European emissions reductions. Thus, the first priority of the European climate policy should be to reach a global level of climate policy that is at least at the level of the non-binding agreements taken in recent climate conferences in Copenhagen in 2009 and in Cancún in 2010. A global climate policy has the biggest effect on global carbon emissions coming from the coal sector. If this is reached the EU can always go further in reducing its steam coal consumption without risking too much adverse effects from the global market.
A supply-side climate policy in Indonesia also has some significant CO2 emissions reduction effects that are potentially in the same order of magnitude as the European unilateral climate policy and help reduce emissions mostly in Asia countries. It is interest-ing to note that this supply-side policy has its best performance in the context where the European unilateral climate policy sees the most important negative market adjustment effects, i.e., when there is a low intensity of global climate policy and when the market is constrained. Thus, the EU could try and pursue such an unconventional climate policy as a way to hedge against adverse effects from its own domestic climate policy. Also since the emissions reductions occur mainly in Asian countries, especially China, this might give additional impulses for consumers to reduce their reliance on imported fossil fuels and for policymakers to implement ambitious climate policies. In Indonesia such a policy would also have additional beneficial effects for nature conservation, the protection of biodiversity as well as avoided CO2 emission from deforestation.
The first advantage of a policy that aims at a faster roll-out of the CCS technol-ogy is the emissions reduction through the capture of CO2. Climate beneficial market adjustment effects can also occur. A significant impact of CCS can only be expected if this technology is implemented globally. Thus, the strategy of the EU should be to support the roll-out of this technology in Europe but also abroad through international cooperation.
If we rank all the different policy options examined in this chapter using the COAL-MOD-World model with regard to their effectiveness in reducing carbon emissions from steam coal use on a global level, we obtain the following order of priority for EU cli-mate policy. First, the EU should aim at establishing a strong globally binding clicli-mate agreement. Secondly, the EU should support a fast roll-out of CCS, both in the EU and globally. Thirdly, on the same level, the EU can set a more stringent emissions reduction goal for itself and be open to more unconventional climate policies such as the described supply-side reduction in Indonesia through production and export limitations.
5.A. Appendix
5.A Appendix
Table 5.3: Demand elasticities
Demand node 2006 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
C_NFB -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4
C_ITA -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4
C_RUS_Siberia -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 C_RUS_Central -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4
C_CAN -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4
C_THA -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4
C_VNM -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4
C_ESP -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4
C_FIN -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4
C_JPN -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4
C_TUR -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4
C_DEU -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4
C_PRT -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4
C_PHL -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4
C_MYS -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4
C_MNG -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4
C_UKR -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4
C_GBR -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4
C_KOR -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4
C_IDN -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4
C_USA_Rocky -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 C_USA_Central -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 C_USA_South -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4
C_USA_Gulf -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4
C_USA_East -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4
C_DNK -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4
C_TWN -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4
C_MAR -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4
C_IND_East -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4
C_IND_North -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4
C_IND_West -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4
C_IND_South -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4
C_ISR -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4
C_KAZ -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4
C_CHN_Northeast -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4
C_CHN_SIS -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4
C_CHN_Main -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4
C_CHN_Eastern -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 C_CHN_South -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4
C_POL -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4
C_ZAF -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4
Aguilera, Roberto F. 2008. The Availability of Global Fossil Energy. Germany: VDM Publishing House.
Aguilera, Roberto F., Roderick G. Eggert, Gustavo Lagos C.C. and John E. Tilton. 2009.
“Depletion and the Future Availability of Petroleum Resources.” The Energy Journal 30(1):141–174.
Aune, Finn Roar, Solveig Glomsrod, Lars Lindholt and Knut Einar Rosendahl. 2005.
“Are high oil prices profitable for OPEC in the long run?” Statistics Norway Discussion Paper 416: Oslo.
Aune, Finn Roar, Rolf Golombek, Sverre A. C. Kittelsen, Knut Einar Rosendahl and Ove Wolfgang. 2001. “LIBEMOD - LIBEralisation MODel for the European Energy Mar-kets: A Technical Description.” Ragnar Frisch Centre for Economic Research Working paper 1/2001.
