Ac-tivities Commission at Japan’s Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science & Tech-nology (MEXT); Hirotoshi Kunitomo, Counsel-lor at the Secretariat of the Strategic Head-quarters for Space Policy at Japan’s Cabinet Office; Andreas Lindenthal, Senior Vice
Presi-dent, Business Division Products, Astrium;
Kaoru Mamiya, President of the Japan Space Forum (JSF); Naoto Matsuura, Secretary General of the Remote Sensing Technology Center of Japan (RESTEC); Giuseppe Morsillo, Director of ESA Policies, Planning and Con-trol; Jana Robinson, ESPI Resident Fellow;
Kazuto Suzuki, Professor of International Political Economy at the Public Policy School of Hokkaido University; Gerhard Thiele, ESPI Resident Fellow and former astronaut; Chris-tophe Venet, Research Associate at the Space Policy Program, Institut Français des Rela-tions Internationales (IFRI); and Hirotaka Watanabe, Special Researcher at the Gradu-ate School of Law and Politics, Osaka Univer-sity. The workshop proceedings were inte-grated into the Final Report.
Conference speakers:
From top left: Gerhard Thiele (ESPI), Christophe Venet (IFRI), Andreas Lindenthal (Astrium), Kazuto Suzuki (Hokkaido Univer-sity), Peter Hulstroj (ESPI Director), Hirotaka Watanabe (Osaka University).
From bottom left: Jana Robinson (ESPI), Naoto Matsuura (RESTEC), Hirotoshi Kunitomo (Japan’s Strategic Headquarters for Space Policy), Giuseppe Morsillo (ESA), Tetsuhiko Ikegami (MEXT), Jiří Buriánek (EU Council), Kaoru Mamiya (JSF)
A.2 Agenda of the Europe–Japan Space Workshop Organised by
ESPI
Acknowledgements
The author would first like to express special thanks to Kai-Uwe Schrogl, Head of ESA Poli-cies Department and former Director of the European Space Policy Institute who initiated this project. It is likewise important to recog-nise the high-level officials, industry repre-sentatives and space experts that took time to meet with us during a visit in Tokyo in March 2011. They include Hirofumi Katase, the Deputy Secretary-General of the Cabinet Secretariat’s Strategic Headquarters for Space Policy, Tetsuo Ikegami, Chairman of the Space Activities Commission (SJAC), Jun Yanagi, the Director of International Science Cooperation Division of the Ministry of For-eign Affairs (MOFA), Kazuhide Todome, President of Japan’s Manned Space Systems Corporation (JAMSS), Kaoru Mamiya, the President of the Japan Space Forum (JSF).
Sincere appreciation is extended to the JAXA representatives who facilitated the ESPI visit, especially Motoko Uchitomi and Mami Sa-samura, as well as a memorable meeting with JAXA President, Keiji Tachikawa, and JAXA Executive Vice President, Kiyoshi Higu-chi.
The author is also grateful to the participants of the “Europe-Japan Space Workshop”
or-ganised by ESPI on 17 January 2012 from which valuable insights were gained, includ-ing Giuseppe Morsillo, Director of ESA Poli-cies, Planning and Control; Hirotoshi Kuni-tomo, Counsellor at the Secretariat of the Strategic Headquarters for Space Policy at Japan’s Cabinet Office; Jiří Buriánek, Director of the EU Council’s Directorate for Competi-tiveness, Lisbon Strategy, Industry, Re-search, Information Society and Electronic Communications; Tetsuhiko Ikegami, Chair-man of the Space Activities Commission at Japan’s Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science & Technology (MEXT); An-dreas Lindenthal, Senior Vice President, Busi-ness Division Products, Astrium; Kaoru Ma-miya, President of the Japan Space Forum (JSF); Naoto Matsuura, Secretary General of the Remote Sensing Technology Center of Japan (RESTEC); Kazuto Suzuki, Professor of International Political Economy at the Public Policy School of Hokkaido University; Gerhard Thiele, ESPI Resident Fellow and former as-tronaut; Christophe Venet, Research Associ-ate at the Space Policy Program, Institut Français des Relations Internationales (IFRI);
Hirotaka Watanabe, Special Researcher at the Graduate School of Law and Politics, Osaka University and Peter Hulsroj, ESPI director.