Health behavior, social resources and components of SES

a. lower education, state of not working, lower individual income are more often accompanied with nicotine consumption

Low education is accompanied with nicotine consumption: there is a significant difference between the Russian participants without higher education and the participants with higher education in terms of nicotine consumption (Chi-square = 7.1; df = 1; p = 0.008). But this association can only be attributed to the men: there is a significant difference between the men without higher education and the men with higher education in regards to nicotine consumption (Chi-square = 10.4; df = 1; p = 0.001). The difference between the Russian women without higher education and the Russian women with higher education in regards to nicotine consumption is not significant (Chi-square = 0.226; df = 1; p = 0.635).

There is no significant difference between the working and not working Russian participants in regards to nicotine consumption (Chi-square = 0.001; df = 1; p = 0.982). There is also no significant difference between gender in these both groups regarding to employment (Chi-square = 1.6; df = 1; p = 0.202). But there is a significant difference between the women and the men regarding to nicotine consumption (Chi-square = 6.4; df = 1; p = 0.012): the men smoke more than the women.

There is no significant difference between the Russian participants with a monthly income of less than 500 Euros and those who earn 500 Euros or more in regards to consumption of nicotine (Chi-square = 0.126; df = 1; p = 0.722). There is also no significant difference between gender in regards to income (Chi-square = 2.4; df = 1; p = 0.124).

b. lower education, state of not working, lower individual income are accompanied with more frequent alcohol consumption

The Russian participants without higher education consume alcohol more often, but there is no significant difference between the participants without higher education and the participants with higher education in regards to the frequency of alcohol consumption (U = 917; p = 0.355). There is also no significant difference between genders in these both groups in regards to education (Chi-square = 1.1; df = 1; p = 0.295). But there is a highly significant difference between the women and the men in regards to the frequency of alcohol consumption (U = 759; p = 0.000): the men consume alcohol more often than the women.

On the contrary, the working Russian participants consume alcohol more often than not working respondents: there is a statistically significant difference between the working and

not working Russian participants in regards to the frequency of alcohol consumption (U = 585; p = 0.004). But this association is only due to the men: there is a statistically significant difference between the working and not working Russian men in regards to alcohol consumption (U = 134; p = 0.016). The difference between the working and not working Russian women in regards to the frequency of alcohol consumption is not significant (U = 170; p = 0.230).

On the contrary, the Russian participants who earn 500 euros and more per month, consume alcohol more often than those who have an income of less than 500 euros: there is a statistically significant difference between the Russian men and women who have a monthly income of less than 500 euros and those who earn 500 euros or more regarding to the frequency of alcohol consumption (U = 449; p = 0.000). There is no significant difference between gender in these both groups regarding to income (Chi-square = 2.4; df = 1; p = 0.124).

c. lower education, state of not working, lower individual income are accompanied with lower fruit and vegetable consumption

There is no significant difference between the participants without higher education and the participants with higher education concerning in regards to fruits and vegetable consumption (U = 1005; p = 0.846). There is also no significant difference between gender in regards to education (Chi-square = 1.1; df = 1; p = 0.295). There is also no significant difference between gender in regards to fruits and vegetable consumption (U = 1059; p = 0.178).

On the contrary, the not working Russian participants consume more fruits and vegetable than the working respondents, but there is no statistically significant difference between the working and not working Russian participants in regards to fruits and vegetable consumption (U = 787; p = 0.292). There is also no significant difference between gender in regards to employment (Chi-square = 1.6; df = 1; p = 0.202).

There is no statistically significant difference between the Russian participants who have a monthly income of less than 500 euros and those who earn 500 euros or more regarding to the fruits and vegetable consumption (U = 696; p = 0.236). There is no significant difference between gender in these both groups (Chi-square = 2.4; df = 1; p = 0.124).

d. lower education, state of not working, lower individual income are accompanied with more frequently warm meals consumption

There is no significant difference between the participants without higher education and the participants with higher education regarding to the frequency of warm meals consumption (U

= 954; p = 0.513). There is also no significant difference between gender regarding to education (Chi-square = 1.1; df = 1; p = 0.295). There is also no significant difference between gender regarding to frequency of warm meals (U = 1194; p = 0.684).

The not working Russian participants consume warm food more often than the working respondents: there is a statistically significant difference between the working and not working Russian participants in regards to the frequency of warm meals consumption (U = 598; p = 0.004), although this association can be seen only for the Russian men: the not working Russian men consume warm food more often, than employed Russian men (U = 111; p = 0.002). The difference between the working and not working Russian women in regards to the frequency of warm meals consumption is not significant (U = 189; p = 0.499).

