Strategist’s Weltanschauung
ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 8
1. Quoted in Walter Laqueur, The New Terrorism, New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 103.
2. Ibid.
3. Richard Schultz, “Conceptualizing Political Terrorism: A Typology,” Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 32, No.
1, p. 7.
4. Jon Tetsuro Sumida, “The Relationship of History and Theory in On War: The Clausewitzian Ideal and Its Im-plications,” The Journal of Military History, Vol. 65, April 2001, p. 336.
5. Gregory D. Foster, “A Conceptual Foundation for a Theory of Strategy,” The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 13, No.
1, Winter 1990, p. 47; Roberta Senechal de la Roche, “Toward a Scientific Theory of Terrorism,” Sociological Theory, Vol.
22, No. 1, March 2004, p. 3.
6. Walter Laqueur, Terrorism, London, U.K.: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1977, p. 5.
7. Jack P. Gibbs, “Conceptualization of Terrorism,” American Sociological Review, Vol. 54, No. 3, June 1989, p. 329.
8. Martha Crenshaw Hutchinson, “The Concept of Revolutionary Terrorism,” The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 16, No. 3, September 1972, p. 384.
9. Gibbs, p. 330.
10. Quoted in Hutchinson, p. 383.
11. Harry R. Yarger, Strategic Theory for the 21st Century: The Little Book on Big Strategy, Carlisle, PA: Strategic Stud-ies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 2006, p. 1.
12. Ibid., p. 6-7; Martha Crenshaw, “An Organizational Approach to the Analysis of Political Terrorism,” Orbis, Fall 1985, p. 472.
13. Yarger, p. 7.
14. Ibid., pp. 7-8.
15. Hutchinson, p. 385.
16. Charles Tilly, “Terror, Terrorism, Terrorists,” Sociological Theory, Vol. 22, No. 1, March 2004, p. 9; H. Edward Price, Jr., “The Strategy and Tactics of Revolutionary Terrorism,” Comparative Studies on Society and History, Vol. 19, No. 1, January 1977, p. 52; and T. P. Thornton, “Terror as a Weapon of Political Agitation,” in H. Eckstein, ed., Internal War, New York: Free Press, 1964, pp. 78-79.
17. Donald Black, “The Geometry of Terrorism,” Sociological Theory, Vol. 22, No. 1, March 2004, p. 18.
18. Arthur H. Garrison, “Defining Terrorism: Philosophy of the Bomb, Propaganda by Deed and Change Through Fear and Violence, Criminal Justice Studies, Vol 17, No. 3, September 2004, p. 260.
19. Amy Zegart, “An Empirical Analysis of Failed Intelligence Reforms Before September 11,” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 121, No. 1, Spring 2006, pp. 35-36, 39.
20. Williamson Murray and Mark Grimsley, “Introduction: On Strategy,” The Making of Strategy, Rulers, States, and War, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994, 1997, p. 1.
21. Yarger, pp. 13-14.
116 22. Ibid., 14.
23. Alison M. Jagger, “What Is Terrorism, Why Is It Wrong, and Could It Ever Be Morally Permissible?” Journal of Social Philosophy, Vol. 26, No. 2, Summer 2005, p. 208.
24. Yarger, p. 14.
25. Ibid., pp. 15-16.
26. Crenshaw, pp. 472-482; Randy Borum, Psychology of Terrorism, Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, 2004, pp. 24, 52-56.
27. Daniel S. Gressang IV, “Terrorism in the 21st Century: Reassessing the Emerging Threat,” in Max Manwaring, ed., Deterrence in the 21st Century, Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 2001, p. 73.
28. Roberta Senechal de la Roche, “Collective Violence as Social Control,” Sociological Forum, Vol. 11, No. 1, March 1996, pp. 97-98; Martha Crenshaw, “The Causes of Terrorism,” Comparative Politics, Vol. 13, No. 4, July 1981, pp. 381-384.
29. de la Roche, p. 103.