Baruya, Paul. 2007. Supply Costs for Internationally Traded Coal. London: IEA Clean Coal Centre.
Bazaraa, M.S., H.D. Sherali and C.M. Shetty. 2006. Nonlinear programming: theory and algorithms. Wiley-Interscience.
BGR. 2009. “Energierohstoffe 2009 - Reserven, Ressourcen, Verfügbarkeit.” Technical report, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) - Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources.
Billups, Stephen C. and Katta G. Murty. 2000. “Complementarity problems.” Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 124:303–318.
Böhringer, C. 1998. “The Synthesis of Bottom-up and Top-down in Energy Policy Mod-eling.” Energy Economics 20(3):233 – 248.
Böhringer, C., C. Fischer and K.E. Rosendahl. 2010. “The Global Effects of Subglobal Climate Policies.” The BE Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 10(2).
Böhringer, C. and T.F. Rutherford. 2000. “Decomposing the Cost of Kyoto: a Global CGE Analysis of Multilateral Policy Impacts.” ZEW Discussion Papers 00-11.
Bibliography Boots, Maroeska G., Fieke A.M. Rijkers and Benjamin F. Hobbs. 2004. “Trading in the Downstream European Gas Market: A Successive Oligopoly Approach.” The Energy Journal 25(3):73–102.
Bovenberg, A.L. and L.H. Goulder. 2005. “Efficiency Costs of Meeting Industry-Distributional Constraints under Environmental Permits and Taxes.”The RAND Jour-nal of Economics 36(4):951 – 971.
Bowley, A. L. 1924. The Mathematical Groundwork of Economics : an Introductory Treatise. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
BP. 2009. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2009. London: BP.
Bresnahan, Timothy F. 1981. “Duopoly Models with Consistent Conjectures.”The Amer-ican Economic Review 71(5):934–945.
Bresnahan, Timothy F. 1989. “Empirical studies of industries with market power.” Else-vier, volume 2 ofHandbook of Industrial Organization, chapter 17, 1011–1057.
Bushnell, James. 2003. “A Mixed Complementarity Model of Hydrothermal Electricity Competition in the Western United States.” Operations Research 51(1):80–93.
Carl, Jeremy, Varun Rai and David Victor. 2008. “Energy and India’s Foreign Policy.”
Program on Energy and Sustainable Development Working Paper #75.
Chamber of Mines of South Africa. 2008. “Facts and Figures 2007.” http://www.
bullion.org.za/Publications/Facts&Figures2006/Facts&Figures2007.pdf.
Chen, Chi-Chung, Bruce A. McCarl and Ching-Cheng Chang. 2006a. “Estimating the Impacts of Government Interventions in the International Rice Market.” Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d’agroéconomie 54(1):81–100.
Chen, Yishu H., Benjamin F. Hobbs, Todd S. Munson and Sven Leyffer. 2006b. “Leader-Follower Equilibria for Electric Power and NOx Allowances Markets.” Computational Management Science 3(4):307–330.
Claerbout, Jon and Francis Muir. 2008. “Hubbert math.” http://sepwww.stanford.
edu/sep/jon/hubbert.pdf.
Corts, Kenneth S. 1998. “Conduct Parameters and the Measurement of Market Power.”
Journal of Econometrics 88(2):227–250.
Cottle, Richard W., Jong-Shi Pang and Richard E. Stone. 1992.The Linear Complemen-tarity Problem. San Diego: Academic Press.
Cournot, Antoine-Augustin. 1838. Recherches sur les Principes Mathématiques de la Théorie des Richesses. Paris: L. Hachette.
Couser, Sue and David Goldsack. 2001. “Konzentrationstendenzen in der Internationalen Kohleindustrie.” Zeitschrift für Energiewirtschaft 25(1):43–52.
Crocker, Geoff and Alex Kovalchuk. 2008.Prospects for Coal and Clean Coal Technologies in Russia. London: IEA Clean Coal Centre.
Dahl, Carol. 1993. “A Survey of Energy Demand Elasticities in Support of the Develop-ment of the NEMS.” Colorado School of Mines.
