I make use of my right to explain the world to myself.
Juli Zeh, 2002.
The global and flexible form of capitalism stamped on contemporary society at the turn of this millennium has substantially changed man’s relationship with the world. The concepts of“neoliberalism”and“globalization,”which have res-onated in the discourses of the economic gurus over the past few years, charac-terize a new form of capitalism causing very different outcomes and effects from those evident in its earlier versions. Nowadays, it is no longer tenable to speak about man’s enslavement to the machine or about the labor force composing the exchange value in manufacturing or even about the depersonalization of human life as a result of the growing dependence on money. These were circumstances inherent in the industrialized society Georg Simmel so eloquently described in The Philosophy of Money(1900). Often resorting to arguments of a moral nature, Simmel describes the relationship between people and money, which he consid-ers as having usurped God’s place. In his examination of the situation, he inter-preted money’s central role in developed societies as a“tragedy of [modern] cul-ture.” Nevertheless, in the one hundred plus years that have since elapsed, Simmel’s study of modern civilization lost some of its relevance for an era of flex-ibility such as ours. In fact, the capitalist society that developed and consolidat-ed in the thirty years following the Second World War took shape as a new kind of economy altogether at the end of the twentieth century, and one that is being geared to short-term rather than long-term results and to very immediate pros-pects. In its new embodiment, globalized capitalism has given rise to societies typified by migration whose motto is moving on rather than settling in, as Ri-chard Sennett argues.¹ InThe Culture of the New Capitalism(2006), Sennett fo-cuses on the research he has undertaken over thirty years regarding man’s rela-tionship with labor in the contemporary capitalist world, taking note of changes in social capitalism over the first half of the twentieth century.
Throughout this essay, when referring to Sennett’sThe Culture of the New Capitalism, I will use the letter S followed by the page number.
At this time, the businesses and institutions of civil society were organized according to rank and the marked division of labor ensured each person occu-pied a set position and each place meant a well-defined function. The pyramidal organization gave people a sense of stability and the feeling that they were so-cially integrated despite the fact that their personal freedom was conditioned.
This is why Max Weber deployed the expression“iron cage”in his well-known book The Protestant Ethic, an expression that Sennett recalls here. However, we should note that this “iron cage,” which not only meant prison but also home, had long since been destroyed (Sennett 2006: 31–32). The new capitalism, arising mainly from“the shift from managerial to shareholder power”in many companies (Sennett 2006: 37), led to“the separation of ownership from control”² and to a growing interest in fast, short-term success that received solid backing in the information revolution. Hence, the former pyramid structure gave way to flexible organizations and certain qualities such as loyalty, informal trust and adaptive experience ceased to receive support (Sennett 2006: 63–71). As a result, Sennett insists, “the social has been diminished” even while “capitalism re-mains”(Sennett 2006: 82). The new work culture, characterized by change and speed, has robbed life of its stability and led to superficial human relationships and above all, to people feeling disoriented as a result of displaced inherited family values, now given over to values cultivated by the new world of labor.
In other words, how are the enduring moral values cultivated by the family, and thus long-term values, supposed to harmonize with a short-term society that demands only a token link between things and people? How does one man-age to develop a strong sense of identity and a coherent life story in a society that fails to esteem the experience accumulated throughout one’s life? In looking at the current situation, Richard Sennett concludes:“The people I’ve interviewed […] are too worried and disquieted, too little resigned to their own uncertain fate under the aegis of change. What they need most is a mental and emotional an-chor; they need values which assess whether changes in work, privilege, and power are worthwhile. They need, in short, a culture”(Sennett 2006: 183). In fact, in his complex study of the effects brought about by today’s new kind of world capitalism, Sennett does not rule out the way the individual’s scope for maneuver has grown alongside the new kind of organization put forward by businesses and institutions, and he suggests that establishing a“cultural an-chor” may well rely upon the rapid enhancement of three essential values which he calls narrative, usefulness and craftsmanship (Sennett 2006: 183).
Mark Roe,“The Inevitable Instability of American Corporate Governance,”working paper, Harvard Law School, 2004 (qtd. Sennett 2006: 71).
