INTRODUCTION
by Herb Liebovitz and Thomas J. Boyle
In many organizations, the DCOM wears more hats than does any other DP manager. In addition to dealing with users and effectively managing people, production procedures, and equipment, the DCOM must maintain a computer room environment within narrowly limited specifications to keep sensitive devices and media functioning properly and to avoid the loss of valuable data. The major issues involved in maintaining a data center environ-ment are:
• Temperature
• Relative humidity
• Air quality
• Static electricity
• Water detection
This chapter discusses these factors and provides suggestions for ensuring proper environmental conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION FOR COMPUTERS
Most computer professionals know that if temperature and relative humid-ity levels are not controlled, the computer will go down. Other environmental problems, however, are less widely recognized. For example, high particle counts in computer room air can bring a computer down faster than improper temperature and humidity.
AIRFLOW
The proper distribution of airflow in a computer room is necessary to achieve required temperature and relative humidity conditions. The typical computer room airflow is produced by dedicated air-conditioning units. Air circulates into the room through the raised floor by means of grills or perfo-rated tiles and cable holes. It is then drawn up through filters into the ceiling ducts. If a central air-conditioning system also supplies air to the room, this air should be filtered and preconditioned to match the temperature and humid-ity of the air from the dedicated system.
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The upward airflow removes heat from the room and inhibits lateral air currents, thus preventing the migration of contaminants from printers to other equipment. Good circulation also prevents the formation of hot spots in which the air surrounding a piece of equipment is warmer than recommended levels.
Air Velocity
Proper air velocity is also needed to maintain correct temperature and relative humidity levels. Inadequate velocities can lead to insufficient throw and poor circulation, while too high a velocity can disperse dust and create drafts. Air velocities should be kept between 20 and 30 feet per minute.
Fresh Air Supply
Unfortunately, fresh air often produces more problems than benefits. For example, unftltered fresh air can admit dust and other contaminants in levels that are harmful to hardware. Unftltered fresh air from an industrial area may carry particles that are extremely harmful to the hardware (e.g., crystalline materials). Ferromagnetic particles are attracted to magnetic media handling equipment, causing disruptive damage. Metallic and carbonaceous deposits on printed circuit boards can cause cross-tracking and short circuits. When the volume of fresh air exceeds the volume of air circulating in the computer complex, the variation in outside conditions can overwork the air-conditioning system and lead to improper temperature and relative humidity levels.
TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY
Room conditions should be maintained within equipment manufacturers' limits (usually 70°-72°F and 50%-55%) to ensure that temperature-sensitive components and humidity-sensitive materials (e.g., magnetic media, station-ery) perform as designed. One major problem in maintaining proper levels is the failure to allow for future increases in DP equipment when designing the . air-conditioning system. Additional DP equipment can quickly erode the ability of an air-conditioning system to produce the temperature and relative humidity levels it was designed to maintain.
Additional heat loads strain the system and cause hot and cold spots that could be improved somewhat by better balancing; however, the root of the problem is usually inadequate overall cooling power. Many problems associ-ated with downtime can be directly attributed to CPU overheating; yet this is one item most frequently overlooked when searching for the cause of down-time.
Humidity
Improper humidity levels can cause static voltages on the floor and on nongrounded items-including personnel. Paper supplies and magnetic media
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function better when humidity levels are kept between 50 and 55 percent. In addition, proper humidity levels help prevent cross-tracking within the CPU.
Some humidifiers can generate and release abrasive salts and fungal growth into the airstream. Crystalline salt particles can be particularly harmful to tapes and disks. To prevent these problems, it is necessary to maintain humid-ifiers in good repair.
AIR QUALITY
The advent of computers and other high-technology equipment in such areas as aerospace, bioscience, and medicine created a need for methods of ensuring clean conditions within a particular environment. The need for main-taining control of airborne particles in these environments led the United States government to develop federal standard 209B, which defines air clean-liness classes for various types of clean rooms.
The standard states that a computer room must be a class 100,000 room-it should not contain more than 100,000 particles, 0.5 microns in size, per cubic foot of air. The following requirements adapted from the standard should be enforced in all computer room environments:
• Clean room or clean workstation areas-These areas are to be operated with emphasis on minimizing airborne particle contamination to levels within the limitations indicated in air cleanliness classes.
• Environmental control-Such environmental conditions as tempera-ture, humidity, pressure differential, and airborne particle count shall be controlled and recorded and these records regularly reviewed.
• Clean room air pressure-All clean rooms shall maintain a pressure above that of surrounding areas to ensure that all leakage shall be outward.
• Air change rate or airflow-Either the air change or the airflow velocity shall be specified.
• Temperature and humidity range-The temperature and humidity ranges shall be established as demanded by the products and in consid-eration of the personnel occupying the area.
• Microbial contamination-The allowable airborne microbial contami-nation shall be controlled to the level specified in an applicable process or product specifications. It must be recognized that airborne microor-ganisms are particulate in nature and are included in the total particu-late count of air cleanliness classes.
• Other environmental factors-Due consideration should also be given to such environmental factors as light level, electromagnetic radiation, ionizing radiation, radioactive particles, and especially gases and va-pors (e.g., mercury and cleaning solvent fumes). Adverse environmen-tal conditions-for example, the presence of hazardous materials-are mentioned only to alert the user to the need for adequate controls and may involve conditions beyond the scope of standard 209B.
