5.2 Neuroimaging data
5.2.1 Neural correlates
5.2.1.2 Contrasts between studied and unstudied sets
Table 13 – continued from previous page
Side Region BA Voxels in cluster Z x y z
correct rejected > hits
L precentral gyrus 4 1214 Inf. -39 -15 53
L middle occipital gyrus 19 2313 7.17 -36 -84 18
L inferior frontal gyrus 47 138 5.11 -33 23 -1
L midbrain/subthalamic nucleus 93 4.02 -12 -15 -4
L insula 21 3.64 -45 -17 15
R middle occipital gyrus 18 1517 6.67 27 -90 5
R anterior cingulate gyrus 32 1132 5.79 6 31 29
R inferior frontal gyrus 47 627 5.75 39 23 -6
R brainstem, pons 98 5.21 3 -22 -24
R subcallosal gyrus 47 29 4.62 15 11 -11
R lingual gyrus 18 13 3.38 6 -78 4
misses > false alarms
L precentral gyrus 4 161 4.51 -39 -15 56
false alarms > misses
L middle frontal gyrus 46 148 4.88 -36 30 18
L cerebellum, posterior lobe 393 4.04 -30 -65 -14
L superior parietal lobule 7 91 3.88 -30 -65 47
L lateral parietal gyrus 39 56 3.67 -39 -66 28
L middle frontal gyrus 6 13 3.63 -30 14 46
R inferior temporal gyrus 37 123 4.48 56 -59 -7
R middle frontal gyrus 6 233 4.42 33 -6 61
R retrosplenial cortex 30 292 4.00 9 -49 14
R middle occipital gyrus 19 30 3.96 36 -84 18
R anterior cingulate gyrus 32/24 10 3.72 18 5 41
Threshold for uncorrected: T = 3.09,puncorrected< .001. ‘Side’ defines the hemisphere, in which the activation was found, L = left, R = right. BA is the respective Brodmann area of each activated cluster.
The comparison hits versus false alarms is associated with three smaller left hemi-spheric activations in the anterior cingulate gyrus, the claustrum, and the superior tem-poral gyrus (Fig. 20).
hits versus false alarms
x = 0 mm y = 0 mm z = 0 mm
0 1 2 3 4
Figure 20: Relative increases in neural activity associated with hits versus false alarms.
Areas of significant relative increase in neural activity are shown as through-projection onto representations of standard stereotaxic space (“glass brains”) as defined by Talairach and Tournoux (1988). Statistically significant increases (p < .05, corrected for multiple comparisons) in neural activity are superimposed in terms of colour on MRI sections. The Talairach coordinates of the significant maximum for each activated cluster are presented in Table 13.
The reverse comparison false alarms versus hits revealed activations mainly in the left but also in the right middle occipital gyrus. Furthermore, a cluster in the left middle frontal gyrus was exposed. However, increases in neural activity are predominately re-vealed in the right hemisphere within the posterior cingulate gyrus, the inferior and the middle frontal gyrus, and the nucleus ruber (Fig. 21).
false alarms versus hits
x = 0 mm y = 0 mm z = 0 mm
0 1 2 3 4 5
Figure 21: Relative increases in neural activity associated with false alarms versus hits.
Areas of significant relative increase in neural activity are shown as through-projection onto representations of standard stereotaxic space (“glass brains”) as defined by Talairach and Tournoux (1988). Statistically significant increases (p < .05, corrected for multiple comparisons) in neural activity are superimposed in terms of colour on MRI sections. The Talairach coordinates of the significant maximum for each activated cluster are presented in Table 13.
The contrast between misses versus correct rejected revealed one activation in the right middle temporal gyrus (Fig. 22).
misses versus correct rejected
x = 54 mm y = -27 mm z = -15 mm
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Figure 22: Relative increases in neural activity associated with misses versus correct rejected. Areas of significant relative increase in neural activity are shown as through-projection onto representations of standard stereotaxic space (“glass brains”) as defined by Talairach and Tournoux (1988). Statistically significant increases (p < .05, corrected for multiple comparisons) in neural activity are superimposed in terms of colour on MRI sections. The Talairach coordinates of the significant maximum for each activated cluster are presented in Table 13.
