• Keine Ergebnisse gefunden

Araki, Y., S. Fukuoka, S. Oba and E. Ito. 1971a. Enzymatic deacetylation of N-acetylglucosamine residues in peptidoglycan from Bacillus cereus cell walls. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 45:751-758.

Araki, Y., T. Nakatani, H. Hayashi and E. Ito. 1971b. Occurrence of non-N-substituted glucosamine residues in lysozyme-resistant peptidoglycan from Bacillus cereus cell walls. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 42:691-697.

Araki, Y., T. Nakatani, K. Nakayama and E. Ito. 1972. Occurrence of N-nonsubstituted glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan of lysozyme-resistant cell walls from Bacillus cereus. J Biol Chem. 247:6312-6322.

Archibald, A.R., I.C. Hancock and C.R. Harwood. 1993. Cell wall structure, synthesis and turnover. In: Sonnenshein A.L., Hoch J.A., Losick R. (eds) Bacillus subtilis and other Gram-positive bacteria: biochemistry, physiology, and molecular genetics. ASM Press, Washington, DC.391-410.

Atrih, A., G. Bacher, G. Allmaier, M.P. Williamson and S.J. Foster. 1999. Analysis of peptidoglycan structure from vegetative cells of Bacillus subtilis 168 and role of PBP 5 in peptidoglycan maturation. J Bacteriol. 181:3956-3966.

Badet, B., P. Vermoote, P.Y. Haumont, F. Lederer and F. Le Goffic. 1987. Glucosamine synthetase from Escherichia coli: purification, properties, and glutamine-utilizing site location. Biochemistry. 26:1940-1948.

Bame, K.J. and L.H. Rome. 1985. Acetyl coenzyme A:α-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase.

Evidence for a transmembrane acetylation mechanism. J Biol Chem. 260:11293-11299.

Barnickel, G., H. Bradaczek, H. Labischinski and P. Giesbrecht. 1979. Conformational energy calculation on the peptide part of murein. Eur J Biochem. 95:157-165.

Barreteau, H., A. Kovač, A. Boniface, M. Sova, S. Gobec and D. Blanot. 2008. Cytoplasmic steps of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 32:168-207.

Bertani, G. 1951. Studies on Lysogenesis I.: The mode of phage liberation by lysogenic Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 62:293-300.

Bertsche, U., E. Breukink, T. Kast and W. Vollmer. 2005. In vitro murein (peptidoglycan) synthesis by dimers of the bifunctional transglycosylase-transpeptidase PBP1B from Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 280:38096-38101.

Bethesda Research Laboratories. 1986. BRL pUC host: E. coli DH5α competent cells. Focus 8:9.

Bhavsar, A.P. and E.D. Brown. 2006. Cell wall assembly in Bacillus subtilis: how spirals and spaces challenge paradigms. Mol Microbiol. 60:1077-1090.

Bi, E. and J. Lutkenhaus. 1991. FtsZ ring structure associated with division in Escherichia coli. Nature. 354:161-164.

Bisicchia, P., D. Noone, E. Lioliou, A. Howell, S. Quigley, T. Jensen, H. Jarmer and K.M.

Devine. 2007. The essential YycFG two-component system controls cell wall metabolism in Bacillus subtilis. Mol Microbiol. 65:180-200.

Blackman, S.A., T.J. Smith and S.J. Foster. 1998. The role of autolysins during vegetative growth of Bacillus subtilis 168. Microbiology. 144:73-82.

Blattner, F.R., G. Plunkett, III, C.A. Bloch, N.T. Perna, V. Burland, M. Riley, J. Collado-Vides, J.D. Glasner, C.K. Rode, G.F. Mayhew, J. Gregor, N.W. Davis, H.A.

Kirkpatrick, M.A. Goeden, D.J. Rose, B. Mau and Y. Shao. 1997. The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Science. 277:1453-1462.

Blümel, P., W. Uecker and P. Giesbrecht. 1979. Zero order kinetics of cell wall turnover in Staphylococcus aureus. Arch Microbiol. 121:103-110.

Boothby, D., L. Daneo-Moore, M.L. Higgins, J. Coyette and G.D. Shockman. 1973. Turnover of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycans. J Biol Chem. 248:2161-2169.