Datanet India. 2009. “Indiaenergystat.” Various spreadsheets on coal in India retrieved athttp://www.indiaenergystat.com in June 2009. Datanet India Pvt. Ltd.
Daughety, Andrew F. 1985. “Reconsidering Cournot: The Cournot Equilibrium is Con-sistent.” The RAND Journal of Economics 16(3):368–379.
DEHSt. 2005. “Emissionsfaktoren und Kohlenstoffgehalte (Stoffliste 2005).”http://www.
dehst.de, deutsche Emissionshandelsstelle (DEHSt), Umweltbundesamt, Berlin; Fed-eral Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety.
Demailly, D. and P. Quirion. 2008. “European Emission Trading Scheme and Competi-tiveness: A Case Study on the Iron and Steel Industry.” Energy Economics 30(4):2009 – 2027.
DeMiguel, Victor and Huifu Xu. 2009. “A Stochastic Multiple-Leader Stackelberg Model:
Analysis, Computation, and Application.” Operations Research 57(5):1220–1235.
DERA. 2011. “DERA Rohstoffinformationen - Kurzstudie: Reserven, Resourcen und Ver-fügbarkeit von Energierohstoffen 2011.” Technical report, DERA Deutsche Rohstoffa-gentur - Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR).
Dirkse, Steven P. and Michael C. Ferris. 1999. “Modeling and Solution Environments for MPEC: GAMS and MATLAB.” In: Fukushima, Masao and Liqun Qi (eds.), Refor-mulation: nonsmooth, piecewise smooth, semismooth, and smoothing methods, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Applied Optimization, 127–147.
Dixit, A.K. 1990.Optimization in economic theory. Oxford University Press.
Dockner, Engelbert J. 1992. “A Dynamic Theory of Conjectural Variations.” The Journal of Industrial Economics 40(4):377–395.
Dröge, Susanne. 2009. “Tackling Leakage in a World of Unequal Carbon Prices, Synthesis Report.” Technical report, Climate Strategies.
E3MLab. 2011. “PRIMES Model Presentation for Peer Review.” http://www.e3mlab.
ntua.gr/e3mlab/PRIMESManual, E3MLab - National Technical University of Athens.
EC. 2011. “Energy Roadmap 2050.” European Commission, COM(2011) 885/2.
Bibliography Egging, Ruud, Steven A. Gabriel, Franziska Holz and Jifang Zhuang. 2008. “A Comple-mentarity Model for the European Natural Gas Market.” Energy Policy 36(7):2385–
2414.
Egging, Ruud, Franziska Holz and Steven A. Gabriel. 2010. “The World Gas Model:
A Multi-Period Mixed Complementarity Model for the Global Natural Gas Market.”
Energy 35(10):4016–4029.
Ehrenmann, Andreas. 2004. Equilibrium Problems with Equilibrium Constraints. Ph.D.
thesis, University of Cambridge.
EIA. 2007. “Coal Market Module of the National Energy Modeling System - Model Doc-umentation 2007.”
Ekawan, Rudianto and Michel Duchêne. 2006. “The Evolution of Hard Coal trade in the Atlantic market.” Energy Policy 34(13):1487–1498.
Ekawan, Rudianto, Michel Duchêne and Damien Goetz. 2006. “The Evolution of Hard Coal trade in the Pacific market.” Energy Policy 34(14):1853 – 1866.
Ellerman, A. Denny. 1995. “The World Price of Coal.” Energy Policy 23(6):499–506.
Energy Forecasting Agency. 2008. “General scheme for the positioning of power plants till 2020.” http://www.e-apbe.ru/scheme/gs.doc, only in Russian.
Energy Information Administration. 2004. “Coal Transportation: Rates and Trends in the United States, 1979-2001 (with Supplementary Data to 2002).” http://www.eia.
doe.gov/cneaf/coal/page/trans/ratesntrends.html.
Energy Information Administration. 2007. “Coal Distribution - 2006.” http://www.eia.
doe.gov/cneaf/coal/page/trans/ratesntrends.html.
Energy Information Administration. 2008. “Annual Coal Report - 2007.” http://www.
eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/page/acr/acr_sum.html.
