Nicola Kristin Haller
Der Einfluss von Bewegung auf die räumliche Kontrastempfindlichkeit des Wellensittichs (Melopsittacus undulatus)
Das Überleben kleiner Tiere ist häufig von ihren visuellen Fähigkeiten abhängig,
Veränderungen in ihrer Umgebung schnell zu erkennen. Von Vögeln wird grundsätzlich angenommen, dass sie ein exzellentes Sehvermögen haben, das ihnen blitzschnelle Fluchtreaktionen und die Fortbewegung per Flug ermöglicht, ohne dabei eine hohe Kollisionsrate zu haben. Die räumliche Kontrastempfindlichkeit von Vögeln für statische Objekte ist jedoch gering im Vergleich zu anderen Tieren mit ähnlicher Sehschärfe, wie beispielsweise Säugetieren.
Da optische Bewegungsreize für die Flugsteuerung von Vögeln relevant sind, nehme ich an, dass Bewegung ein wichtiger visueller Reiz ist, der Vögel möglicherweise mit einer höheren Kontrastempfindlichkeit ausstattet als bisher unter experimentellen Bedingungen festgestellt werden konnte. Fünf Wellensittiche (Melopsittacus undulatus) wurden in Zweifachwahl-Verhaltensversuchen getestet, in denen sie zwischen einer homogenen grauen Fläche und einem gleich hellen Sinusmuster mit räumlichen Frequenzen zwischen 0.48 und 6.5 cyc/deg und Kontrasten zwischen 0.71% und 99.34% differenzierten. Die Muster wurden entweder statisch präsentiert oder sie drifteten in Geschwindigkeiten zwischen 0 und 12.6 deg/s.
Die Wellensittiche waren dazu in der Lage, signifikant niedrigere Kontraste zu erkennen, wenn die Muster drifteten, was die Annahme unterstützt, dass räumliche
Kontrastempfindlichkeit positiv von Bewegung beeinflusst wird. Die größten Effekte konnten bei niedrigen räumlichen Frequenzen beobachtet werden, und die Kontrastempfindlichkeit wurde umso besser, je schneller die Muster sich bewegten.
Diese Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass die Kontrastempfindlichkeit von Vögeln vermutlich unterschätzt wird, wenn sie allein mit stationären Reizen getestet wird. Die neuen Befunde können zu einem besseren Verständnis des Sehvermögens von Vögeln im Allgemeinen sowie der visuellen Wahrnehmung, angepasst an hohe Bewegungsgeschwindigkeiten während des Fluges, führen. Mögliche Vorzüge sind zu erwarten für den Tierschutz in
Haltungseinrichtungen für Nutzgeflügel, für die tiermedizinische Versorgung von Vögeln sowie für technische Wissenschaften, die sich mit dem Thema Flugsteuerung beschäftigen.
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