Born, P., E. Breukink and W. Vollmer. 2006. In vitro synthesis of cross-linked murein and its attachment to sacculi by PBP1A from Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 281:26985-26993.

Bouhss, A., A.E. Trunkfield, T.D.H. Bugg and D. Mengin-Lecreulx. 2008. The biosynthesis of peptidoglycan lipid-linked intermediates. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 32:208-233.

Bradford, M.M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem.

72:248-254.

Braun, V. 1975. Covalent lipoprotein from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. Biochim Biophys Acta. 415:335-377.

Burman, L.G., J. Raichler and J.T. Park. 1983. Evidence for diffuse growth of the cylindrical portion of the Escherichia coli murein sacculus. J Bacteriol. 155:983-988.

Cain, B.D., P.J. Norton, W. Eubanks, H.S. Nick and C.M. Allen. 1993. Amplification of the bacA gene confers bacitracin resistance to Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 175:3784-3789.

Calandra, G.B. and R.M. Cole. 1980. Lysis and protoplast formation of group B streptococci by mutanolysin. Infect Immun. 28:1033-1037.

Chaloupka, J. and P. Křečková. 1971. Turnover of mucopeptide during the life cycle of Bacillus megaterium. Folia Microbiol. 16:372-382.

Chaloupka, J., P. Křečková and L. Řihová. 1962a. The mucopeptide turnover in the cell walls of growing cultures of Bacillus megaterium KM. Experientia. 18:362-363.

Chaloupka, J., P. Křečková and L. Říhová. 1962b. Changes in the character of the cell wall in growth of Bacillus megaterium cultures. Folia Microbiol. 7:269-274.

Chapot-Chartier, M.P., 2010. Chapter 13: Bacterial autolysins, H. König, H. Claus, A. Varma (eds.), Prokaryotic cell wall compounds – structure and biochemistry. Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 383-406.

Cheng, Q., H. Li, K. Merdek and J.T. Park. 2000. Molecular characterization of the β-N-acetylglucosaminidase of Escherichia coli and its role in cell wall recycling. J Bacteriol.

182:4836-4840.

Cheng, Q. and J.T. Park. 2002. Substrate specificity of the AmpG permease required for recycling of cell wall anhydro-muropeptides. J Bacteriol. 184:6434-6436.

Chou, T.C. and M. Soodak. 1952. The acetylation of D-glucosamine by pigeon liver extracts.

J Biol Chem. 196:105-109.

Croux, C., B. Canard, G. Goma and P. Soucaille. 1992. Purification and characterization of an extracellular muramidase of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 that acts on non-N-acetylated peptidoglycan. Appl Environ Microbiol. 58:1075-1081.

Dahl, U., T. Jaeger, B.T. Nguyen, J.M. Sattler and C. Mayer. 2004. Identification of a phosphotransferase system of Escherichia coli required for growth on N-acetylmuramic acid. J Bacteriol. 186:2385-2392.

Daniel, R.A. and J. Errington. 2003. Control of cell morphogenesis in bacteria: Two distinct ways to make a rod-shaped cell. Cell. 113:767-776.

de Pedro, M., J. Quintela, J. Holtje and H. Schwarz. 1997. Murein segregation in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 179:2823-2834.

Demchick, P. and A. Koch. 1996. The permeability of the wall fabric of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol. 178:768-773.

Denome, S.A., P.K. Elf, T.A. Henderson, D.E. Nelson and K.D. Young. 1999. Escherichia coli mutants lacking all possible combinations of eight penicillin binding proteins:

viability, characteristics, and implications for peptidoglycan synthesis. J Bacteriol.

181:3981-3993.

Dmitriev, B.A., S. Ehlers and E.T. Rietschel. 1999. Layered murein revisited: a fundamentally new concept of bacterial cell wall structure, biogenesis and function.

Med Microbiol Immunol. 187:173-181.

Dmitriev, B.A., F.V. Toukach, O. Holst, E.T. Rietschel and S. Ehlers. 2004. Tertiary structure of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall murein. J Bacteriol. 186:7141-7148.

Dmitriev, B.A., F.V. Toukach, K.-J. Schaper, O. Holst, E.T. Rietschel and S. Ehlers. 2003.

Tertiary structure of bacterial murein: the scaffold model. J Bacteriol. 185:3458-3468.