The Russian participants who have a monthly income of less than 500 euros consume warm food more often than those who earn per month 500 euros and more: there is a statistically significant difference between the Russian participants who have a monthly income of less than 500 euros and who earns per month 500 euros and more in regards to the frequency of warm meals consumption (U = 489; p = 0.001), although this association can be seen only for the Russian men: the Russian men who have a monthly income of less than 500 euros consume warm food more often than men who earn per month 500 euros and more (U = 111;

p = 0.003). The corresponding difference between the Russian women in regards to the frequency of warm meals consumption is not significant (U = 128; p = 0.139).

e. lower education, state of not working, lower individual income are accompanied with higher meat consumption

There is no significant difference between the participants without higher education and the participants with higher education in regards to their intake of meat (U = 922; p = 0.365).

There is also no significant difference between gender in regards to education (Chi-square = 1.1; df = 1; p = 0.295). There is also no significant difference between gender in regards to intake of meat (U = 1190; p = 0.669)

There is no statistically significant difference between the working and not working Russian participants in regards to their meat consumption based on Mann-Whitney U test (U = 883; p

= 0.796). There is also no significant difference between gender in regards to employment (Chi-square = 1.6; df = 1; p = 0.202).

There is no statistically significant difference between the Russian participants who have a monthly income of less than 500 euros and those who earn 500 euros or more regarding to meat consumption (U = 820; p = 0.929). There is no significant difference between gender regarding to income (Chi-square = 2.4; df = 1; p = 0.124).

f. lower education, state of not working, lower individual income are more often accompanied with low fat or fat free food consumption

There is no significant difference between the participants without higher education and the participants with higher education in regards to low fat or fat free food consumption (U = 861; p = 0.186). There is also no significant difference between gender in regards to education (Chi-square = 1.1; df = 1; p = 0.295). There is also no significant difference between gender in regards to low fat or fat free food consumption (U = 1023; p = 0.113) There is no statistically significant difference between the working and not working Russian participants in regards to low fat or fat free food consumption (U = 821; p = 0.447). There is also no significant difference between gender in regards to employment (Chi-square = 1.6; df

= 1; p = 0.202).

There is no statistically significant difference between the Russian participants who have a monthly income of less than 500 euros and those who earn 500 euros or more regarding to low fat or fat free food consumption (U = 720; p = 0.336). There is no significant difference between gender regarding to income (Chi-square = 2.4; df = 1; p = 0.124).

g. lower education, state of not working, lower individual income are more often accompanied with deliberate reduction of food in order not to gain weight

There is no significant difference between the participants without higher education and the participants with higher education in regards to deliberate reduction of food in order not to gain weight (U = 939; p = 0.474). There is also no significant difference between gender in regards to education (Chi-square = 1.1; df = 1; p = 0.295). There is also no significant difference between gender in regards to deliberate reduction of food in order not to gain weight (U = 1099; p = 0.290).

There is no statistically significant difference between the working and not working Russian participants in regards to deliberate reduction of food in order not to gain weight (U = 730; p

= 0.126). There is also no significant difference between gender in regards to employment (Chi-square = 1.6; df = 1; p = 0.202).

There is no statistically significant difference between the Russian participants who have a monthly income of less than 500 euros and those who earn 500 euros or more regarding to deliberate reduction of food in order not to gain weight (U = 681; p = 0.190). There is no significant difference between gender regarding to income (Chi-square = 2.4; df = 1; p = 0.124).

h. lower education, state of not working, lower individual income are accompanied with less attention to healthy nutrition

On the contrary, The Russian participants without higher education pay more attention to healthy nutrition, but there is no significant difference between the participants without higher education and the participants with higher education regarding to their attention to healthy nutrition (U = 997 ; p = 0.790). There is also no significant difference between gender regarding to education (Chi-square = 1.1; df = 1; p = 0.295). But there a significant gender difference concerning the attention to healthy nutrition: the Russian women pay more attention to healthy nutrition than the Russian men (U = 894; p = 0.009).

The not working Russian participants pay less attention to healthy nutrition, but there is no statistically significant difference between the working and not working Russian participants regarding to their attention to healthy nutrition (U = 845 ; p = 0.560). There is also no significant difference between gender regarding to employment (Chi-square = 1.6; df = 1; p = 0.202).

There is no statistically significant difference between the Russian participants who have a monthly income of less than 500 euros and those who earn 500 euros or more regarding to their attention to healthy nutrition (U = 821; p = 0.938). There is no significant difference between gender regarding to income (Chi-square = 2.4; df = 1; p = 0.124).

i. lower education, state of not working, lower individual income are accompanied with less physical activity

There is no significant difference between the participants without higher education and the participants with higher education in regards to physical activity (Chi-square = 0.020; df = 1;

p = 0.889). There is also no significant difference between gender in regards to education (Chi-square = 1.6; df = 1; p = 0.202). There is also no significant difference between in regards to physical activity (Chi-square = 2.3; df = 1; p = 0.132).

There is no significant difference between the working and not working Russian participants in regards to physical activity (Chi-square = 0.094; df = 1; p = 0.759). There is also no

significant difference between gender in regards to employment (Chi-square = 1.6; df = 1; p = 0.202).

