2. L EAF LITTER COMPOSITION AFFECTS SUBJACENT ECTOMYCORRHIZAL ASSEMBLAGES
2.7 R EFERENCES
Agerer R (2001) Exploration types of ectomycorrhizae. A proposal to classify ectomycorrhizal mycelial systems according to their patterns of differentiation and putative ecological importance. Mycorrhiza 11: 107-114
Aponte C, Garcia LV, Maraòûn T, Gardes M (2010) Indirect host effect on ectomycorrhizal fungi:
leaf fall and litter quality – explain changes in fungal communities on the roots of co-occuring mediterranean oaks. Soil Biology Biochemistry 42: 788-796
Arnebrant K (1994) Nitrogen amendments reduce the growth of extramatrical ectomycorrhizal mycelium. Mycorrhiza 5: 7-15
Bending GD, Read DJ (1995) The structure and function of the vegetative mycelium of ectomycorrhizal plants. V. Foraging behaviour and translocation of nutrients from exploited litter. New Phytologist 130: 401-409
Brearley FQ, Press MC, Scholes JD (2003) Nutrients obtained from leaf litter can improve the growth of dipterocarp seedlings. New Phytologist 160: 101-110
Cullings K, Courty PE (2009) Saprotrophic capabilities as functional traits to study functional diversity and resilience of ectomycorrhizal community. Oecologia 161: 661- 664
Conn C, Dighton J (2000) Litter quality influences on decomposition, ectomycorrhizal community structure and mycorrhizal root surface acid phosphatase activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 32: 489-496
Courty PE, Franc A, Pierrat J-C, Garbaye J (2008) Temporal changes in the ectomycorrhizal community in two soil horizons of a temperate oak forest. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74: 5792-5801
Cullings KW, New MH, Makhija S, Parker VT (2003) Effects of litter addition on the ectomycorrhizal associates of a lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) stand in Yellowstone National Park. Applied & Environmental Microbiology 69: 3772-3776
27
Finlay RD (2008) Ecological aspects of mycorrhizal symbiosis: with special emphasis on the functional diversity of interactions involving the extraradical mycelium. Journal of Experimental Botany 59 (5), 1115-1126
Guckland A, Jacob M, Flessa H, Thomas FM, Leuschner C (2009) Acidity, nutrient stocks, and organic-matter content in soils of a temperate deciduous forest with different abundance of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 172: 500-511
Hagerberg D, Wallander H (2002) The impact of forest residue removal and wood ash amendment on the growth of the ectomycorrhizal external mycelium. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 39: 139-146
Hammer Ø, Harper DAT, Ryan PD (2001) PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 4: 9pp
Hanssen JF, Thingstad TF, Goksoyr J (1974) Evaluation of hyphal lengths and fungal biomass in soil by a membrane filter technique. Oikos 25: 102-107
Hendricks JJ, Mitchell RJ, Kuehn KA, Pecot SD, Sims SE (2006) Measuring external mycelia production of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the field: the soil matrix matters. New Phytologist 171: 179-186
Hobbie EA, Agerer R (2010) Nitrogen isotopes in ectomycorrhizal sporocarps correspond to belowground exploration types. Plant and Soil 327: 71-83
Jacob M, Viedenz K, Polle A, Thomas FM (2010): Leaf litter decomposition in temperate deciduous forest stands with a decreasing fraction of beech (Fagus sylvatica). Oecologia 164: 1083-1094
Jarvis S, Woodward S, Alexander IJ, Taylor AFS (2013) Regional scale gradients of climate and nitrogen deposition drive variation in ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with native Scots pine. Global Change Biology 19: 1688–1696
Koide RT, Suomi L, Stevens CM, McCormick L (1998) Interactions between needles of Pinus resinosa and ectomycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist 140: 539-547
