Suppose that by 2025 the economic problem is everywhere solved (Keynes' (1932) expression) in the sense that G N P per capita is growing at more than 3 per cent per year and either there is full employment or the unemployed are comfortably supported on so- cial security. All of the standard indexes indicate unprecedented prosperity.
Meanwhile the atmosphere is warming and rainfall patterns are changing, deserts are continuing to spread a t the same rate as in the 1980s and have come t o cover the larger part of the planet, water tables everywhere are falling, holes in the ozone layer are rapidly increasing cancer deaths, locust and other pest outbreaks are more and more frequent, all the tropical forests have disappeared and the last of the boreal forests are threatened.
Among other irreversible changes half of the plant and animal species existing 50 years earlier have become extinct.
As has always been the convention, GNP can continue t o rise because it is calculated gross of all depreciation; for national income the depreciation of plant and equipment is netted out, but not the deterioration of nature. The greater part of the very high nation- al incomes has t o be spent on disposing of wastes, on replanting of trees, on transporting water, on making dikes against the incursions of the oceans, on fighting pests, on restoring soils. These are all entered on the plus side of the national income, but the deterioration that they are (partially) correcting is nowhere subtracted. National accounts measure the sustainability of our activities insofar as they depend on plant and equipment, but make no pretense of measuring sustainability insofar as they depend on nature. With other things fixed, every one of the unmeasured negative elements mentioned above is related to population.
In this scenario people would feel poorer and poorer, despite the assurance offered by the steadily rising income per capita.
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Recent Working Papers Produced in IIASA's Population Program
Copies may be obtained a t a cost of US $ 5.00 each from IIASA's Publications Department.
WP-87-51, The Concentration of Reproduction: A Global Perspective by W. Lutz. J u n e 1987.
WP-87-58, A Simple Model for the Statistical Analysis of Large Arrays of Mortality Data:
Rectangular vs. Diagonal Structure by J. Wilmoth and G . Caselli. J u n e 1987.
WP-87-59, Sibling Dependences in Branching Populations by P. Broberg. J u n e 1987.
WP-87-87, The Living Arrangements and Familial Contacts of the Elderly in J a p a n by K.
Hirosima. September 1987.
WP-87-92, The Demographic Discontinuity of the 1940s by N. Keyfitz. September 1987.
WP-87-104, A Random-Eflects Logit Model for P a n e l Data by D. Wolf. October 1987.
WP-87-116, Some Demographic Aspects of Aging in the German Democratic Republic by T. Biittner, W . Lutz, and W. Speigner. November 1987.
WP-88-10, On the Concentration of Childbearing in China, 1955-1981 by W. Lutz.
February 1988.
WP-88-13, Beyond "The Average American Family": U.S. Cohort Parity Distributions and Fertility Concentration by M. King and W. Lutz. March 1988.
WP-88-23, Understanding Medical and Demographic Trends with MEDDAS by M . Rusnak and S. Scherbov. April 1988.
WP-88-32, Kinship Patterns and Household Composition of the Elderly: Hungarian Women, 1984 by D. Wolf. April 1988.
WP-88-36, "DIALn - A System for Modeling Multidimensional Demographic Processes by S. Scherbov and V. Grechucha. May 1988.
WP-88-44, Kin Availability and the Living Arrangements of Older Unmarried Women:
Canada, 1985 by D. Wolf, T. Burch, and B. Matthews. June 1988.
WP-88-46, Population Futures for Europe: An Analysis of Alternative Scenarios, by D.
Wolf, B. Wils, W . Lutz, and S. Scherbov. J u n e 1988.
WP-88-90, Comparative analysis of Completed Parity Distributions: A Global WFS- Perspective, by W. Lutz. October 1988.
WP-88-104, Future Regional Population Patterns in the Soviet Union: Scenarios to the Year 2050, by S. Scherbov and W. Lutz. November 1988.
WP-88-120, AIDS and H I V Surveillance in Europe, by M. Artzrouni and G . Heilig.
December 1988.
WP-88-124, DDMSLT: A Computer Program for Estimating the Duration-Dependent Multistate Life Table Model, by C. Calhoun. December 1988.
WP-89-05, Multi-State Analysis of Family Dynamics in Austria: Scenarios to the Year 2090, by W. Lutz and S. Scherbov. January 1989.
WP-89-06, The Demographic Dimensions of Divorce: The Case of Finland, by W . Lutz, B. Wils, and M. Nieminen. January 1989.
WP-89-18, Markets a s Queues, with a n Application to Education, by R. Boylan. February 1989.
WP-89-19, Living Arrangements and Family Networks of Older Women in Italy, by D.
Wolf and A. Pinnelli. February 1989.