FOLL-7 SURVEILLANCE AND MAINTENANCE
tA subgroup of low-risk patients may only require an ultrasound if there is a reasonable suspicion for recurrence.
uIn selected patients who may be at higher risk for residual/recurrent disease (eg, N1 patients), obtain a stimulated Tg and consider concomitant diagnostic RAI imaging
vIf there is a high likelihood of therapy, thyroid hormone withdrawal is suggested; if not, suggest using rhTSH.
• Physical examination, TSH and Tg measurement + antithyroglobulin antibodies at 6 and 12 mo, then annually if disease-free
• Periodic neck ultrasoundt
• Consider TSH-stimulated or TSH-unstimulated Tg measurements using an ultrasensitive assay in patients previously treated with RAI and with negative TSH-suppressed Tg and
anti-thyroglobulin antibodiesu
• Consider TSH-stimulated radioiodine whole body imaging in high-risk patients, patients with previous RAI-avid metastases, or patients with abnormal Tg levels (either TSH-suppressed or TSH-stimulated), stable or rising antithyroglobulin antibodies, or abnormal ultrasound during
surveillance
Long-term surveillance MANAGEMENT
NED
• Patients treated with 131I ablation, with a negative ultrasound, stimulated Tg <2 ng/mL (with negative antithyroglobulin antibodies), and negative
RAI imaging (if performed) may be followed by unstimulated thyroglobulin annually and by periodic neck ultrasound. TSH-stimulated testing, or other imaging (CT with contrast or MRI, bone scan, chest x-ray) as clinically appropriate, may be considered if clinical suggestion of recurrent disease.
Abnormal findings
• In iodine-responsive tumors, if detectable Tg or distant metastases or soft tissue invasion on initial staging, radioiodine imaging every 12–24 mo until no clinically significant response is seen to RAI treatment (either withdrawal of thyroid hormone or rhTSH)v
• If 131I imaging negative and stimulated Tg >2–5 ng/
mL, consider additional nonradioiodine imaging (eg, central and lateral neck compartments ultrasound, neck CT with contrast, chest CT with contrast) Additional workup
Recurrent disease (See FOLL-8)
Metastatic disease (See FOLL-9) FINDINGS
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
Version 1.2017, 03/31/2017 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2017, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.
Thyroid Carcinoma – Follicular Carcinoma
FOLL-8
• Stimulated Tg 1–10 ng/mL
• Non-resectable tumors
• Non-radioiodine responsive Suppress TSH with levothyroxineg
Locoregional recurrence
Surgery (preferred) if resectablew and/or
Radioiodine treatment,n
if radioiodine imaging positive and/or
local therapies when available (ethanol ablation, RFA) and/or
EBRT/IMRT, if radioiodine imaging negative for select patients not responsive to other therapies or observation for low-volume disease that is stable and distant from critical structures
Metastatic disease
See Treatment of Metastatic Disease (FOLL-9)
and/or
local therapies when available RECURRENT DISEASE
gSee Principles of TSH Suppression (THYR-A).
nThe administered activity of RAI therapy should be adjusted for pediatric patients.
wPreoperative vocal cord assessment, if central neck recurrence.
Continue surveillance with unstimulated Tg,
ultrasound, and other imaging as clinically indicated (See FOLL-7)
• Stimulated Tg >10 ng/mL and rising
• Scans (including PET) negative
Consider radioiodine therapy with 100–150 mCin
and post-treatment 131I imaging (category 3); additional RAI
treatments should be limited to patients who responded to previous RAI therapy
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
Version 1.2017, 03/31/2017 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2017, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.
Thyroid Carcinoma – Follicular Carcinoma
Structurally
persistent/recurrent locoregional or distant metastatic disease not amenable to RAI therapy
• Continue to suppress TSH with levothyroxineg
Iodine-refractory unresectable loco-regional recurrent/
persistent disease or
Iodine-refractory soft tissue metastases (eg, lung, liver, muscle) excluding CNS
metastases (see below)
Iodine-refractory metastatic bone
metastasesx
CNS metastases
TREATMENT OF METASTATIC DISEASE NOT AMENABLE TO RAI THERAPY
• For progressive and/or symptomatic disease, consider lenvatinib (preferred) or sorafenib.y
• While not FDA approved for the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer, other commercially available small molecular kinase inhibitors can be considered for progressive and/or symptomatic disease if clinical trials or other systemic therapies are not available or appropriate.z,aa,bb
• Consider resection of distant metastases and/or EBRT/SBRT/IMRT/other local therapiescc when available to metastatic lesions if progressive and/or symptomatic.