Domínguez-Escobar, J., A. Chastanet, A.H. Crevenna, V. Fromion, R. Wedlich-Söldner and R. Carballido-López. 2011. Processive movement of MreB-associated cell wall biosynthetic complexes in bacteria. Science. 333:225-228.

Doyle, R.J., J. Chaloupka and V. Vinter. 1988. Turnover of cell walls in microorganisms.

Microbiol Rev. 52:554–567.

Dubrac, S., P. Bisicchia, K.M. Devine and T. Msadek. 2008. A matter of life and death: cell wall homeostasis and the WalKR (YycGF) essential signal transduction pathway. Mol Microbiol. 70:1307-1322.

Duckworth, A. 2010. Cell wall recycling in Bacillus subtilis. Diploma thesis.

Dürre, P. 2008. Fermentative butanol production: bulk chemical and biofuel. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1125:353-362.

Dworkin, J. and I.M. Shah. 2010. Exit from dormancy in microbial organisms. Nat Rev Microbiol. 8:890-896.

Dyda, F., D.C. Klein and A.B. Hickman. 2000. GCN5-Related N-acetyltransferases: a structural overview. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct. 29:81-103.

Ehlert, K., J.-V. Höltje and M.F. Templin. 1995. Cloning and expression of a murein hydrolase lipoprotein from Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol. 16:761-768.

Errington, J. 1993. Bacillus subtilis sporulation: regulation of gene expression and control of morphogenesis. Microbiol Rev. 57:1-33.

Fabret, C., V.A. Feher and J.A. Hoch. 1999. Two-component signal transduction in Bacillus subtilis: how one organism sees its world. J Bacteriol. 181:1975-1983.

Fabret, C. and J.A. Hoch. 1998. A two-component signal transduction system essential for growth of Bacillus subtilis: implications for anti-infective therapy. J Bacteriol.

180:6375-6383.

Forouhar, F., M. Abashidze, A. Kuzin, S.M. Vorobiev, K. Conover, T.B. Acton, G.T.

Montelione, L. Tong and J.F. Hunt. 2005. Crystal structure of the putative N-acetylglucosamine kinase (PG1100) from Porphyromonas gingivalis, northeast structural genomics target PgR18. Submitted (APR-2005) to the PDB data bank.

Foster, S.J. and D.L. Popham. 2002. Structure and synthesis of cell wall, spore cortex, teichoic acids, S-layers, and capsules. In: Sonenshein A.L., Hoch J.A., Losick R. (eds) Bacillus subtilis and its closest relatives: From genes to cells. ASM Press, Washington, DC.21-41.

Fukushima, T., T. Kitajima, H. Yamaguchi, Q. Ouyang, K. Furuhata, H. Yamamoto, T. Shida and J. Sekiguchi. 2008. Identification and characterization of novel cell wall hydrolase CwlT. J Biol Chem. 283:11117-11125.

Ghachi, M.E., A. Derbise, A. Bouhss and D. Mengin-Lecreulx. 2005. Identification of multiple genes encoding membrane proteins with undecaprenyl pyrophosphate phosphatase (UppP) activity in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 280:18689-18695.

Ghosh, A.S., C. Chowdhury and D.E. Nelson. 2008. Physiological functions of D-alanine carboxypeptidases in Escherichia coli. Trends Microbiol. 16:309-317.

Ghuysen, J.M. 1991. Serine beta-actamases and penicillin-binding proteins. Annu Rev Microbiol. 45:37-67.

Glauner, B., J.V. Höltje and U. Schwarz. 1988. The composition of the murein of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 263:10088-10095.

Goffin, C. and J.-M. Ghuysen. 1998. Multimodular penicillin-binding proteins: An enigmatic family of orthologs and paralogs. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 62:1079-1093.

Goodell, E.W. 1985. Recycling of murein by Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 163:305-310.

Goodell, E.W. and U. Schwarz. 1985. Release of cell wall peptides into culture medium by exponentially growing Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 162:391-397.

Gruszczyński, P., M. Obuchowski and R. Kaźmierkiewicz. 2010. Phosphorylation and ATP-binding induced conformational changes in the PrkC, Ser/Thr kinase from B. subtilis. J Comput Aided Mol Des. 24:733-747.

