Fluctuating asymmetry

The tarsus average lengths of the overall mist-netted community did not differ between both sides (t = 1.15, df = 23, P = 0.26). Overall average length difference between both tarsi was not significantly affected by habitat types (Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, Overall: H3,24 = 1.20, P

= 0.75). But, NF seemed to show the greatest difference in average lengths between both tarsi as compared to other habitat types (see Fig. VIII.4A.).

The tarsus average lengths of Little Greenbul did not also differ between both sides (t = 1.40, df = 19, P = 0.18). Its average length difference between both tarsi was not significantly affected by habitat types (Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, Overall: H3,20 = 1.37, P = 0.71). But, NF seemed to show the greatest difference in average lengths between both tarsi as compared to other habitat types (see Fig. VIII.4B.).

The tarsus average lengths of Yellow-whiskered Greenbul were just nearly significantly different between both sides (t = 1.99, df = 21, P = 0.06). Its average length difference between both tarsi was not significantly affected by habitat types (Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, Overall: H3,22 = 5.24, P = 0.15). Nonetheless, a clear increasing pattern can be observed from near-primary forest to annual cropland (see Fig. VIII.4C.).

The tarsus average lengths of Olive Sunbird did not also differ between both sides (t = 1.48, df

= 23, P = 0.15). Its average length difference between both tarsi was nearly significantly affected by habitat types (Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, Overall: H3,22 = 7.25, P = 0.064).

Nonetheless, a clear increasing pattern can be observed from near-primary forest to land use systems (see Fig. VIII.4D.).

The tarsus average lengths of Insectivores did not also differ between both sides (t = 1.17, df = 23, P = 0.25). Its average length difference between both tarsi was not significantly affected by habitat types (Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, Overall: H3,24 = 1.68, P = 0.642). Nonetheless, near-primary forest showed a higher tarsus fluctuating asymmetry as compared to other habitat types (see Fig. VIII.4E.).

HABITAT

Figure VIII.4.: Differences in average length (mm) between both tarsi for A): Overall mist-netted community, B) Little Greenbul, C) Yellow-whiskered Greenbul, D) Olive Sunbird and E) Insectivores; The points indicate the mean values; Error bars indicate (mean ± standard deviation) and the boxes indicate (mean ± standard error). See Fig. VIII.1. for abbreviations of habitat types.

VIII.3.4.2. Wing (max)

The wing average lengths of the overall mist-netted community showed significant difference

H3,24 = 1.19, P = 0.76). But, NF seemed to show the greatest difference in average lengths between both wings as compared to other habitat types (see Fig. VIII.5A.).

The wing average lengths of Little Greenbul also differed significantly between both sides (t = 3.76, df = 17, P = 0.0016). Its average length difference between both wings was not significantly affected by habitat types (Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, Overall: H3,18 = 2.61, P = 0.46). No clearly defined pattern was found between different habitat types, but NF seemed to show the lowest difference (see Fig. VIII.5B.).

The wing average lengths of Yellow-whiskered Greenbul were also significantly different between both sides (t = 3.25, df = 16, P = 0.005). Its average length difference between both wings was not significantly affected by habitat types (Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, Overall: H3,17

= 1.74, P = 0.63). No clearly defined pattern was found between different habitat types, but NF seemed to show the lowest difference (see Fig. VIII.5C.).

The wing average lengths of Olive Sunbird were also difference between both sides (t = 4.42, df = 21, P < 0.001). Its average length difference between both wings was not significantly affected by habitat types (Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, Overall: H3,22 = 4.55, P = 0.1). No clearly defined pattern was found between different habitat types (see Fig. VIII.5D.).

The wing average lengths of Insectivores were also difference between both sides (t = 2.36, df

= 23, P = 0.027). Its average length difference between both wings was not significantly affected by habitat types (Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, Overall: H3,24 = 2.37, P = 0.5). No clearly defined pattern was found between different habitat types (see Fig. VIII.5E.).

HABITAT DIFFERENCE IN AVERAGE LENGTH (mm) 0.00

0.02

HABITAT

Figure VIII.5.: Differences in average length (mm) between both wings for A): Overall mist-netted community, B) Little Greenbul, C) Yellow-whiskered Greenbul, D) Olive Sunbird and E) Insectivores; The points indicate the mean values; Error bars indicate (mean ± standard deviation) and the boxes indicate (mean ± standard error). See Fig. VIII.1. for abbreviations of habitat types.

VIII.3.4.3. Tail (R)

The tail side average lengths of the overall mist-netted community showed almost significant difference between both sides (t = 1.98, df = 23, P = 0.059). Overall average tail lengths difference was significantly affected by habitat types (Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, Overall: H3,24

= 9.69, P = 0.021). No clearly defined pattern was observed in overall average tail lengths difference from near-primary forest to annual croplands (see Fig. VIII.6A.).

The tail side average lengths of Little Greenbul did not differ significantly between both sides (t = 1.41, df = 19, P = 0.174). Its average length difference between both tail sides was not significantly affected by habitat types (Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, Overall: H3,20 = 5.46, P =

The tail side average lengths of Yellow-whiskered Greenbul were not significantly different between both sides (t = 1.38, df = 19, P = 0.185). Its average length difference between both tail sides was not significantly affected by habitat types (Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, Overall:

H3,20 = 6.42, P = 0.093). No clearly defined pattern in average tail lengths difference of Yellow-whiskered Greenbul was found between different habitat types (see Fig. VIII.6C.).

The tail side average lengths of Olive Sunbird were not difference between both sides (t = 0.69, df = 23, P = 0.497). Its average length difference between both tail sides was nearly significantly affected by habitat types (Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, Overall: H3,24 = 7.08, P = 0.069). No clearly defined pattern in average tail lengths difference of Olive Sunbird was found between different habitat types, but NF seemed show the highest difference (see Fig.

VIII.6D.).

The tail side average lengths of Insectivores were not difference between both sides (t = 1.63, df = 23, P = 0.117). Its average length difference between both tail sides was significantly affected by habitat types (Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, Overall: H3,24 = 8.30, P = 0.040). No clearly defined pattern in average tail lengths difference of Insectivores was found between different habitat types, but CF seemed show the highest difference (see Fig. VIII.6E.).

HABITAT DIFFERENCE IN AVERANGE LENGTH (mm) -0.08

-0.04 DIFFERENCE IN AVERAGE LENGTH (mm) -0.04

0.00

HABITAT

Figure VIII.6.: Differences in average length (mm) between both tail sides for A): Overall mist-netted community, B) Little Greenbul, C) Yellow-whiskered Greenbul, D) Olive Sunbird and E) Insectivores; The points indicate the mean values; Error bars indicate (mean ± standard deviation) and the boxes indicate (mean ± standard error). See Fig. VIII.1. for abbreviations of habitat types.