Performance and Impact Assessment of Water Development and Management
6.3 DPSIR Decision Variables (DV) and Performance Assessment regarding (WSI- (WSI-ADSI), (WSII-ADSII), and (WSII-ADSIII)
In this section, DV relates to enabling environmental Supply Availability and Management.
Demand Management and Protection should be analyzed based on the context of the findings in the CSA boundaries together with the resulting performance indicators in the area. These findings are jointly reflected by what there is on the ground regarding community activities with water and agricultural sectors in the area. People attitudes start changing in terms of their feeling with water deficit for agricultural uses and the future of the CSA. Therefore, the main (DV) of the driving force category is as follows:
6.3.1 Category of Socio-economic and Natural Driving Force Variables
1-Population (Populate)This refers to population living within the boundaries of municipalities in 2012/2013, (Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, PCBS: Population of
2-Income per Capita
Income (Average is 480 Euro/month in the CSA) refers to the average gross national income.
It is measured by Euro/Year.
3-Land Use
Land use represents the ratio of urban to agricultural areas (4.3%) within the boundaries of the municipality and village council. Urban areas include public buildings, residential and housing plots, parks and gardens. They include also commercial and industrial facilities (Jericho Municipality, Auja Village Council, Ministry of Agriculture, and Palestinian Land Authority).
4-Access to Safe Water Supply
This represents the proportion of the population connected to municipal and village council water supply network. Measured by percentage (%), it is 100%.
5-Wastewater System Coverage
This item represents the proportion of population connected to the conventional wastewater conveyance system. Measured by percentage (%), it is 0.0%.
6-Storm water system coverage
This represents the proportion of urban and rural areas served by storm water systems. Storm water systems include pipelines, culverts and storage ponds. Measured by percentage (%).
7-Water Consumption per Capita
This refers to the per capita average daily municipal and village council water use within the boundaries of municipal and village councils. The main sources of the municipal and village water are the imported water from Mekerot (Israeli Water Company). It is measured by cubic meters per year (145,716 m3/a).
8-Water Price
Water prices (0.95 Euro/ m3) represents the billed price of water supply to users. It is defined by Euro/ m3.
9-Efficiency in Revenue/taxation Collection
This represents the proportion of collected revenues to the billed taxation of water services(0.5). Water services include water supply and wastewater collection.
10-Agricultural Water Consumption
This refers to the amounts of water pumped by agriculture wells, springs discharge
distribution and used for agricultural purposes (3.5 M m3/a). It is measured by million cubic meters per year (M m3/a).
11-Gender Empowerment
This refers to the proportion of female employees in water resources management departments in Auja area. It is measured in percentage (%).
12-Unaccounted-for Water (UFW)
The unaccounted-for water represents the water loss calculated as the difference between the quantity of water fed into a distribution system and the quantity of water put to legitimate use (30%), which has been metered or can be estimated. There are two types of UFW: the physical losses and the non-physical losses. Physical losses are the amount of losses which are lost without being used due to failures and deficiencies in the distribution facilities; they mainly represent the real leakage. Non-physical losses include meter under-registration and illegal connection. It is measured in percentage (%).
6.3.2 Category of Pressure Indicators: Depletion and Pollution Sources 1-Generation of Domestic Wastewater
Domestic wastewater represents the liquid waste generated by households (117,000 m3/a in the CSA), public institutions, schools, hospitals and public places. It is approximately 80%-90% of the water used in the West Bank (UNEP Desk Study, 2003). It is measured by million cubic meters per year (m3/a).
2-Water Abstraction, Overexploitation and Water Table Depletion
Overexploitation of water through pumping from shallow wells should yield much brackish and saline water (≥3000 mg/L of colored concentration), and will give 1 m/a of water table depletion. It is measured by m/a and mg/L of chloride concentration.
3-Change in Land Use
Proportion of urban land use and other purposes like industry to agricultural area is present in this DV (0.83). It is measured as a ratio between new urbanization and agricultural lands.
4-Change in Soil Hydrochemistry
Hydrochemistry of soil is affected by irrigation with brackish water in the CSA. Sodium Absorption Ratio (S.A.R), Exchangeable Sodium Percent (ESP) % and electrical conductivity of saturated soil (ECe) are measured by (dm/m). S.A.R measures suitability of water for use in agricultural irrigation with concentrations expressed in mill equivalents per liter (meq/L).
6.3.3 Category of State Variables:
Water quality in terms of Chloride and Sodium ions is basic indicator of water salinity in the CSA.
1-Chloride (Cl)
Chloride refers to the compounds of chlorine with another element especially with Sodium and, to a lesser extent, with Calcium and Magnesium. The availability of Chloride in groundwater is attributed to return flow from irrigation and also from overexploitation and natural resource by up-coning saline layers. The WHO standard for Chloride is 250 mg/L.
2-Sodium (Na)
This refers to the Sodium salts soluble in groundwater. High levels of Sodium in groundwater are caused by the Sodium mineral deposits and seawater intrusion or up-coning. In general Sodium salts are not acutely toxic, but excessive salt intake seriously aggravates chronic congestive heart failure, hypertension and other ill effects. The effects of Sodium on infants are more serious from those on adults because of the immaturity of infant kidneys. Sodium may also affect the taste of drinking water at levels above 200 mg/L.
Available water (Water Quantity): In this regard, the main conventional available water resources are:
a-Shallow wells abstraction: This refers to monthly abstraction from the CSA shallow wells (mean monthly abstraction is 10,000 m3/m). This DV is measured by m3/month.
b-Spring fluctuation: This DV represents the water fluctuation from Auja Spring during the hydrological year (mean of fluctuation is 0.8 Mm3/month) and is measured with Mm3/month.
6.3.4 Category: Impact Variables 1-Loss of productivity
Loss in productivity means the reduction in the yield (decreasing 30%) of agriculture land measured percent, or by tons.
2-Loss of Irrigated Lands
This refers to the area of wetland already dried as a result of the drawdown of water table. It is measured by donums.
6.3.5 Category of Response Variables: Responses are the main performance indicators among IWRM plan, which are mentioned by interventions in different levels (Technologies, Laws and policies, and administrative plans of IWRM. In this manner, all of responses as joint compound measures should be considered. They include:
a- Water Production State Variables
1-Implementation and renewable of water services network: this DV proportional of water shortage quantity and total account quantity means water leakage by networks and conveying systems (35%) measured by percent.
2-Rehabilitation of shallow aquifer wells: All Auja shallow aquifer wells do not have maximum pumping capacity (1,100,000 m/hr of ten wells). The indictor unit is measured by m3/hr.
3- Auja Village Effluent treatment: This DV is considered the effluent quantity which is disposed in the municipality borders (116,000 m3/a). It is measured by m3/a.
4- Agriculture Ponds Rehabilitation: Experiments approved the high infiltration quantity of