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The social and human outcomes of this lack of culture, which, as Sennett explains, should be understood in the anthropological sense here and not solely in the artistic sense, are made even clearer every time we read books written by contemporary writers who attempt to describe our society and its disturbing el-ements. InEagles and Angels(Adler und Engel, 2001), the first novel by German writer Juli Zeh (born 1974), we come face to face with the“psychogram”of a men-tally disturbed young man and his generation living in a capitalist, post-indus-trial society where material interests command and corrupt not only the people themselves, but also the most unsuspecting of institutions.³ In the world Zeh in-troduces us to, there are neither consistent values nor absolute truths; the law is corrupt and morality absent. A lawyer, with a Master’s degree in European and International Law,⁴who is also well informed about the political situation in the Balkans, about which she had published a travelogue following a journey through Bosnia in August 2001,⁵ Juli Zeh has been an attentive observer of her society and is in constant demand by the German mass media.
In her debut novel,⁶the reader is introduced to four young characters aged be-tween 23 and 33: three of them– Max, Jessie and Shershah– have been friends since their boarding school days; the fourth person, Clara, is a radio announcer in-terested in dissecting the life of Max, who is the only survivor of the trio of former schoolmates. The narrative plot starts unwinding eight weeks after Jessie’s suicide, the love of the narrator’s life. Shershah too, Jessie’s great love, had already died by this point. The narrator is Max, a brilliant 33 year-old lawyer who is a specialist in international law and an expert on Balkan affairs. After completing a degree in law, he was immediately offered a well-paid job in the prestigious Vienna offices of Rufus, located in the heart of the UN building area of the Austrian capital. After Jes-sie’s suicide at the age of 28, Max quits his job and loses himself in the grief of his loss, spending his days snorting coke and longing for his own death while simulta-neously trying to understand just why Jessie took her life. Needless to say, the novel is shot through with both physical and mental pain as well as with the violence and
The term“psychogram”was used by Gudrun Boch in her speech praising Juli Zeh when she was awarded the Bremer Literature Prize (Bremer Literaturpreis) in 2002.
In 2002, Zeh published a book on the widening European Union membership into Central and Eastern Europe:“Recht auf Beitritt?”Ansprüche von Kandidatenstaaten gegen die Europäische Union, Schriften des Europa-Instituts der Universität des Saarlandes, Rechtswissenschaft, Bd. 41 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2002).
Die Stille ist ein Geräusch. Eine Fahrt durch Bosnien(2002).
Juli Zeh received the prize for the best debut novel and theBremer Literaturpreisfor this novel.
Translation rights were sold to 28 countries, including Portugal. Rights were also sold to a Ger-man film company in 2003.
“Outside, the yellow lions are grinning” 157
corruption that seem to have contaminated all the characters and institutions men-tioned in it.
Jessie was a strange, problem-ridden young woman, who blew her brains out while speaking to Max on the telephone and after she had uttered an enigmatic phrase in terror:“Cooper, I think the tigers are there again”(EA 10). The novel therefore starts with an inexplicable death, which the protagonist Max seeks to untangle step by step, revealing how his own private tragedy is involved in something much deeper that touches upon international political corruption and ill-gotten wealth. The narrative structure is also complicated and intermesh-es not only recollections of past experiencintermesh-es with printermesh-esent-day occurrencintermesh-es, but also the private lives of characters with international political events.
We should stress that all of the novel’s main characters enjoy a very high standard of living and do not have any financial concerns: either because they hold extremely well-paid jobs or because they belong to the world of highly prof-itable wheeler-dealing. Nevertheless, their privileged economic status fails to prevent them from feeling unhappy and hemmed in. Indeed, throughout the dis-course of this lengthy novel, evil seems to know no end: characters are killed and/or beaten up while man-handled, family relationships are always problem-atic and behaviors are selfish. Examples abound. Herbert, Jessie’s father, uses his two children as drug runners, refusing to let them off even when he sees how desperate his daughter has become. Rufus, Max’s boss, uses his prestigious law firm and co-workers to bring off lucrative deals, all in the name of successful political business. Shershah, the handsome, charming, yet neglected son of an Iranian diplomat, lives by exploiting Jessie’s enormous attraction to him.