Kottke I, Qian XM, Pritsch K, Haug I, Oberwinkler F (1998) Xerocomus badius-Picea abies, an ectomycorrhiza of high activity and element storage capacity in acidic soil. Mycorrhiza 7:
267-275
Lamhamedi MS, Godbout C, Fortin JA (1994) Dependence of Laccaria bicolor basidiome development on current photosynthesis of Pinus strobus seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24: 1797-1804
28
species shape mycorrhizal species richness in a mixed Central European forest. Mycorrhiza 21: 297-308
Langenbruch C, Helfrich M, Joergensen RG, Gordon J, Flessa H (2014) Partitioning of carbon and nitrogen during decomposition of 13C15N-labeled beech and ash leaf litter. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 177: 178-188
Leuschner C, Jungkunst HF, Fleck S (2009) Functional role of forest diversity: Pros and cons of synthetic stands and across-site comparisons in established forests. Basic and Applied Ecology 10: 1-9
Lilleskov EA, Bruns TD (2001) Nitrogen and ectomycorrhizal communities: what we know, what we need to know. New Phytologist 149: 156-158
Lilleskov EA, Fahey TJ, Horton TR, Lovett GM (2002) Belowground ectomycorrhizal fungal community change over a nitrogen deposition gradient in Alaska. Ecology 83: 104-115 Nilsson LO, Wallander H (2003) The production of external mycelium by ectomycorrhizal fungi
in a Norway spruce forest was reduced in response to nitrogen fertilization. New Phytologist 158: 409-416
Nilsson LO (2004) External Mycelia of Mycorrhizal Fungi – responses to elevated N in forest ecosystems. Ph.D. Thesis. Lund University
Nilsson LO, Giesler R, Bååth E, Wallander H (2005) Growth and biomass of mycorrhizal mycelia in coniferous forests along short natural nutrient gradients. New Phytologist 165:
613-622
Nygren CMR, Eberhardt U, Karlsson M, Parrent JL, Lindahl BD, Taylor AFS (2008) Growth on nitrate and occurrence of nitrate-reductase-encoding genes in a phylogenetically diverse range of ectomycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist 180: 875-889
Oksanen J, Kindt R, O'Hara RB (2005) Vegan: Community Ecology Package Version 1.6-9.
http://cc.oulu.fi/~jarioksa/
Peter M, Ayer F, Egli S (2001) Nitrogen addition in a Norway spruce stand altered macromycete sporocarp production and below ground ectomycorrhizal species compostion. New Phytologist 149: 311-325
Perez-Moreno J, Read DJ (2000) Mobilization and transfer of nutrients from litter to tree seedlings via the vegetative mycelium of ectomycorrhizal plants. New Phytologist 145: 301-309 R Development Core Team (2009) R : a language and environment for statistical computing. R
Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0. Available at http://www.r-project.org
29
Rose SL, Perry DA, Pilz D, Schoeneberger MM (1983) Allelopathic effects of litter on the growth and colonization of mycorrhizal fungi. Journal of Chemical Ecology 9: 1153-1162 Shi L, Guttenberger M, Kottke I, Hampp R (2002) The effect of drought on mycorrhizas of
beech (Fagus sylvatica L.): changes in community structure, and the content of carbohydrates and nitrogen storage bodies of the fungi. Mycorrhiza 12: 303-311
Smit E, Veenman C, Baar J (2003) Molecular analysis of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete communities in a Pinus sylvestris L. stand reveals long-term increased diversity after removal of litter and humus layers. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 45: 49-57
Söderström BE, Read DJ (1987) Respiratory activity of intact and excised ectomycorrhizal mycelial systems growing in unsterilized soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 11: 231-237 Walker JF, Miller OK, Horton JL (2005) Hyperdiversity of ectomycorrhizal fungus
assemblages on oak seedlings in mixed forests in the southern Appalachian Mountains.