Hancock, I.C. and C.M. Cox. 1991. Turnover of cell surface-bound capsular polysaccharide in Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 77:25-30.

Harz, H., K. Burgdorf and J.-V. Höltje. 1990. Isolation and separation of the glycan strands from murein of Escherichia coli by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem. 190:120-128.

Hayashi, H., Y. Araki and E. Ito. 1973. Occurrence of glucosamine residues with free amino groups in cell wall peptidoglycan from bacilli as a factor responsible for resistance to lysozyme. J Bacteriol. 113:592-598.

Hayhurst, E.J., L. Kailas, J.K. Hobbs and S.J. Foster. 2008. Cell wall peptidoglycan architecture in Bacillus subtilis. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 105:14603-14608.

Heidrich, C., M.F. Templin, A. Ursinus, M. Merdanovic, J. Berger, H. Schwarz, M.A. De Pedro and J.-V. Höltje. 2001. Involvement of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidases in cell separation and antibiotic-induced autolysis of Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol.

41:167-178.

Herbold, D.R. and L. Glaser. 1975. Bacillus subtilis N-acetylmuramic acid L-alanine amidase.

J Biol Chem. 250:1676-1682.

Hilbert, D.W. and P.J. Piggot. 2004. Compartmentalization of gene expression during Bacillus subtilis spore formation. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 68:234-262.

Höltje, J.-V. 1996. A hypothetical holoenzyme involved in the replication of the murein sacculus of Escherichia coli. Microbiology. 142:1911-1918.

Höltje, J.-V. 1998. Growth of the stress-bearing and shape-maintaining murein sacculus of Escherichia coli. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 62:181-203.

Höltje, J.-V., U. Kopp, A. Ursinus and B. Wiedemann. 1994. The negative regulator of β-lactamase induction AmpD is a N-acetyl-anhydromuramyl-L-alanine amidase. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 122:159-164.

Höltje, J.V., D. Mirelman, N. Sharon and U. Schwarz. 1975. Novel type of murein transglycosylase in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 124:1067-1076.

Horsburgh, G.J., A. Atrih, M.P. Williamson and S.J. Foster. 2003. LytG of Bacillus subtilis is a novel peptidoglycan hydrolase: The major active glucosaminidase. Biochemistry.

42:257-264.

Ikeda, M., M. Wachi, H.K. Jung, F. Ishino and M. Matsuhashi. 1991. The Escherichia coli mraY gene encoding UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide: undecaprenyl-phosphate phospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide transferase. J Bacteriol. 173:1021-1026.

Jacobs, C., L.J. Huang, E. Bartowsky, S. Normark and J.T. Park. 1994. Bacterial cell wall recycling provides cytosolic muropeptides as effectors for beta-lactamase induction.

Embo J. 13:4684-4694.

Jacobs, C., B. Joris, M. Jamin, K. Klarsov, J. van Beeumen, D. Mengin-Lecreulx, J. van Heijenoort, J.T. Park, S. Normark and J.-M. Frère. 1995. AmpD, essential for both β-lactamase regulation and cell wall recycling, is a novel cytosolic N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase. Mol Microbiol. 15:553-559.

Jaeger, T., M. Arsic and C. Mayer. 2005. Scission of the lactyl ether bond of N-acetylmuramic acid by Escherichia coli “Etherase”. J Biol Chem. 280:30100-30106.

Jaeger, T. and C. Mayer. 2008a. N-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate lyases (MurNAc etherases): role in cell wall metabolism, distribution, structure, and mechanism. Cell Mol Life Sci. 65:928-939.

Jaeger, T. and C. Mayer. 2008b. The transcriptional factors MurR and catabolite activator protein regulate N-acetylmuramic acid catabolism in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol.

190:6598-6608.

Jolly, L., F. Pompeo, J. van Heijenoort, F. Fassy and D. Mengin-Lecreulx. 2000.

Autophosphorylation of phosphoglucosamine mutase from Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol.

182:1280-1285.

Jones, D.T. and D.R. Woods. 1986 Acetone-butanol fermentation revisited. Microbiol Rev.

50:484–524.

Jones, L.J.F., R. Carballido-López and J. Errington. 2001. Control of cell shape in bacteria:

Helical, actin-like filaments in Bacillus subtilis. Cell. 104:913-922.