Clara, the radio announcer, mercilessly delves into Max’s pain in order to get enough material on which to base her academic work. Max, who uses Jessie to fill the void in his emotional life, dedicates and protects the young woman, thus making up for his own loneliness and the trauma of a loveless childhood punctuated by severe eating disorders and various kinds of complexes. Even Jes-sie, a delicate small-boned girl whose hair is“short and blonde, sticking out in all directions,”thus giving her an angelic appearance despite her hard gaze (EA 39), only becomes friendly with Max because she feels lost and frightened and does not know who to turn to. There is also the enigmatic Professor Schnitzler, Clara’s PhD supervisor who seems to hide dubious interests. In short, readers fail to meet any balanced character who would display the strong and enduring val-ues that might can guide them through life.
Cocooned in his personal drama of loss, which he fails to understand, Max needs to talk with someone and, as he has no friends, calls Clara’s Bleak World, a radio program that goes on air every Wednesday and Sunday, aimed at“the desperate, the nihilistic, the ones left behind and the lonely, for atomic scien-158 Filomena Viana Guarda
tists, dictators and any jerk off the street”(EA 49). In immediately grasping the fact that Max and Jessie’s story would be useful for her academic study on the pathology of organized crime, and never, it should be stressed, with the purpose of helping him, Clara visits Max so that he can tell his story into her tape-record-er (Leis 2001: 7). The relationship between Max and Clara (whose real name is Lisa Müller) composes the outer narrative, a sort of framework in which to ex-plain Jessie’s suicide through building up the story of the three school friends used as drug runners by the girl’s father who, from a distance, seems always to have controlled the choices they made about life (Rüb 2001: 21).
During her visit to Max, Clara finds “three hundred thousand deutsch-marks,”money unbeknownst to Max, resulting from drug dealing and hidden under the floorboards in the corridor by Jessie. Faced with so many situations that need explaining, Max decides to travel with Clara to Vienna, a pivotal city in the narrator’s relationship with Jessie. While there, he attempts to unveil all the secrets that are wrapped around the young woman’s life.
Indeed, in the world described here, where easy money does the rounds without difficulty and where human values and feelings are absent, it is not only the lives of the characters that are horrible, but also the environment in which they move that is drab: the houses are described as half-empty and over-look poorly-lit inner courtyards both in Leipzig as well as in Vienna, the plot’s two urban settings. In the latter city, despite Max’s and Clara’s bag full of bank-notes in their car, the pair hole up for three weeks in a dark shack offering no kind of comfort or hygiene whatsoever and in use by Mafia gangs for storing drugs. Max shows no kind of interest in life and Clara is open to anything includ-ing beinclud-ing beaten up, takinclud-ing drugs and beinclud-ing humiliated just so she can acquire the material necessary for her work, all the more so because she believes that
“you can research someone’s inner life by taking on their outward appearance”
(EA 239). The characters Zeh introduces us to in her novel illustrate the loss of values of a still-young generation which, because it believes in nothing, is dis-posed to doing everything.
Max, the main character and narrator, has indeed overcome the traumas of his adolescence by concentrating first on his studies and later on his job and blossoming career, all of which become visible in his greatly improved physical appearance. However, when Jessie makes a second entrance into his life after a 12-year absence, the falseness of the yuppie life he has been leading dawns on Max:“Jessie was tiny in my arms; I hadn’t held anyone so small in ages. I sud-denly realized that I’d missed her, that the life of titans at Rufus’s side hadn’t been perfect. Big things like Rufus or even whole nations could be marveled at, listened to or fought against, but they couldn’t be loved”(EA 178). It should also be noted that for some time, Max had been pondering the moral principles
“Outside, the yellow lions are grinning” 159
of international law, which, based on the principle of safeguarding state sover-eignty, had overlooked war crimes. However, Max continued working in this field and was well paid in the process.