Environmental site audits have shown that rooms deviating from these general requirements usually have some type of computer malfunction. The
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level of ferromagnetic particles, carbonaceous particles, paper dust, and, in the case of laser-beam printers, toner dust has risen to the point where con-tamination has caused head crashes or CPU problems. Where the airborne particulate count becomes extremely high, microbial contamination is also common. This is indicated by a higher frequency of headaches and colds among computer room personnel than among their counterparts outside the computer room.
HEALTH PROBLEMS
An air-conditioning system should provide clean and comfortable environ-mental conditions; however, if it is not maintained properly, an air-conditioning system can create health hazards. The Swiss Medical Society has researched the effects of air conditioning on personnel. They found that absenteeism resulting from lung and bronchial infections is 20 percent higher among those working in air-conditioned areas. The researchers felt that con-tinually recirculating air through humidifiers produces ideal conditions for hannful bacteria and fungi [1]. These health problems can be avoided by regularly cleaning humidification or condensate pans with a bactericide and fungicide to prevent the sludge buildup in which these organisms thrive.
Contamination also. comes from outside air introduced into the computer room through a duct system. Ducts are a perfect breeding ground for bacteria because they are dark, humid, and dirty. The DCOM can check this by looking at the air-conditioning diffuser in the computer room. Dark spots around the diffuser indicate an overload condition in the duct work could be causing problems. Keeping the inside of the ducts clean is almost impossible, and many ducts are never cleaned.
The duct work system should be cleaned at least once a year as another preventive measure. In addition, environmental probes should be placed in the ducts to continuously measure the level of contamination. An environ-mental site audit of one data center revealed such high levels of three types of bacteria in the condensate pan and duct work that the computer room was deemed unsafe. This is an extreme case; however, when data center absentee-ism increases, the DCOM should check the bacteria level.
HARDWARE CONTAMINATION
Hardware contamination is an endemic problem in data centers. Some blame for this problem can be traced to the manufacturer who carelessly applies paint on hardware surfaces. Paint particles can be found in most equipment. In addition, if the particulate levels in the computer room are too high, the inside of the equipment will probably be contaminated with ferro-magnetic particles that collect on ferro-magnetic media, carbonaceous particles that can cause cross-tracking, paper dust that can harm hardware and people, and iron oxide (rust) that rises from the floor plenum. Any particle greater than 30 microns in diameter can cause disruptive damage to hardware. The DCOM can open the back of the CPU to check for accumulations of dirt or dust. If
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deposits are evident, a person should be called in to detennine the extent of the pollution and the type of particles.
WATER DETECTION
Many computer rooms have water leakage problems. Some have experi-enced floods. Any leak adversely affects temperature and relative humidity levels and may cause water damage; however, too few computer rooms are protected against such problems. Often, the building design places water pipes above the computer room ceiling or bathrooms on the floor above the computer room. In addition, maintenance of dedicated room air conditioners is often so poor that condensate pans overflow.
Overhead water leaks are easy to spot, but a subfloor leak can cause damage for some time before becoming apparent. Computer rooms with water detection systems usually use point sensors. These detectors are excellent if the leakage occurs where they are located. Since most point sensor detectors operate on batteries, the protection is lost if the batteries are not replaced when necessary. A water detection system that provides area protection is more effective. A zoned perimeter strip detector system uses a tape attached to the floor over a wide area. The tape contains conductive water-sensitive wires that activate an alarm when water is detected. This type of system offers wider protection and does not depend on batteries.
MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION AND MAGNETIC FIELDS
Microwave transmission or magnetic fields near hardware and data carriers can disturb or even erase recorded information. Organizations sometimes neglect to check for magnetic fields and microwave transmission when select-ing new computer room sites. Consequently, tape and disk drives do not function properly.
If the disturbances result from outside microwave transmission, an alumi-num shield may have to be built around the computer room.
Magnetic fields can originate from equipment within the computer room.
For example, the voice coils on disk drives throw off magnetic fields in excess of the recommended levels. In fact, the label on one manufacturer's disk drives warns the user not to bring tapes or disks within six inches of the voice coil box.
Magnetic fields can degauss tapes and disks and result in loss of informa-tion. A gauss meter examination should be conducted to prevent this. If the magnetic fields are strong enough to harm tapes and disks, work areas or equipment should be arranged so that the fields do not interfere with the normal work flow pattern of tape and disk use.
STATIC
Static usually results when the humidity in the room drops below the manufacturer's recommended criteria. The extremely dry air allows excessive
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electrostatic voltages-generally caused by friction-to accumulate. In addi-tion to being extremely uncomfortable for personnel, these voltages can cause hardware problems (e.g., select locks on disks) and mutilate information held in core memory.
The easiest way to minimize this condition is to maintain proper tempera-ture and relative humidity controls. Another preventive measure is completely grounding the computer room floor by developing a floor-grounding grid. The static dissipates over the grid, preventing unnecessary damage to the equip-ment.
CONCLUSION
To avoid hardware contamination and failures, damage to stored data, and health problems caused by improper environmental conditions, the DeOM should be aware of all the factors discussed in this chapter and ensure that they are controlled. This entails scheduling regular maintenance and cleaning of the air-conditioning system, balancing the placement of equipment for maxi-mum air-conditioning efficiency, and monitoring the levels of essential envi-ronmental conditions. By following the suggestions discussed, the DeOM should be able to ensure safe environmental conditions for both computer equipment and data center personnel.
I. "Air Conditioning Fever." Heating and Air Conditioning Journal, Vol. 49 (September 1979), 12-15.