Energy Watch Group. 2007. “Coal: Resources and Future Production.” http://www.
energywatchgroup.org, EWG-Paper No. 1/07.
EPRI. 2007. “International Coal Market Analysis.” Technical report, Electric Power Re-search Institute.
European Commission. 2008. “European Energy and Transport Trends to 2030 - 2007 Update.” European Commission - Directorate-General for Energy and Transport.
EWI/Prognos. 2005. “Energiereport IV - Die Entwicklung der Energiemärkte bis zum Jahr 2030 - Energiewirtschaftliche Referenzprognose - Kurzfassung.”
Fatah, Luthfi. 2008. “The Impacts of Coal Mining on the Economy and Environment of South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia.” ASEAN Economic Bulletin 25(1).
Ferris, Michael C., Steven P. Dirkse and Alexander Meeraus. 2002. “Mathematical Pro-grams with Equilibrium Constraints: Automatic Reformulation and Solution via Con-strained Optimization.”
Ferris, Michael C. and Christian Kanzow. 1999. “Complementarity and Related Prob-lems.” Technical report, University of Wisconsin - Madision and University of Ham-burg.
Ferris, Michael C. and Todd S. Munson. 2000. “Complementarity Problems in GAMS and the PATH Solver.” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 24(2):165–88.
Figuières, Charles (ed.). 2004. Theory of Conjectural Variations. Number 2 in Series on mathematical economics and game theory, Singapore: World Scientifc.
Freese, Barbara. 2004. Coal: A Human History. Penguin (Non-Classics).
Friedman, James W. 1983. Oligopoly Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Frisch, Ragnar. 1933. “Monopole - Polypole - La Notion de Force dans l’Economie.”
Tillægshefte til Nationaløkonomisk Tidsskrift 71:241–259.
Gabriel, Steven A. 2009. “Lecture Slides: Operations Research 3: Day 4: Introduction to Complementarity Theory.” TU Berlin and DIW Berlin Course, DIW Berlin, Germany, 29 June- 3 July 2009.
Gabriel, Steven. A. and Yves Smeers. 2006. “Complementarity Problems in Restructured Natural Gas Markets.” In: Seeger, A. (ed.),Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathemat-ical Systems, Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, Recent Advances in Optimization, 343–373.
Geological Survey of India. 2008. “Inventory of geological resource of Indian coal.” http:
//www.gsi.gov.in/coalreserve_010408.pdf.
Gibbins, Jon and Hannah Chalmers. 2008. “Carbon Capture and Storage.” Energy Policy 36(12):4317 – 4322.
Graham, Paul, Sally Thorpe and Lindsay Hogan. 1999. “Non-competitive Market Be-haviour in the International Coking Coal Market.” Energy Economics 21(3):195–212.
Greenhut, John G. and M. L. Greenhut. 1975. “Spatial Price Discrimination, Competition and Locational Effects.” Economica 42(168):401–419.
Haftendorn, Clemens. 2012. “Evidence of Market Power in the Atlantic Steam Coal Mar-ket Using Oligopoly Models with a Competitive Fringe.” DIW Discussion Paper 1185:
Berlin.
Haftendorn, Clemens, Karen Freund, Christian von Hirschhausen and Franziska Holz. 2008a. “Indien: Entwicklung auf Kosten des Klimas.” DIW Wochenbericht 75(51/52):818–824.
Bibliography Haftendorn, Clemens and Franziska Holz. 2010. “Modeling and Analysis of the
Interna-tional Steam Coal Trade.” The Energy Journal 31(4):201–225.
Haftendorn, Clemens, Franziska Holz and Christian von Hirschhausen. 2010.
“COALMOD-World: A Model to Assess International Coal Markets until 2030.” DIW Discussion Paper 1067. Berlin.
Haftendorn, Clemens, Franziska Holz and Christian von Hirschhausen. 2012a. “The End of Cheap Coal? A Techno-economic Analysis Until 2030 using the COALMOD-World Model.” FUELin press.
Haftendorn, Clemens, Claudia Kemfert and Franziska Holz. 2011. “What about Coal?
