6. Survey Results
6.3. Distribution of lifestyle groups in France and Lyon 4Lyon4
6.3. Distribution of lifestyle groups in France and
6.3. Distribution of lifestyle groups in France and Lyon
Table 6.8.: Otte lifestyle groups in Stuttgart (individual level) Standard
of consumption
high Conservative Liberal Reflexives well-off well-off
4.82 (3) % 16.31 (15) % 4.68 (10) % Ø 66 (62) years Ø 55 (50)years Ø 45 (39) years
Ø 2.12 pers. Ø 2.46 pers. Ø 2.28 pers.
medium Conventionalists Success Hedonists
seekers
14.61(7) % 30.21 (27) % 6.52 (14) % Ø 64 (65) years Ø 52 (48) years Ø 42 (36) years
Ø 2.21 pers. Ø 2.43 pers. Ø 2.09 pers.
low Traditional Home-centered Entertainment
workers seekers
8.09 (7) % 12.20 (14) % 2.55 (5) % Ø 63 (65) years Ø 50 (46) years Ø 37 (33) years
Ø 2.22 pers. Ø 2.33 pers. Ø 2.22 pers.
Modernity low medium high
n = 705 (2138)
Results of the survey by Schwarz (2010) shown in parentheses for comparison
distribution of households, which is done by poststratification - a method related to inverse probability weights. “Poststratification weights are calculated after the data are collected, with the weight (multiplier) for each stratum proportional to the number of units in the stratum in the population, divided by the number of units in the sample stratum.” (Gelman and Carlin, 2000) Official data about the distribution of number of persons living in the household could be drawn from INSEE (2011) and Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg (2011) and were used to calculate sampling weights, to correct for the higher probability of larger households to become part of the sample. The distribution of households regarding the lifestyle groups are presented in Table 6.10, this table is based on less cases than the table presenting the individual distribution, because cases with missing
Table 6.9.: Otte lifestyle groups in Lyon (individual level) Standard
of consumption
high Conservative Liberal Reflexives well-off well-off
5.09 % 25.47 % 14.48 %
Ø 66 years Ø 60 years Ø 50 years Ø 2.3 pers. Ø 2.15 pers. Ø 2.4 pers.
medium Conventionalists Success Hedonists
seekers
5.63 % 27.88 % 12.33 %
Ø 70 years Ø 57 years Ø 49 years Ø 1.86 pers. Ø 2.39 pers. Ø 1.97 pers.
low Traditional Home-centered Entertainment
workers seekers
1.61 % 5.90 % 1.61 %
Ø 69 years Ø 52 years Ø 62 years Ø 1.83 pers. Ø 2.32 pers. Ø 2.2 pers.
Modernity low medium high
n = 373
values can not be weighted and are therefore excluded.
It also has to be mentioned, that the Otte-typology has been develop for indi-vidual persons and not to categorize households. Nevertheless, there are strong arguments that it is appropriate to use the typology in order to categorize house-holds in the context of this study:
• We specifically asked for the questionnaire to be answered by the person that fulfills most of the household tasks we aimed for. In the case of families with children in the household, we asked for the parent that fulfills most of the household tasks to answer the questionnaire. By this, the person having the biggest influence on the households’ energy consumption is also the person answering the lifestyle questions.
• There is strong evidence that leisure interests and activities are homogenous
6.3. Distribution of lifestyle groups in France and Lyon for most couples as a result of alignment and through assortative mating. In addition, lifestyle homogeneity and alignment seem to be a resilience factor in regard to breakup, which further increases couple homogamy. (Becker and Lois, 2010) Couples and family members also show medium to high correlations regarding their individual value orientations. (Roest et al., 2009)
Table 6.10.: Otte lifestyle groups in Stuttgart (household level) Standard
of consumption
high Conservative Liberal Reflexives well-off well-off
4.11 % 14.79 % 3.60 %
Ø 66 years Ø 56 years Ø 45 years
Ø 1.85 pers. Ø 2.10 pers. Ø 2.08 pers.
medium Conventionalists Success Hedonists
seekers
13.87 % 30.85 % 8.09 %
Ø 65 years Ø 53 years Ø 45 years
Ø 1.87 pers. Ø 1.98 pers. Ø 1.62 pers.
low Traditional Home-centered Entertainment
workers seekers
8.79 % 13.02 % 2.87 %
Ø 64 years Ø 50 years Ø 38 years
Ø 1.80 pers. Ø 1.85 pers. Ø 1.79 pers.
