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2014; Soria-Carrasco et al. 2014; Egan et al. 2015). In this regard, an ongoing QTL mapping study investigating the genetic basis of hypertrophied lips in Midas cichlids detected one major QTL explaining around 50 % of the variation in this trait (Machado-Schiaffino et al., unpublished data). Investigating the genomic region harboring this major QTL in several natural populations at different stages of divergence is an exciting prospect. In addition, the pattern of a simultaneous diversification in crater lakes Apoyo and Xiloá fits remarkably well to a theoretical model (Bolnick 2006). This model makes clear predictions about the parameter space that may allow sympatric speciation, such as the cost of choosiness and the individual niche widths: predictions that should be tested in the field. Similarly, data on the strength of assortative mating and disruptive selection in crater lake As. Managua are needed to predict whether speciation may happen or if the population is stalled in its divergence (Bolnick 2011; Martin 2013). The combination of population genomics with forward genetics and ecological experiments is arguably the most promising research avenue to further our understanding of the links between genotypes, phenotypes, and fitness and, thus, ultimately to understand how evolution progresses in a broader sense.
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