• Active surveillance is often appropriate in asymptomatic patients with indolent disease assuming no brain metastasis.z (See FOLL-7)
• Consider surgical palliation and/or EBRT/SBRT/other local therapiescc when available if symptomatic, or asymptomatic in weight-bearing sites.
Embolization prior to surgical resection of bone metastases should be considered to reduce the risk of hemorrhage.
• Consider embolization or other interventional procedures as alternatives to surgical resection/EBRT/IMRT in select cases.
• Consider intravenous bisphosphonate or denosumab.x
• Active surveillance may be appropriate in asymptomatic patients with indolent disease.z (See FOLL-7)
• For progressive and/or symptomatic disease, consider lenvatinib (preferred) or sorafenib.y While not FDA approved for the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer, other commercially available small molecular kinase inhibitors can be considered for progressive and/or symptomatic disease if clinical trials or other systemic therapies are not available or appropriate. z,aa,bb
gSee Principles of TSH Suppression (THYR-A).
xDenosumab and intravenous bisphosphonates can be associated with severe hypocalcemia; patients with hypoparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency are at increased risk.
yThe decision of whether to use lenvatinib (preferred) or sorafenib should be individualized for each patient based on likelihood of response and comorbidities.
zKinase inhibitor therapy may not be appropriate for patients with stable or slowly progressive indolent disease.
See Principles of Kinase Inhibitor Therapy (THYR-B).
aaWhile not FDA approved for treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer, commercially available small-molecule kinase inhibitors (such as axitinib, everolimus, pazopanib, sunitinib, vandetanib, vemurafenib (BRAF-positive), or cabozantinib [all are category 2A]) can be considered if clinical trials are not available or appropriate.
bbCytotoxic chemotherapy has been shown to have minimal efficacy, although most studies were small and underpowered.
ccEthanol ablation, cryoablation, RFA, etc.
See (FOLL-10)
FOLL-9
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
Version 1.2017, 03/31/2017 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2017, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.
Thyroid Carcinoma – Follicular Carcinoma
FOLL-10
• For solitary CNS lesions, either neurosurgical resection or stereotactic radiosurgery is preferred.
and/or
• For multiple CNS lesions, consider resection and/or radiotherapy, including image-guided radiotherapy.
and/or
• For progressive and/or symptomatic disease, consider lenvatinib (preferred), or sorafenib.y,dd and/or
• While not FDA approved for the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer, other commercially available small molecular kinase inhibitors can be considered for progressive and/or symptomatic disease if clinical trials or other systemic therapies are not available or appropriate.z,aa,bb,dd
and/or
• Consider resection of distant metastases and/or EBRT/IMRT to metastatic lesions if progressive and/or symptomatic.
TREATMENT OF METASTATIC DISEASE NOT AMENABLE TO RAI THERAPY
CNS metastases
yThe decision of whether to use lenvatinib (preferred) or sorafenib should be individualized for each patient based on likelihood of response and comorbidities.
zKinase inhibitor therapy may not be appropriate for patients with stable or slowly progressive indolent disease. See Principles of Kinase Inhibitor Therapy (THYR-B).
aaWhile not FDA approved for treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer, commercially available small-molecule kinase inhibitors (such as axitinib, everolimus, pazopanib, sunitinib, vandetanib, vemurafenib (BRAF-positive), or cabozantinib [all are category 2A]) can be considered if clinical trials are not available or appropriate.
bbCytotoxic chemotherapy has been shown to have minimal efficacy, although most studies were small and underpowered.
ddAfter consultation with neurosurgery and radiation oncology; data on the efficacy of lenvatinib or sorafenib for patients with brain metastases have not been established.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
Version 1.2017, 03/31/2017 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2017, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.