Interactions between Climate Policies and the Global Steam Coal Market until 2030.”
DIW Discussion Paper 1146: Berlin.
Haftendorn, Clemens, Claudia Kemfert and Franziska Holz. 2012b. “What about Coal?
Interactions between Climate Policies and the Global Steam Coal Market until 2030.”
Energy Policy in press.
Haftendorn, Clemens, Christian von Hirschhausen and Franziska Holz. 2008b. “Moving towards a "COAL-PEC"?” DIW Weekly Report (10):62–67.
Harker, Patrick T. 1993. Lectures on Computation of Equilibria with Equation-Based Methods. CORE Lecture Series, Louvain-la-Neuve: Université Catholique de Louvain.
Harrington, J. E., Benjamin F. Hobbs, Jong-Shi Pang, A. Liu and G. Roch. 2005. “Col-lusive Game Solutions via Optimization.” Math. Program.407–435.
Hart, Rob and Daniel Spiro. 2011. “The Elephant in Hotelling’s Room.” Energy Policy 39(12):7834 – 7838.
Hartley, Peter and Kenneth B. Medlock. 2006. “The Baker Institute World Gas Trade Model.” In: Victor, David G., Amy M. Jaffe and Mark H. Hayes (eds.), Natural Gas and Geopolitics: From 1970 to 2040, Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press, 357–406.
Heinberg, Richard and David Fridley. 2010. “The End of Cheap Coal.” Nature 468:367–
369.
Hirschhausen, Christian von, Clemens Haftendorn, Tim Winke and Anne Neumann.
2012a. “Fossil Fuel Availability until 2050. The Real Shortage will be the CO2-Budget.”
In: Glachant, Jean-Michel, Nicole Ahner and Leonardo Meuus (eds.), EU Energy Innovation towards 2050, Claeys & Casteels.
Hirschhausen, Christian von, Johannes Herold and Pao-Yu Oei. 2012b. “How a “Low Car-bon” Innovation Can Fail - Tales from a “Lost Decade” for Carbon Capture, Transport, and Sequestration (CCTS).” Economics of Energy & Environmental Policy 1(2).
Hobbs, Benjamin F. 1986. “Mill Pricing versus Spatial Price Discrimination under Bertrand and Cournot Spatial Competition.” The Journal of Industrial Economics 35(2):173–191.
Holz, Franziska, Christian von Hirschhausen and Claudia Kemfert. 2008. “A Strategic Model of European Gas Supply (GASMOD).” Energy Economics 30(3):766–788.
Höök, Mikael, Werner Zittel, Jörg Schindler and Kjell Aleklett. 2010. “Global Coal Pro-duction Outlooks Based on a Logistic Model.” Fuel 89(11):3546–3558.
Hoover, Edgard M. 1937. “Spatial Price Discrimination.”The Review of Economic Studies 4(3):182–191.
Hotelling, Harold. 1931. “The Economics of Exhaustible Resources.” Journal of Political Economy 39(2):137–175.
Hubbert, M. King. 1959. “Techniques of Prediction with Application to the Petroleum Industry.” URL http://www.hubbertpeak.com/hubbert/TechniquesOfPrediction.
pdf.
Huntington, Hillard G. 2009. “World Natural Gas Markets and Trade: A Multi-Modeling Perspective.” The Energy Journal Special Issue:218 p.
Huppmann, Daniel, Ruud Egging, Franziska Holz, Christian von Hirschhausen and Sophia Ruster. 2011. “The World Gas market in 2030. Development Scenarios using the World Gas Model.” International Journal of Global Energy Issues 35(1):64 – 84.
Huppmann, Daniel and Franziska Holz. 2009. “A Model for the Global Crude Oil Market Using a Multi-Pool MCP Approach.” DIW Discussion Paper 869: Berlin.
IEA. 2007a. Coal Information 2007. Paris: OECD.
IEA. 2007b. Electricity Information 2007. Paris: OECD.
IEA. 2007c. World Energy Outlook 2007 - China and India Insights. Paris: OECD.
IEA. 2008a. Coal Information 2008. Paris: OECD.
IEA. 2008b. Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries. Paris: OECD.