30. Quoted in Garrison, p. 268.
31. Crenshaw, “An Organizational Approach to the Analysis of Political Terrorism,” p. 466.
32. Thomas C. Schelling, Arms and Influence, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1966, p. 3.
33. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, Michael Howard and Peter Paret, ed./trans., Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984, p. 77.
34. Schelling, pp. 3-4.
35. Hutchinson, pp. 387-389.
36. Philip G. Cerny, “Terrorism and the New Security Dilemma,” Naval War College Review, Vol. 58, No. 1, Winter 2005, p. 16.
37. Andrew H. Kydd and Barbara F. Walter, “The Strategies of Terrorism,” International Security, Vol. 31, No. 1, Summer 2006, pp. 58, 78.
38. Jeffrey C. Alexander, “From the Depths of Despair: Performance, Counterperformance, and ‘September 11,’”
Sociological Theory, Vol. 22, No. 1, March 2004, pp. 88, 90.
39. Anthony Oberschall, “Explaining Terrorism: The Contribution of Collective Action Theory,” Sociological Theory Vol. 22, No. 1, March 2004, p. 27.
40. H. Stuart Hughes, Consciousness and Society: The Reorientation of Social Thought, 1890-1930, New York, Vintage Books, 1958, p. 165.
41. Alexander, p. 89.
42. Philip Windsor, “Terrorism and International Order,” in Mats Berdal, ed., Studies in International Relations: Es-says by Philip Windsor, Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press, 2002, p. x, 195.
43. Ibid., p. 195.
44. Crenshaw, “An Organizational Approach to the Analysis of Political Terrorism,” p. 466; Alexander, p. 89.
45. Crenshaw, “An Organizational Approach to the Analysis of Political Terrorism,” p. 471.
46. Ibid., 481.
47. Alexander, p. 89.
48. Borum, p. 24.
49. Martha Crenshaw, “Theories of Terrorism: Instrumental and Organizational Approaches,” in David C. Rapo-port, ed., Inside Terrorist Organizations, Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 2001, p. 13.
50. Schelling, p. 4.
51. Windsor, p. 193.
52. Michel Wieviorka, The Making of Terrorism, David Gordon White, trans., Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1993, p. 9.
53. Ibid., pp. 7-8.
54. Ibid., p. 8.
55. Hutchinson, p. 394.
56. Wieviorka, pp. 11-12.
57. Brodie’s exact words are: “strategy is nothing if not pragmatic….Above, all, strategic theory is a theory for ac-tion.” Quoted in Colin Gray, “What is War? A View from Strategic Studies,” in Colin Gray, Strategy and History: Essays on Theory and Practice, New York: Routledge, 2006, p. 185.
58. de la Roche, p. 102.
59. Crenshaw, “The Causes of Terrorism,” p. 379-386.
60. Clausewitz, p. 75.
61. Quoted in Gray, “What is War?,” p. 185.
62. Ibid., p. 185.
63. Ibid., p. 187.
64. Ibid., p. 186.
65. Gray, “What is War?,” p. 187, and Colin S. Gray, Irregular Enemies and the Essence of Strategy: Can the American Way of War Adapt? Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 2006.
66. Antulio J. Echevarria II, “Clausewitz and the Nature of the War on Terror,” in Hew Strachan and Andreas Herberg-Rothe, eds., Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 196-230.
67. Borum, p. 54.
68. Gray, Modern Strategy, pp. 295-296.
69. Gray, Irregular Enemies and the Essence of Strategy: Can the American Way of War Adapt? pp. vi, 4-5.
118
70. See Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000; and David C. Rapoport, “The Four Waves of Modern Terrorism,” in Audrey Kurth Cronin and James Ludes, eds., Attacking Terrorism: Elements of a Grand Strategy, Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2004, pp. 46-73.
71. Oberschall, “Explaining Terrorism: The Contribution of Collective Action Theory,” p. 27.
72. Gray, Irregular Enemies and the Essence of Strategy: Can the American Way of War Adapt? p. vi.
73. Bernard Crick, In Defence of Politics, 4th ed., Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1992, pp. 34-35; Gray, Modern Strategy, p. 294.
CHAPTER 9
THUCYDIDES AND CONTEMPORARY STRATEGY