In committing suicide without leaving any explanation, Jessie leaves Max be-reft of feeling, which pushes him into heavy cocaine abuse when he concentrates on his physical senses as witnessed throughout the book: nausea, several kinds of aches and pain, dizziness, weariness and frequent bowel trouble (Falcke 2001:
22). When in Vienna, he discovers that some dirty business is being plotted by organized crime (weapons and drug trafficking) at the time of the Balkan wars and just at the time the European Union opens up to Eastern European coun-tries. He finally becomes aware that he himself has helped this state of affairs by providing the legal coverage required for the business to advance. His boss, Rufus, belongs to a criminal network and is associated with Herbert, Jes-sie’s father, and actually his long-time crony. It should be recalled that Rufus’s law firm worked with the UN in drawing up peace agreements between parties at war in the Balkans whilst also helping set down the rules for opening up Euro-pean Community membership to Eastern Europe (Neutwich 2001: 33). Arkan, an-other Rufus associate in these shady dealings, is involved in the“Gunsfor drug operation”(EA 227) making it possible for the Serbs to fund most of the Balkan wars. By taking advantage of the information network run by Rufus and Max’s skilful legal wrangling egged on by his boss (EA 186–187), Arkan ends up ob-taining international political protection. Nonetheless, when Max understands the intricate network of the relationships at work and is faced with the crude facts, the immense admiration he feels for his boss starts to wane: behind the façade to defend national sovereignty and human rights, Rufus has made a pact with organized crime.
Jessie, who has been trafficking in cocaine since a very young age, developed a fanciful imagination capable of protecting her from the harsh reality of a world dominated by economic interests in which“transactions” have replaced “rela-tionships”(see S 25). But when she has to do business directly with the“Tigers,”
who are the paramilitary Serbian Volunteer Guard serving under Arkan, the Ser-bian criminal, also responsible for the spasm of ethnic cleansing, and when she personally witnesses the way in which a young Bosnian woman is slain for refus-ing to serve as a drug runner, her escape into fantasy is no longer effective. Jessie then starts experiencing severe panic attacks preventing her from leaving the house during daytime. The fact that Shershah, her lover, has disappeared with a large quantity of money also aggravates her mental balance and leaves her psy-chologically weakened. It should be pointed out, however, that it is not the lack of money that makes Jessie so vulnerable but rather, the inability to find one’s way in the world, and as the narrator tells us:“I slowly began to understand 160 Filomena Viana Guarda
that what Jessie was short of wasn’t money itself but the ability to use money to get the necessary things in life”(EA 183).
As the novel progresses, the reader perceives that history and fiction become intertwined when the real-life panorama of the Bosnian wars intermeshes with the fictitious story of Max and Jessie. The character embodied by Jessie plays her role in a town called Sanski Most in 1995, which then housed an important
“Tigers”general headquarters and only six months before the Dayton Agreement on Bosnia got signed, as the novel explicitly reminds us (EA 223). It is there that Jessie meets Franko Simatovic and Zeljko Raznatovic, better known as Arkan, who were two real-life men involved in the war in ex-Yugoslavia and later sought by The Hague International Court of Justice. After the unexpected death of Jessie, who was his only affective link with the world, Max becomes cynical about life and people and his routine is guided by“the coke and the hatred”as he himself confesses (EA 235), all the more so because behind his personal loss and his un-fulfilled love story, there is also a political tragedy casting a shadow over the du-bious world of EU case law, and above all shedding light on European
“Tigers”general headquarters and only six months before the Dayton Agreement on Bosnia got signed, as the novel explicitly reminds us (EA 223). It is there that Jessie meets Franko Simatovic and Zeljko Raznatovic, better known as Arkan, who were two real-life men involved in the war in ex-Yugoslavia and later sought by The Hague International Court of Justice. After the unexpected death of Jessie, who was his only affective link with the world, Max becomes cynical about life and people and his routine is guided by“the coke and the hatred”as he himself confesses (EA 235), all the more so because behind his personal loss and his un-fulfilled love story, there is also a political tragedy casting a shadow over the du-bious world of EU case law, and above all shedding light on European