IEA. 2008c. World Energy Outlook 2008. Paris: OECD.
IEA. 2009. World Energy Outlook 2009. Paris: OECD.
IEA. 2010. World Energy Outlook 2010. Paris: OECD.
IEA. 2011a. Coal Information 2011. Paris: OECD.
IEA. 2011b. “Coal Medium-Term Market Report 2011 - Market Trends and Projections to 2016.” International Energy Agency (IEA). Paris: OECD.
Bibliography IEA. 2011c. World Energy Outlook 2011. Paris: OECD.
IPCC. 2005. “IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage.” URLhttp:
//www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srccs/srccs\_wholereport.pdf.
IPCC. 2011. “The IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation - SRREN Generic Presentation.” URL http://srren.ipcc-wg3.
de/ipcc-generic-presentation.
Kaplow, Louis and Carl Shapiro. 2007. “Chapter 15 Antitrust.” Elsevier, volume 2 of Handbook of Law and Economics, 1073 – 1225.
Kawaguchi, Tsunemasa, Nobuhiro Suzuki and Harry M. Kaiser. 1997. “A Spatial Equi-librium Model for Imperfectly Competitive Milk Markets.” American Journal of Agri-cultural Economics 79(3):851–859.
Kemfert, Claudia. 2002. “Global Economic Implications of Alternative Climate Policy Strategies.” Environmental Science & Policy 5(5):367 – 384.
Kolstad, Charles D. and David S. Abbey. 1984. “The Effect of Market Conduct on Inter-national Steam Coal Trade.” European Economic Review 24(1):39–59.
Kolstad, Charles D., David S. Abbey and Robert L. Bivins. 1983. “Modeling International Steam Coal Trade.” Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Kolstad, Charles D. and Anthony E. Burris. 1986. “Imperfectly Competitive Equilibria in International Commodity Markets.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 68(1):27–36.
Kolstad, Charles D. and Frank A. Wolak. 1983. “Competition in Interregional Taxation:
The Case of Western Coal.” Journal of Political Economy 91(3):443–460.
Kolstad, Charles D. and Frank A. Wolak. 1985. “Strategy and Market Structure in West-ern Coal Taxation.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 67(2):239–249.
Kolstad, Charles D. and Frank A. Wolak. 1986. “Conjectural Variation and the Inde-terminacy of Duopolistic Equilibria.” The Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue canadienne d’Economique 19(4):656–677.
Kopal, Christopher. 2007. “Entwicklung und Perspektive von Angebot und Nachfrage am Steinkohlenweltmarkt.” Zeitschrift für Energiewirtschaft 31(1):15–34.
Laitner, John. 1980. “"Rational" Duopoly Equilibria.” The Quarterly Journal of Eco-nomics 95(4):641–662.
Larrea, Carlos. 2010. “Yasuni-ITT: An Initiative to Change History.” URL http://yasuni-itt.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/initiative\_change\
_history\_sep.pdf, Government of Ecuador.
Leyffer, Sven and Todd Munson. 2010. “Solving Multi-Leader-Common-Follower Games.”
Optimization Methods and Software 25(4):601–623.
Li, Raymond. 2008. “International Steam Coal Market Integration.” Department of Eco-nomics, Macquarie University, Sidney, Australia.
Li, Raymond, Roselyne Joyeux and Ronald D. Ripple. 2010. “International Steam Coal Market Integration.” The Energy Journal 31(3).
Lin, Bo-qiang and Jiang-hua Liu. 2010. “Estimating Coal Production Peak and Trends of Coal Imports in China.” Energy Policy 38(1):512 – 519.
Lindh, Thomas. 1992. “The Inconsistency of Consistent Conjectures : Coming back to Cournot.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 18(1):69–90.
Lise, Wietze and Benjamin F. Hobbs. 2008. “Future Evolution of the Liberalised Euro-pean Gas Market: Simulation Results with a Dynamic Model.”Energy33(7):989–1004.
Lise, Wietze, Benjamin F. Hobbs and Frits van Oostvoorn. 2008. “Natural Gas Corri-dors Between the EU and its Main Suppliers: Simulation Results with the Dynamic GASTALE model.” Energy Policy 36(6):1890 – 1906.