Keck, W., A.M. Van Leeuwen, M. Huber and E.W. Goodell. 1990. Cloning and characterization of mepA, the structural gene of the penicillin-insensitive murein endopeptidase from Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol. 4:209-219.

Kitano, K., E. Tuomanen and A. Tomasz. 1986. Transglycosylase and endopeptidase participate in the degradation of murein during autolysis of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol.

167:759-765.

Koch, A.L. 1998. Orientation of the peptidoglycan chains in the sacculus of Escherichia coli.

Res Microbiol. 149:689-701.

Koch, A.L. and R.J. Doyle. 1985. Inside-to-outside growth and turnover of the wall of Gram-positive rods. J Theor Biol. 117:137-157.

Koch, A.L. and S. Woeste. 1992. Elasticity of the sacculus of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol.

174:4811-4819.

Korat, B., H. Mottl and W. Keck. 1991. Penicillin-binding protein 4 of Escherichia coli:

molecular cloning of the dacB gene, controlled overexpression, and alterations in murein composition. Mol Microbiol. 5:675-684.

Kraft, A.R., M.F. Templin and J.-V. Höltje. 1998. Membrane-bound lytic endotransglycosylase in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 180:3441-3447.

Kunst, F., N. Ogasawara, I. Moszer, A.M. Albertini, G. Alloni, V. Azevedo, M.G. Bertero, P.

Bessieres, A. Bolotin, S. Borchert, R. Borriss, L. Boursier, A. Brans, M. Braun, S.C.

Brignell, S. Bron, S. Brouillet, C.V. Bruschi, B. Caldwell, V. Capuano, N.M. Carter, S.K. Choi, J.J. Codani, I.F. Connerton, N.J. Cummings, R.A. Daniel, F. Denizot, K.M.

Devine, A. Dusterhoft, S.D. Ehrlich, P.T. Emmerson, K.D. Entian, J. Errington, C.

Fabret, E. Ferrari, D. Foulger, C. Fritz, M. Fujita, Y. Fujita, S. Fuma, A. Galizzi, N.

Galleron, S.Y. Ghim, P. Glaser, A. Goffeau, E.J. Golightly, G. Grandi, G. Guiseppi, B.J.

Guy, K. Haga, J. Haiech, C.R. Harwood, A. Henaut, H. Hilbert, S. Holsappel, S.

Hosono, M.F. Hullo, M. Itaya, L. Jones, B. Joris, D. Karamata, Y. Kasahara, M. Klaerr-Blanchard, C. Klein, Y. Kobayashi, P. Koetter, G. Koningstein, S. Krogh, M. Kumano, K. Kurita, A. Lapidus, S. Lardinois, J. Lauber, V. Lazarevic, S.M. Lee, A. Levine, H.

Liu, S. Masuda, C. Mauel, C. Medigue, N. Medina, R.P. Mellado, M. Mizuno, D.

Moestl, S. Nakai, M. Noback, D. Noone, M. O'Reilly, K. Ogawa, A. Ogiwara, B.

Oudega, S.H. Park, V. Parro, T.M. Pohl, D. Portetelle, S. Porwollik, A.M. Prescott, E.

Presecan, P. Pujic, B. Purnelle, G. Rapoport, M. Rey, S. Reynolds, M. Rieger, C.

Rivolta, E. Rocha, B. Roche, M. Rose, Y. Sadaie, T. Sato, E. Scanlan, S. Schleich, R.

Schroeter, F. Scoffone, J. Sekiguchi, A. Sekowska, S.J. Seror, P. Serror, B.S. Shin, B.

Soldo, A. Sorokin, E. Tacconi, T. Takagi, H. Takahashi, K. Takemaru, M. Takeuchi, A.

Tamakoshi, T. Tanaka, P. Terpstra, A. Tognoni, V. Tosato, S. Uchiyama, M.

Vandenbol, F. Vannier, A. Vassarotti, A. Viari, R. Wambutt, E. Wedler, H. Wedler, T.

Weitzenegger, P. Winters, A. Wipat, H. Yamamoto, K. Yamane, K. Yasumoto, K. Yata, K. Yoshida, H.F. Yoshikawa, E. Zumstein, H. Yoshikawa and A. Danchin. 1997. The complete genome sequence of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Nature.

