5 Non-residential sector
5.6 Energy use
In Chapter 2, basic data about the energy use of the non-residential sector were pre-sented, as well as data on the sources of energy. One of the important conclusions of Chapter 2 was that lighting and electrical appliances account for more than 30% of the energy use in the non-residential sector. In this section an overview of the data available in each country is given. The type of data available may differ greatly by country and is not always a statistical value. Except for the United Kingdom and at European level (see Chapter 2), there is no breakdown available by end use like light-ing, cooling and appliances.
From data on the specific energy use of the different types of building in the non-residential sector it is interesting to estimate the energy efficiency of the different sub sectors. In the project ENPER-EXIST data about the specific energy used for heat-ing non-residential buildheat-ings was collected in Denmark (dk), France (fr), Germany (de), Greece (gr), the Netherlands (nl) and the United Kingdom (uk). These data are presented in Figure 5.6. Except for schools and hotels/restaurants large differences between countries can be noted, especially in the health care sector. In addition to country specificities like climate, part of these differences may arise from different definitions of the sectors. However, it seems that the sector shopping and leisure has high energy intensity, followed by health care buildings and/or offices. Educational buildings have a relatively low specific energy use.
For the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, the data are summarised in Table 5.8. The figures are calculated as being the sum of the kWh heating and kWh electricity, which means that the efficiency of the electricity production is not taken into account in these data. Additional data, if available, are given thereafter. For Austria, no data other than that presented in Chapter 2 are available.
* From ENPER-EXIST report “Building stock knowledge”
Office buildings
Shopping &
Leisure
Educational buildings
Health care buildings
Netherlands1 220 262 163 281
Switzerland2 210 322 124 229
United Kingdom3 245 306 215 447
1 Monitor energy saving built environment 2006, SenterNovem; Leisure excluded from category Shopping & Leisure.
2 Estimate Jakob et al., 2006
3 Data from CaRB project - Carbon Reduction in Buildings, BRE
In Finland, a breakdown is available for heating and electricity use in the categories
“business and office buildings” (which includes offices, shops, restaurants, hotels and transport buildings), “public service buildings”, and “leisure buildings”, see Table 5.9.
Kwh/m2 Business & Office Public services Leisure
Heating 231 198 40
Electricity 97 72 13
* Ekorem report
Figure 5.6: Yearly energy use for heating in the European non-residential building stock*
Table 5.8: Specific energy use in the Dutch and Swiss non-residential building stock (kWh/m2 per year)
Table 5.9: Yearly specific energy use for heating and electricity in the Finnish non-residential building stock*
In France, detailed data about the specific energy consumption are available by sub sector.
Office Shopping Educational Health care
Sport Hotels/restaurants Community living
Transport buildings
Total
283 243 131 221 203 255 163 322 221
* from CEREN (Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches Economiques sur l’Energie) - http://www.ceren.fr/
In the Netherlands, there is a breakdown by electricity and gas (heat) and by end use.
The share of heating is highest in educational buildings, as is the share of lighting. Al-though a lot of Dutch office buildings are equipped with cooling devices, the share of cooling remains very low. Figure 5.7 shows the percentage of energy use by the different Dutch non-residential sectors.
Office build-ings
Shopping Educational Health care
Gas (Kwh/m2)) 132 123 132 202
Electricity (Kwh/m2))
88 139 31 79
Hospitals Rest homes
Heating (%) 39 34 65 43 59
Hot tap water (%) 1 0 1 5 6
Lighting (%) 22 24 27 21 17
Cooling (%) 4 1 0 5 1
Other (%) 35 41 7 26 17
*Monitor energy saving built environment 2006, SenterNovem.
Table 5.10: Yearly specific total energy use (kWh/m2) in the French non-residential building stock*
Table 5.11: Yearly specific total energy use in the Dutch non-residential building stock and breakdown by end use (%)*
Primary energy use in the Dutch non-residential sector (Total 3067 PJ)
Office 29%
Shopping Educational 18%
6%
Other 35%
Hospitals 6%
Nursing and rest homes
6%
*Monitor energy saving built environment 2006, SenterNovem.
