Discussion

Vulnerability to land-use change

Because these factors were not explicitly taken into account in our analysis, Text should be considered as a first approximation.

We have considered all roads together when computing Dobs, and we did not take into account that road mortality may vary according to the type of roads (e.g., Jaeger et al. 2005, Grilo et al. 2009), because it would have been impractical in an analysis performed at the global scale and for such a large number of species. Assessments performed at smaller spatial scales, or for a smaller number of species, could

consider computing separate Dobs, and separate Dmax for different road types.

Our results suggest the need for the reassessment of the status and threats of those species that had not been previously recognized as exposed to roads. In such cases applying a modelling approach such as ours, that explicitly combines extrinsic factors of threat and intrinsic species traits, allows moving from a descriptive to a mechanistic, biologically sound evaluation of threats (Lee and Jetz 2010, Dirzo et al.

2014).

Our approach brings together process-based models that link species-specific life histories, population dynamics and dispersal, with biogeographic data, and land-use data - in this case, the road infrastructure. However, as discussed above, other factors that we did not account for can influence how roads affect animals. In more localized studies it may be desirable to incorporate those issues in order to obtain a refined understanding of the impacts across species and regions, but for that it is necessary to deepen our knowledge on the impact of roads, and strengthen the link between empirical knowledge and models (e.g., using models to guide data collection, or collecting parameters that are implementable for models).

Our analysis differs from a simple spatial overlap between species ranges and road density.

Despite its limitations, it provides a first quantitative approximation to assess whether the road density that is observed within a species range may be beyond a threat threshold. By integrating species traits, this analysis also allowed detecting species that despite having relatively low road density within their range, are nevertheless estimated to be more exposed to roads than other species for which road density is relatively high within their range. Such inferences would not have been possible using a simple spatial overlap analysis between species ranges and road density.

By pinpointing where species are expected to be affected by roads within their ranges, and which regions have more species vulnerable to roads, this type of spatial analysis can be used for identifying areas for conservation, for prioritizing regions where mitigation measures, such as passages or fences, should be implemented and for informing the development of schemes for road building (Laurance et al.

2014). Moreover, this framework can also be applied at different spatial and temporal scales, e.g. for conservation or management purposes at the local scale, for environmental impact assessments, or for projecting the effects of future large-scale road network developments, which can then feed, for example, World Bank projections or scenarios for global biodiversity change (Pereira et al. 2010).

3.6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study was supported by DFG, PTDC/AAC-AMB/117068/2010, SFRH/BPD/64205/2009, UID/BIA/50027/2013 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006821.

3.7. SUPPORTING INFORMATION IN APPENDIX

Figure S1. Number of species expected to be more exposed to the impact of roads per 100x100km grid cell, within the 25th percentile of Dmax/Dobs or of P[Aobs > Amin].

Table S1. Species analysed and life history data.

Table S2. Parameters for the species analysed.

Table S3. Dmax and Dmax/Dobs computed using r0=-µ*10², r0=-µ*10³, and r0=-µ*10⁴. Table S4. Allometric relationships.

Supporting references.

3.8. BIOSKETCH

Ana Ceia-Hasse is a PhD student working under the supervision of Henrique M. Pereira. Her work focuses on process based models of biodiversity response to global environmental change. The research team seeks to understand the patterns and processes of global biodiversity change - namely the impact of roads on biodiversity, with the aim of informing environmental policies and ecosystems management.

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