The reverse comparison correct rejected versus misses showed a preferentially left hemispheric activity within the retrosplenial cortex, the insula, the thalamus, the inferior frontal gyrus, the postcentral gyrus, and the posterior cingulate gyrus. Furthermore, two activations are found in the right hemisphere within the middle occipital gyrus, and the anterior cingulate gyrus (Fig. 23).
correct rejected versus misses
x = 0 mm y = 0 mm z = 0 mm
0 1 2 3 4 5
Figure 23: Relative increases in neural activity associated with correct rejected versus misses. Areas of significant relative increase in neural activity are shown as through-projection onto representations of standard stereotaxic space (“glass brains”) as defined by Talairach and Tournoux (1988). Statistically significant increases (p < .05, corrected for multiple comparisons) in neural activity are superimposed in terms of colour on MRI sections. The Talairach coordinates of the significant maximum for each activated cluster are presented in Table 13.
The comparison between hits and correct rejected revealed one cluster in the right precentral gyrus (Fig. 24).
hits versus correct rejected
x = 36 mm y = -21 mm z = 54 mm
0 1 2 3 4 5
Figure 24: Relative increases in neural activity associated withhits versuscorrect rejected.
Areas of significant relative increase in neural activity are shown as through-projection onto representations of standard stereotaxic space (“glass brains”) as defined by Talairach and Tournoux (1988). Statistically significant increases (p < .05, corrected for multiple comparisons) in neural activity are superimposed in terms of colour on MRI sections. The Talairach coordinates of the significant maximum for each activated cluster are presented in Table 13.
For the reverse contrast significant increases in neural activity are revealed within the left precentral gyrus, bilateral in the occipital gyri, and the right anterior cingulate gyrus. Furthermore, activations in the right hemispheric inferior frontal gyrus, the pons, the subcallosal gyrus, the lingual gyrus, and in the left hemispheric inferior frontal gyrus, the subthalamic nucleus, and the insula are associated with this comparison (Fig. 25).
correct rejected versus hits
x = 0 mm y = 0 mm z = 0 mm
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure 25: Relative increases in neural activity associated withcorrect rejected versushits.
Areas of significant relative increase in neural activity are shown as through-projection onto representations of standard stereotaxic space (“glass brains”) as defined by Talairach and Tournoux (1988). Statistically significant increases (p < .05, corrected for multiple comparisons) in neural activity are superimposed in terms of colour on MRI sections. The Talairach coordinates of the significant maximum for each activated cluster are presented in Table 13.
The comparisonmisses versus false alarms showed one significant activation within the left precentral gyrus (Fig. 26).
misses versus false alarms
x = -39 y = -18 mm z = 60 mm
0 1 2 3 4
Figure 26: Relative increases in neural activity associated withmisses versusfalse alarms.
Areas of significant relative increase in neural activity are shown as through-projection onto representations of standard stereotaxic space (“glass brains”) as defined by Talairach and Tournoux (1988). Statistically significant increases (p < .05, corrected for multiple comparisons) in neural activity are superimposed in terms of colour on MRI sections. The Talairach coordinates of the significant maximum for each activated cluster are presented in Table 13.
The reverse contrastfalse alarms versusmisses showed increase in neural activity in the left hemisphere within the middle frontal gyrus, the cerebellum, the superior parietal lobule, the lateral parietal gyrus, and middle frontal gyrus. Furthermore, activations are revealed in the right hemisphere within the inferior temporal gyrus, the middle frontal gyrus, the retrosplenial cortex, the middle occipital gyrus, and the anterior cingulate gyrus (Fig. 27).
false alarms versus misses
x = 0 mm y = 0 mm z = 15 mm
0 1 2 3 4
Figure 27: Relative increases in neural activity associated withfalse alarms versusmisses.
Areas of significant relative increase in neural activity are shown as through-projection onto representations of standard stereotaxic space (“glass brains”) as defined by Talairach and Tournoux (1988). Statistically significant increases (p < .05, corrected for multiple comparisons) in neural activity are superimposed in terms of colour on MRI sections. The Talairach coordinates of the significant maximum for each activated cluster are presented in Table 13.