There is no statistically significant difference between the Russian participants who have a monthly income of less than 500 euros and those who earn 500 euros or more regarding to physical activity (Chi-square = 0.830; df = 1; p = 0.362). There is no significant difference between gender regarding income (Chi-square = 2.4; df = 1; p = 0.124).

j. lower education, state of not working, lower individual income are accompanied with less attention to sufficient physical activity

On the contrary, the Russian participants without higher education pay more attention to sufficient physical activity than the high educated respondents, but there is no significant difference between the participants without higher education and the participants with higher education regarding to their attention to sufficient physical activity (U = 939 ; p = 0.473).

There is also no significant difference between gender in regards to education (Chi-square = 1.1; df = 1; p = 0.295). There is also no significant difference between gender regarding to the attention to sufficient physical activity (U = 1227; p = 0.891).

There is no statistically significant difference between the working and not working Russian participants regarding to their attention to healthy sufficient physical activity (U = 879; p = 0.781). There is also no significant difference between gender regarding to employment (Chi-square = 1.6; df = 1; p = 0.202).

There is no statistically significant difference between the Russian participants who have a monthly income of less than 500 euros and those who earn 500 euros or more regarding to their attention to healthy sufficient physical activity (U = 783; p = 0.681). There is no significant difference between gender regarding to income (Chi-square = 2.4; df = 1; p = 0.124).

k. lower education, state of not working, lower individual income and higher age are accompanied with a higher BMI

The Russian participants without higher education, on the average, have higher BMI than the high educated respondents, but there is no statistically significant difference between the Russian participants without higher education and the participants with higher education regarding to their BMI (t = 0.822 df = 98; p = 0.413). There is also no significant difference between gender regarding to education (Chi-Square = 1.1; df = 1; p = 0.295). There is also no significant difference between gender regarding to BMI (t = 1.155 df = 98; p = 0.251).

On the contrary, the working Russian participants, on the average, have higher BMI than the not working respondents, but there is no statistically significant difference between the working and not working Russian participants regarding to their BMI (t = 1.250; df = 98; p = 0.214). There is no significant difference between gender regarding employment (Chi-Square

= 1.6; df = 1; p = 0.202).

There is no statistically significant difference between the Russian participants who have a monthly income of less than 500 euros and those who earn 500 euros or more regarding to their BMI (t = - 0.412; df = 98; p = 0.681). There is no significant difference between gender in these both groups concerning income (Chi-Square = 2.4; df = 1; p = 0.124).

There is no statistically significant difference between the age of the Russian participants and their BMI (Spearman's rho = - 0.176; p = 0.079). There is also no significant difference between gender regarding to age (t = 0.018; df = 98; p = 0.986).

l. lower education, state of not working, higher age are accompanied with less frequent social contacts

On the contrary, the Russian participants without higher education have more frequently social contacts than the high educated respondents, but there is no significant difference between the participants without higher education and the participants with higher education regarding to their social contacts (U = 824; p = 0.117). There is also no significant difference between gender regarding to education (Chi-Square = 1.1; df = 1; p = 0.295). There is no significant difference between the women and the men regarding to their social contacts (U = 1123; p = 0.397).

The not working Russian participants have poor social contacts, there is a statistically highly significant difference between the working and not working Russian men and women concerning their social contacts (U = 318 ; p = 0.000). There is no significant difference between gender concerning employment (Chi-square = 1.6; df = 1; p = 0.202).

Higher age accompanied by poorer social contacts: there is a highly significant low negative correlation between age and frequency of social contacts (Spearman's rho = -0.396; p = 0.000), although the correlation can be seen only for the Russian women: there is a highly significant moderate negative correlation between age and frequency of social contacts of the Russian women (Spearman's rho = 0.530; p = 0.000). The corresponding correlation between the Russian men is not significant (Spearman's rho = - 0.252; p = 0.082).

m. higher age is accompanied with higher frequency of getting help, poorer social support and poorer self-efficacy

On the contrary, higher age is accompanied by lower frequency of getting help: there is a highly statistically significant difference between the Russian participants who get help and who get no help regarding to age (U = 541; p = 0.000). There is no significant difference between gender regarding to age (t = 0.018; df = 98; p = 0.986) and between gender regarding to getting help: (Chi-square = 1.7; df = 1; p = 0.205).

There is no significant correlation between age and social support (Spearman's rho = - 0.077;

p = 0.448). There is no significant difference between gender regarding to age (t = 0.018; df = 98; p = 0.986) and between gender regarding to social support (U = 1053; p = 0.520).

There is no significant correlation between age and general self-efficacy (Spearman's rho = - 0.084; p = 0.405). There is no significant difference between gender regarding to age (t = 0.018; df = 98; p = 0.986). But there is a highly significant difference between the women and men concerning self-efficacy (U = 679; p = 0.000): the Russian men have higher GSE in comparison to the Russian women.