Modernity low medium high
n = 695
Comparing distributions of lifestyle groups in Stuttgart and Lyon shows that groups with lowstandard of consumptionare much smaller in Lyon than in Stuttgart.
While 26 % of the interviewees have a high standard of consumption, 51 % a medium and 23 % a low standard of consumption in Stuttgart, in Lyon we find 45 % with high, 45 % with medium, and only 9 % with low standard of consump-tion. As discussed in Chapter 6.2, the biggest difference in the distribution of the items constituting the lifestyle dimensions between Stuttgart and Lyon could be
found regarding the answers to the question of the maximum restaurant bill per person. Germany is known to be a country where only a very small proportion of household income is spent on food, while the french admiration for fine food is proverbial. Therefore, the categories concerning the restaurant bill, which seem suitable for germany might be inadequate for France: only 6 % of the Lyonaisse are seen as having a low level of consumption regarding restaurant bills, compared to 20 % of the Stuttgart households and more than 60 % of the Lyon households end up in the highest group (27 % in Stuttgart).
One of the advantages of the Otte typology is, that it can cope rather well with missing values in one of the constituting items of each dimension. Therefore, it was possible to test the sensitivity of classification in regard to the restaurant item by setting all answers to this question to a missing value. For the german sample this approach resulted in almost the exact same distribution ofstandard of consumption and lifestyle groups as with the original data – both differing less than 1 %. from the original classification. In contrast, the distribution ofstandard of consumption for the french sample changed more substantially: now 15 % of the interviewees were ascribed a low standard of consumption (as opposed to 9 % in the original classification), the group of people having a high standard of consumption was reduced to 38 % (before: 45 %), thereby reducing the skewness of this scale.5 Of course, setting one item to missing values raised the number of people that could not be classified: in the Stuttgart sample 41 persons less could be classified, in the Lyon sample only 10 persons less could be classified. Overall, the advantages of ignoring the restaurant item for the classification of the french sample seem to outweigh the disadvantages. Therefore, it has been decided to set the restaurant item to missing value for the classification of the french sample.6 The resulting distribution of lifestyles for the Lyon sample on the individual level is presented in Table 6.11; the distribution on the household level is presented in Table 6.12.
5In addition, for the french sample Cronbachs-↵is even slightly higher if this item is skipped, even though there generally is a positive relation between the number of items and
Cronbachs-6Another possibility to reduce the skewness of this scale would have been to change the cat-↵.
egories of the restaurant item, of course. Answers could have been grouped according to percentiles, for example. However, this would have nullified one of the biggest advantages of Otte’s typology by introducing a relative measurement.
6.3. Distribution of lifestyle groups in France and Lyon Again the lower number of cases the distribution on the household level is based upon is due to missing values for the number of persons in the household which renders weighting impossible.
Table 6.11.: Otte lifestyle groups in Lyon (without restaurant item)
Standard of consumption
high Conservative Liberal Reflexives well-off well-off
4.95 % 21.43 % 12.09 %
Ø 68 years Ø 61 years Ø 51 years
Ø 2.39 pers. Ø 2.20 pers. Ø 2.34 pers.
medium Conventionalists Success Hedonists
seekers
4.40 % 30.49 % 11.81 %
Ø 70 years Ø 56 years Ø 48 years
Ø 1.89 pers. Ø 2.42 pers. Ø 2.16 pers.
low Traditional Home-centered Entertainment
workers seekers
2.20 % 7.97 % 4.67 %
Ø 62 years Ø 56 years Ø 51 years
Ø 1.75 pers. Ø 2.07 pers. Ø 1.81 pers.
Modernity low medium high
n = 364
Table 6.12.: Otte lifestyle groups in Lyon (household level) Standard
of consumption
high Conservative Liberal Reflexives well-off well-off
4.79 % 20.72 % 12.53 %
Ø 68 years Ø 61 years Ø 52 years
Ø 2.35 pers. Ø 1.96 pers. Ø 1.9 pers.
medium Conventionalists Success Hedonists
seekers
4.18 % 29.09 % 12.36 %
Ø 71 years Ø 56 years Ø 48 years
Ø 1.67 pers. Ø 2.09 pers. Ø 1.82 pers.
low Traditional Home-centered Entertainment
workers seekers
2.52 % 8.75 % 5.06 %
Ø 62 years Ø 55 years Ø 51 years
Ø 1.45 pers. Ø 1.71 pers. Ø 1.49 pers.
Modernity low medium high
n = 358
6.4. Environmental consciousness and attitudes towards energy saving