390:249-256.

Kuroda, A. and J. Sekiguchi. 1991. Molecular cloning and sequencing of a major Bacillus subtilis autolysin gene. J Bacteriol. 173:7304-7312.

Labischinski, H., G. Barnickel, D. Naumann and P. Keller. 1985. Conformational and topological aspects of the three-dimensional architecture of bacterial peptidoglycan.

Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol. 136:45-50.

Labischinski, H., E.W. Goodell, A. Goodell and M.L. Hochberg. 1991. Direct proof of a

"more-than-single-layered" peptidoglycan architecture of Escherichia coli W7: a neutron small-angle scattering study. J Bacteriol. 173:751-756.

Larsen, L., P. Nielsen and B.K. Ahring. 1997. Thermoanaerobacter mathranii sp. nov., an ethanol-producing, extremely thermophilic anaerobic bacterium from a hot spring in Iceland. Arch Microbiol. 168:114-119.

Lee, S.Y., J.H. Park, S.H. Jang, L.K. Nielsen, J. Kim and K.S. Jung. 2008. Fermentative butanol production by Clostridia. Biotechnol Bioeng. 101:209-228.

Leps, B., H. Labischinski and H. Bradaczek. 1987. Conformational behavior of the polysaccharide backbone of murein. Biopolymers. 26:1391-1406.

Linhová, M., P. Patáková, J. Lipovský, P. Fribert, L. Paulová, M. Rychtera and K. Melzoch.

2010. Development of flow cytometry technique for detection of thinning of peptidoglycan layer as a result of solvent production by Clostridium pasteurianum.

Folia Microbiol. 55:340-344.

Litzinger, S., A. Duckworth, K. Nitzsche, C. Risinger, V. Wittmann and C. Mayer. 2010a.

Muropeptide rescue in Bacillus subtilis involves sequential hydrolysis by β-N-acetylglucosaminidase and N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase. J Bacteriol. 192:3132-3143.

Litzinger, S., S. Fischer, P. Polzer, K. Diederichs, W. Welte and C. Mayer. 2010b. Structural and kinetic analysis of Bacillus subtilis N-acetylglucosaminidase reveals a unique Asp-His dyad mechanism. J Biol Chem. 285:35675-35684.

Litzinger, S. and C. Mayer. 2010. Chapter 1: The murein sacculus In: König H., Claus H., Varma A. (eds.) Prokaryotic cell wall compounds - structure and biochemistry.

Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg:3-54.

Lommatzsch, J., M.F. Templin, A.R. Kraft, W. Vollmer and J.V. Höltje. 1997. Outer membrane localization of murein hydrolases: MltA, a third lipoprotein lytic transglycosylase in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 179:5465-5470.

Losick, R. and P. Stragier. 1992. Crisscross regulation of cell-type-specific gene expression during development in B. subtilis. Nature. 355:601-604.

Lovering, A.L., L.H. de Castro, D. Lim and N.C.J. Strynadka. 2007. Structural insight into the transglycosylation step of bacterial cell-wall biosynthesis. Science. 315:1402-1405.

Macheboeuf, P., C. Contreras-Martel, V. Job, O. Dideberg and A. Dessen. 2006. Penicillin Binding Proteins: key players in bacterial cell cycle and drug resistance processes.

FEMS Microbiol Rev. 30:673-691.

Margot, P., C. Mauël and D. Karamata. 1994. The gene of the N-acetylglucosaminidase, a Bacillus subtilis 168 cell wall hydrolase not involved in vegetative cell autolysis. Mol Microbiol. 12:535-545.

Marquardt, J.L., D.A. Siegele, R. Kolter and C.T. Walsh. 1992. Cloning and sequencing of Escherichia coli murZ and purification of its product, a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase. J Bacteriol. 174:5748-5752.

Massova, I. and S. Mobashery. 1998. Kinship and diversification of bacterial penicillin-binding proteins and beta -lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 42:1-17.

Matias, V.R.F., A. Al-Amoudi, J. Dubochet and T.J. Beveridge. 2003. Cryo-transmission electron microscopy of frozen-hydrated sections of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol. 185:6112-6118.

Matias, V.R.F. and T.J. Beveridge. 2005. Cryo-electron microscopy reveals native polymeric cell wall structure in Bacillus subtilis 168 and the existence of a periplasmic space. Mol Microbiol. 56:240-251.