Liu, Gang. 2004. “Estimating Energy Demand Elasticities for OECD Countries. A Dy-namic Panel Approach.” Discusssion Papers Statistics Norway 373: Oslo.
Lucarelli, Bart. 2010. “The History and Future of Indonesia’s Coal Industry: Impact of Politics and Regulatory Framework on Industry Structure and Performance.” PESD Stanford Working Paper #93.
Luppens, James A., Timothy J. Rohrbacher, Lee M. Osmonson and M. Devereux Carter.
2009. “Coal Resource Availability, Recoverability and Economic Evaluations in the United States - A Summary.” In: Pierce, Brenda S. and Kristin O. Dennen (eds.),The National Coal Resource Assessment Overview, USGS, U.S. Geological Survey Profes-sional Paper 1625-F, chapter D.
Lynch, Michael C. 2003. “The New Pessimism about Petroleum Resources: Debunking the Hubbert Model (and Hubbert Modelers).” Minerals and Energy 18(1):21–32.
Makowski, Louis. 1987. “Are ‘Rational Conjectures’ Rational?” The Journal of Industrial Economics 36(1):35–47.
Mathiesen, Lars, Kjell Roland and Knut Thonstad. 1987. “The European Natural Gas Market: Degrees of Market Power on the Selling Side.” In: Golombek, Rolf, Michael Hoel and Jon Vislie (eds.), Natural Gas Markets and Contracts, North-Holland, Con-tributions to Economic Analysis, 27–58.
Michielsen, Thomas. 2011. “Brown Backstops versus the Green Paradox.” CentER Dis-cussion Paper No. 2011-110: Tilburg University.
Bibliography Minchener, Andrew. 2007. Coal supply challenges for China. London: IEA Clean Coal
Centre.
Minchener, Andrew. 2009. Future Coal Supply Prospects. London: IEA Clean Coal Cen-tre.
Ministry of Coal. 2005. “Report from the Expert Committee on Road Map for Coal Sector Reforms.”http://coal.nic.in/expertreport.pdf, Government of India, New Delhi.
Mohr, S.H. and G.M. Evans. 2009. “Forecasting Coal Production until 2100.” FUEL 88(11):2059–2067.
National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2007. “China Energy Statistical Yearbook 2007.”
China Statistics Press, Beijing.
Nelson, Carl H. and Bruce A. McCarl. 1984. “Including Imperfect Competition in Spatial Equilibrium Models.” Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d’agroeconomie 32(1):55–70.
New South Wales Department of Primary Industries. 2009. “Summary of NSW coal statistics.” http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/minerals/resources/coal.
Patzek, Tadeusz W. and Gregory D. Croft. 2010. “A Global Coal Production Forecast with Multi-Hubbert Cycle Analysis.” Energy 35(8):3109–3122.
Paulus, Moritz and Johannes Trüby. 2011a. “Coal Lumps vs. Electrons: How do Chinese Bulk Energy Transport Decisions Affect the Global Steam Coal Market?” Energy Economics 33(6).
Paulus, Moritz and Johannes Trüby. 2011b. “Market Structure Scenarios in International Steam Coal Trade.” EWI Working Paper 2011/02.
Paulus, Moritz, Johannes Trüby and Christian Growitsch. 2011. “Nations as Strategic Players in Global Commodity Markets: Evidence from World Coal Trade.” EWI Work-ing Paper 2011/04.
Peng, Wuyuan. 2011. “Coal Sector Reform and its Implications for the Power Sector in China.” Resources Policy 36(1):60–71.
Perry, Martin K. 1982. “Oligopoly and Consistent Conjectural Variations.” The Bell Jour-nal of Economics 13(1):197–205.
Pindyck, Robert S. 1981. “Models of Resource Markets and the Explanation of Resource Price Behaviour.” Energy Economics 3(3):130 – 139.
Platts. 2008. “Methodology and Specifications Guide - Coal.” http://www.platts.com. Platts. 2009. “Methodology and Specifications Guide - Coal, Update May 2009.” http:
//www.platts.com.