Molecular Ecology 14: 829–838
Wallenda T, Kottke I (1998) Nitrogen deposition and ectomycorrhizas. New Phytologist 139:
167-187
Wallander H, Nylund JE (1992) Effects of excess nitrogen and phosphorus starvation on the extramatrical mycelium of ectomycorrhizas of Pinus sylvestris L.. New Phytologist 120:
495-503
Wallander H, Nilsson LO, Hagerberg D, Bååth E (2001) Estimation of the biomass and seasonal growth of external mycelium of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the field. New Phytologist 151:
753-760
Supplement: Table S1: Mycorrhizal species found in the study. Abundances of EcM species under different leaf litter treatments. Nitrogen content and litter degradation of different leaf litter treatments. C = Contact exploration type, L = Long distance exploration type, M = medium distance exploration type, S = short distance exploration type, n/a = not applicable. B
= beech litter forest, B* = Beech litter greenhouse, A = Ash litter forest, A*= Ash litter greenhouse, BA= mixed litter beech + ash forest, B*A= mixed litter beech greenhouse + ash forest, BA* = mixed litter beech forest + ash greenhouse.
30
Full name
B B* A A* BA B*A BA* B B* A A* BA B*A BA*
Genbank
Russula ochroleuca KC952686 679 Ro 0,0 0,0 0,2 0,0 0,0 6,9 0,0 9,8 13,6 15,5 6,9 21,4 30,0 30,5
C Courty et al., 2008
Russula spec. KC952679 691 Rs 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 4,0 0,0 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,8 0,0
C Courty et al., 2008
Tomentella botryoides KC952675 583 Tb6 0,8 2,8 7,2 2,5 2,1 0,8 2,2 2,4 1,4 1,8 2,5 2,6 0,6 10,2
C Agerer, 2001
Lactarius subdulcis KC952680 844 Ls 11,5 16,1 23,2 11,1 19,1 33,2 14,3 7,3 21,3 18,5 19,1 16,0 17,3 24,9
C Agerer, 2001
Tomentella castanea KC952674 668 Tc1 19,7 31,9 13,9 21,3 23,9 15,9 30,9 7,8 7,3 10,5 3,7 9,2 8,9 1,6
C Agerer, 2001
Xerocomus spec. n/a n/a n/a Xs 1,2 0,0 1,7 1,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 11,0 0,0 2,0 0,7 L Agerer, 2001
Xerocomus pruinatus KC952677 872 Xp 3,4 2,6 2,0 5,1 10,0 0,6 21,1 13,4 8,7 5,4 7,3 30,8 28,5 20,1
L Agerer, 2001
Laccaria spec. KC952691 655 Ll 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
M Courty et al., 2008
Amanita rubescens n/a n/a n/a Ap 0,0 1,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,2 11,0 7,8 0,7 5,5 M Courty et al., 2008
Thelephora spec. KC952710 857 Th5 29,6 7,6 7,8 7,3 12,2 2,8 8,4 33,6 44,0 33,0 30,5 8,4 2,4 4,5
M Courty et al., 2008
KC952692
950 Bry 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 6,2 0,0
S Courty et al., 2008
uncultured Pezizales KC952678 690 P19 0,0 0,0 7,1 0,0 0,0 3,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
S Courty et al., 2008
uncultured ECM (Clavulina)KC952704 1123 Cla 23,7 22,3 35,4 34,4 20,3 23,1 10,3 1,6 0,0 0,0 3,6 1,8 0,0 0,0
M Courty et al., 2008
uncultured basidiomycete (KC952707 1127 Ht 0,0 0,0 2,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
U
Nitrogen content (mg per cylinder) -42 63 36 -11 -45 -22 -11 47 215 157 270 108 184 181 Langenbruch 2012
Litter degradation (% loss of litter mass) 0,0 49,0 9,0 27,0 1,0 10,0 15,0 63,0 97,0 73,0 95,0 81,0 82,0 82,0 Langenbruch 2012
*Exploration type C = contact, M = medium rage, s = short distance, L = Long distance, u = unknown Accession