Matias, V.R.F. and T.J. Beveridge. 2006. Native cell wall organization shown by cryo-electron microscopy confirms the existence of a periplasmic space in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol. 188:1011-1021.

Mauck, J., L. Chan and L. Glaser. 1971. Turnover of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. J Biol Chem. 246:1820-1827.

Mauck, J. and L. Glaser. 1970. Turnover of the cell wall of Bacillus subtilis W-23 during logarithmic growth. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 39:699-706.

Mayer, C. 2012. Peptidoglycan recycling. eLS. submitted.

Meikle, P.J., A.M. Whittle and J.J. Hopwood. 1995. Human acetyl-coenzyme A:alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase. Kinetic characterization and mechanistic interpretation. Biochem J. 308:327-333.

Mengin-Lecreulx, D., L. Texier, M. Rousseau and J. van Heijenoort. 1991. The murG gene of Escherichia coli codes for the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine: N-acetylmuramyl-(pentapeptide) pyrophosphoryl-undecaprenol N-acetylglucosamine transferase involved in the membrane steps of peptidoglycan synthesis. J Bacteriol. 173:4625-4636.

Mengin-Lecreulx, D. and J. van Heijenoort. 1993. Identification of the glmU gene encoding N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate uridyltransferase in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol.

175:6150-6157.

Mengin-Lecreulx, D. and J. van Heijenoort. 1994. Copurification of glucosamine-1-phosphate acetyltransferase and N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate uridyltransferase activities of Escherichia coli: characterization of the glmU gene product as a bifunctional enzyme catalyzing two subsequent steps in the pathway for UDP-N-acetylglucosamine synthesis. J Bacteriol. 176:5788-5795.

Mengin-Lecreulx, D. and J. van Heijenoort. 1996. Characterization of the essential gene glmM encoding phosphoglucosamine mutase in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 271:32-39.

Mengin-Lecreulx, D., J. van Heijenoort and J.T. Park. 1996. Identification of the mpl gene encoding UDP-N-acetylmuramate: L-alanyl-gamma-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelate ligase in Escherichia coli and its role in recycling of cell wall peptidoglycan. J Bacteriol. 178:5347-5352.

Meroueh, S.O., K.Z. Bencze, D. Hesek, M. Lee, J.F. Fisher, T.L. Stemmler and S.

Mobashery. 2006. Three-dimensional structure of the bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan.

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 103:4404-4409.

Mesnage, S., F. Chau, L. Dubost and M. Arthur. 2008. Role of N-acetylglucosaminidase and N-acetylmuramidase activities in Enterococcus faecalis peptidoglycan metabolism. J Biol Chem. 283:19845-19853.

Meyer, P., J. Gutierrez, K. Pogliano and J. Dworkin. 2011. Cell wall synthesis is necessary for membrane dynamics during sporulation of Bacillus subtilis. Mol Microbiol. 76:956-970.

Mitchell, W.J. 1998. Physiology of carbohydrate to solvent conversion by clostridia. Adv Microb Physiol. 39:31-130.

Mobley, H.L., A.L. Koch, R.J. Doyle and U.N. Streips. 1984. Insertion and fate of the cell wall in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol. 158:169-179.

Mohammadi, T., V. van Dam, R. Sijbrandi, T. Vernet, A. Zapun, A. Bouhss, M. Diepeveen-de Bruin, M. Nguyen-Disteche, B. Diepeveen-de Kruijff and E. Breukink. 2011. IDiepeveen-dentification of FtsW as a transporter of lipid-linked cell wall precursors across the membrane. EMBO J. 30:1425-1432.

Morlot, C., T. Uehara, K.A. Marquis, T.G. Bernhardt and D.Z. Rudner. 2011. A highly coordinated cell wall degradation machine governs spore morphogenesis in Bacillus subtilis. Genes Dev. 24:411-422.

Moulder, J.W. 1993. Why is Chlamydia sensitive to penicillin in the absence of peptidoglycan? Infect Agents Dis. 2:87-99.

Navarre, W.W. and O. Schneewind. 1999. Surface proteins of Gram-positive bacteria and mechanisms of their targeting to the cell wall envelope. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev.