In Sweden, there are data available on the energy use for heating per square metre of heated floor area for the non-residential building stock with a breakdown by building age and type of heating. This breakdown is given in Table 5.12.
Oil boiler (litre oil/m2)
District heating (kWh/m2)
Electricity (kWh/m2)
Collective boiler (kWh/m2)
<1940 15.3 133 135 n.a.
1941-1960 15.0 136 110 103
1961-1970 16.1 139 148 187
1971-1980 15.4 129 133 n.a
1981-1990 10.5 109 141 n.a
1991-2000 15.7 113 139 n.a
>2001 n.a. 96 148 n.a
Unknown age 16.0 139 129 136
* Sveriges Officiella Statistik
In Switzerland, there is a breakdown by heat and electricity, see Table 5.13.
Kwh/m2 Office build-ings
Shopping &
Leisure
Educational Health care Total (others in-cluded, see Table 5.7)
Heat* 143 146 108 180 145
Electricity 68 176 16 49 85
Figure 5.7: Primary energy use of the different Dutch non-residential sectors*
Table 5.12: Yearly specific energy use in the Swedish non-residential building stock*
Table 5.13: Yearly specific total energy use in the Swiss non-residential building stock*
* The values for heat are based on data for district heating.
In the United Kingdom, a detailed breakdown by type of energy is available, see Ta-ble 5.14. There are also data on the share of energy consumption in several sub-sectors, see Figure 5.8.
kWh/m2 Heating Cooling Lighting Computing Hot water
Catering Other Total heat
Total elect.
Office 110 42 35 22 13 10 13 133 112
Shopping &
leisure
117 15 61 3 27 50 33 194 112
Educational 154 0.2 14 2 28 12 5 194 21
Health care 338 0.2 29 3 61 13 3 412 35
Total 140 17 40 7 25 27 19 192 83
*Data from CaRB project - Carbon Reduction in Buildings, BRE. Total heat is the sum of heating, hot water and catering. Total elect. is the sum of cooling, lighting, computing and other.
Primary energy use in the UK non-residential sector Office
17%
Shopping 27%
Educational 13%
Health care 5%
Other 21%
Hotels/
restaurants 17%
* From Energy Consumption in the United Kingdom, DTI, national statistics.
Figure 5.9 summarises the results for specific energy use. In this figure there is no data for Austria because of the lack of data on surface area in the non-residential sec-tor. For data on Austrian total non-residential buildings, see Chapter 2. The bar “To-tal” is the sum of the bars “heat” and “electricity”. Within the limits of the accuracy of the data, there seems to be large differences between countries. The specific en-ergy consumption of French offices is for instance more than twice the consumption of German offices. However, these differences may arise from different definitions of electricity and heat consumption. It is not known which type of appliances and equipment (only building related or also appliance related) have been taken into ac-count in both cases. It seems that, generally, the heat or gas consumption is higher
Table 5.14: Yearly specific energy use in the UK non-residential building stock*
Figure 5.8: Energy use of the dif-ferent UK non-residential sectors*
than the electricity consumption, except for shopping buildings, where it may be higher. However, it is difficult to draw hard conclusions based on these data, except that there is a great need for better documented statistical data.
Specific energy use in the non-residential sector
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Business/Office Public sector Leisure Office Shopping Educational Health Sport Hotel/restaurant Nursing/rest Transport Office Educational Hotel/restaurant Office Shopping Educational Health care Office Shopping Educational Health care Others Office Shopping Educational Health care
Austria Finland France Germany Netherlands Sweden Switzerland United
Kingdom
kWh/m2 per year
Electricity Heat Total
5.7 Quality of the building envelope in the non-residential building stock