63:174-229.

Nishimasu, H., S. Fushinobu, H. Shoun and T. Wakagi. 2006. Identification and characterization of an ATP-dependent hexokinase with broad substrate specificity from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus tokodaii. J Bacteriol. 188:2014-2019.

Nishimasu, H., S. Fushinobu, H. Shoun and T. Wakagi. 2007. Crystal structures of an ATP-dependent hexokinase with broad substrate specificity from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus tokodaii. J Biol Chem. 282:9923-9931.

Nolling, J., G. Breton, M.V. Omelchenko, K.S. Makarova, Q. Zeng, R. Gibson, H.M. Lee, J.

Dubois, D. Qiu, J. Hitti, GTC Sequencing Center Production, Finishing, Bioinformatics Teams, Y.I. Wolf, R.L. Tatusov, F. Sabathe, L. Doucette-Stamm, P. Soucaille, M.J.

Daly, G.N. Bennett, E.V. Koonin and D.R. Smith. 2001. Genome sequence and

comparative analysis of the solvent-producing bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum. J Bacteriol. 183:4823-4838.

Ohno, N., T. Yadomae and T. Miyazaki. 1982. Identification of 2-amino-2-deoxyglucose residues in the peptidoglucan of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Carbohydr Res. 107:152-155.

Paredes-Sabja, D., P. Setlow and M.R. Sarker. 2011. Germination of spores of Bacillales and Clostridiales species: mechanisms and proteins involved. Trends Microbiol. 19:85-94.

Paredes, C.J., K.V. Alsaker and E.T. Papoutsakis. 2005. A comparative genomic view of clostridial sporulation and physiology. Nat Rev Microbiol. 3:969-978.

Park, J.T. 1993. Turnover and recycling of the murein sacculus in oligopeptide permease-negative strains of Escherichia coli: indirect evidence for an alternative permease system and for a monolayered sacculus. J Bacteriol. 175:7-11.

Park, J.T. 1996. The murein sacculus. In: Neidhardt F.C., Curtiss R. III, Ingraham J.L., Lin E.C.C., Low K.B., Magasanik B., Reznikoff W.S., Riley M., Schaechter M., and Umbarger H.E. (eds) Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology.

ASM Press, Washington, DC:48-57.

Park, J.T., D. Raychaudhuri, H. Li, S. Normark and D. Mengin-Lecreulx. 1998. MppA, a periplasmic binding protein essential for import of the bacterial cell wall peptide L-Alanyl-gamma-D-Glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelate. J Bacteriol. 180:1215-1223.

Park, J.T. and T. Uehara. 2008. How bacteria consume their own exoskeletons (turnover and recycling of cell wall peptidoglycan). Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 72:211-227.

Pasztor, L., A.K. Ziebandt, M. Nega, M. Schlag, S. Haase, M. Franz-Wachtel, J. Madlung, A.

Nordheim, D.E. Heinrichs and F. Götz. 2010. Staphylococcal major autolysin (Atl) is involved in excretion of cytoplasmic proteins. J Biol Chem. 285:36794-36803.

Piggot, P.J. and D.W. Hilbert. 2004. Sporulation of Bacillus subtilis. Curr Opin Microbiol.

7:579-586.

Piro, G., M. Buffo and G. Dalessandro. 1994. Membrane-bound glucosamine acetyltransferase in coleoptile segments of Avena sativa. Physiol Plant. 90:181-186.

Plumbridge, J. 2009. An alternative route for recycling of N-acetylglucosamine from peptidoglycan involves the N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase system in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 191:5641-5647.

Pooley, H.M. 1976a. Layered distribution, according to age, within the cell wall of Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol. 125:1139-1147.

Pooley, H.M. 1976b. Turnover and spreading of old wall during surface growth of Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol. 125:1127-1138.

Priyadarshini, R., D.L. Popham and K.D. Young. 2006. Daughter cell separation by penicillin-binding proteins and peptidoglycan amidases in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol.

188:5345-5355.

Psylinakis, E., I.G. Boneca, K. Mavromatis, A. Deli, E. Hayhurst, S.J. Foster, K.M. Varum

Psylinakis, E., I.G. Boneca, K. Mavromatis, A. Deli, E. Hayhurst, S.J. Foster, K.M. Varum