TST HST
10. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Funding was provided by the German Science Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 40500066, 40500075). We thank A. M. Marzouk for calcareous nannofossil determinations and A. M. Bassiouni and M. Morsi for the identification of ostracodes. We thank the Natural Resources Authority (NRA) in Amman/Jordan for logistic support and our colleagues from the Mapping Division (NRA/Amman) for their assistance in the field and various fruitful discussions. We thank Martina Bachmann, Robert Speijer, Sebastian Lüning, Jan Bauer, Christian Scheibner, Erna Friedel, and Ralph Bätzel (all University of Bremen) for helpful discussions and technical assistance. IJES journal reviewers B. Pittet, an anonymous reviewer and J. J. G. Reijmer (Co-editor) are thanked for their constructive reviews.
Literature
Abdel-Kireem MR (1988) Cenomanian agglutinated foraminifera from Bahariya oasis western desert, Egypt. Revue de Paléobiologie 2: 259–270
Abed A and El-Hiyari M (1986) Depositional environment and palaeogeography of the Cretaceous gypsum horizon in west-central Jordan. Sed. Geol. 47: 109–123
Al-Rifaiy IA, Cherif, OH (1987) Biostratigraphic aspects and regional correlation of some Cenomanian/Turonian exposures in Jordan. Géologie Méditerranéenne XIV 3:181–
193
Al-Rifaiy IA, Cherif OH, El-Bakri BA (1993) Upper Cretaceous foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleobathymetry of the Al-Baqa area, North of Amman (Jordan). J. Afric. Earth Sci. 17 (3): 343–357
Andrews IJ (1992) Cretaceous and Paleogene lithostratigraphy in the subsurface of Jordan.
National Resources Authority Subsurface Geol. Bull. 5: pp 1–60
Aqrabawi M (1993) Oysters (Bivalvia – Pteriomorphia) of the Upper Cretaceous rocks of Jordan. Palaeontology, Stratigraphy and Comparison with the Upper Cretaceous oysters of Northwest Europe. Mitt. Geol.- Paläont. Inst. Univ. Hamburg 75: 1–135 Arthur MA, Schlanger SO and Jenkyns HC (1987) The Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic
Anoxic Event II. Palaeoceanographic controls on organic matter production and preservation. In: Brooks J and Fleet AJ (eds). Marine petroleum source rocks:
Geological Society of London, Special Publication 26: 401–420
Bacelle L and Bosellini A (1965) Diagrammi per la stima visiva della composizione percentuale nelle rocce sedimentarie. Ann. Univ. Ferrara, N.S., Sez. IX, Sci. Geol.
Paleont. 1/3: 59–62
Bandel K, Geys JF (1985) Regular echinoids in the Upper Cretaceous of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Ann. Soc. Géol. Nord; CIV: 97–115
Bartov J, Eyal Y, Garfunkel Z, Steinitz G (1972) Late Cretaceous and Tertiary stratigraphy and paleogeography of southern Israel. Isr. J. Earth Sci. 21: 69–97
Basha SH (1978) Foraminifera from the Ajlun Group of east Jordan. Geol. Soc. Iraq 11: 67–
91
Basha SH (1979) Foraminiferal evidence for the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary in Jordan.
Senckenbergiana lethaea 60: 55–75
Bauer J, Marzouk AM, Steuber T and Kuss J (2001) Lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Cenomanian – Santonian strata of Sinai, Egypt. Cret. Res. 22 : 497–526
Bauer J (2002) Late Cenomanian-Santonian carbonate platform evolution of Sinai (Egypt):
stratigraphy, facies, and sequence architecture. Berichte, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Bremen 191: pp 178, Bremen
Bender F (1974b) Explanatory notes on the geological map on the Wadi Araba, Jordan (scale 1:100000, 3 sheets). Geol. Jb. 10: 3–62
Bosworth W, Guiraud R, Kessler LG (1999) Late Cretaceous (ca. 84 Ma) compressive deformation of the stable platform of northeast Africa (Egypt): Far-field stress effects of the “Santonian event“ and origin of the Syrian arc deformation belt. Geology 27(7):
633–636
Bramlette MN, Sullivan FR (1961) Coccolithophorides and related nannoplankton of the early Tertiary in California. Micropaleontology 7: 129–174
Buchbinder B, Benjamini C, Lipson-Benitah S (2000) Sequence development of Late Cenomanian –Turonian carbonate ramps, platforms and basins in Israel. Cret. Res.
21: 813–843
Burnett JA (1996) Nannofossils and Upper Cretaceous (sub-)stage boundaries – state of the art. J. of Nannoplankton Research 18:23–32
Caron M (1985) Cretaceous planktic foraminifera. In: Bolli HM, Saunders JB, Perch-Nielsen K (eds). Plankton stratigraphy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 17–86 Damotte R, Saint-Marc P (1972) Contribution a la connaissance des ostracodes Cretace du
Liban. Rev. Esp. Micropaleont. IV (3): 273–296
Dunham RJ (1962) Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture. In:
Ham WE (ed). Classification of carbonate rocks. Amer. Ass. Geol. Mem. 1: 108–121 Freund R and Raab M (1969) Lower Turonian ammonites from Israel. Spec. Pap. Palaeontol.
4: 83pp
Galloway WE (1989) Genetic Stratigraphic Sequences in Basin Analysis I: Architecture and Genesis of Flooding Surface Bounded Depositional Units. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 73: 125–142
Gradstein FM, Agterberg FP, Ogg JG, Hardenbol J, Van Veen P, Thierry J and Huang Z (1995) A Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous time scale. In: Berggren WA, Kent DV, Aubry M-P and Hardenbol J (eds). Geochronology, time scales and global stratigraphic correlation. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 54: 95–126
Gradstein FM and Ogg JG (1996) A Phanerozoic Time Scale. Episodes 19: 3-5
Hamaoui M, Saint-Marc P (1970) Microfaunes et microfaciès du Cénomanien du proche-oriente. Bull. Centre Rech. Pau-SNPA 4 (2): 257–352
Hardenbol J and Robaszynski F (1998) Introduction to the Upper Cretaceous. In: De Graciansky P-C, Hardenbol J, Jacquin T, Vail PR (eds). Mesozoic and Cenozoic sequence stratigraphy of European basins. SEPM Special Publication 60: 329–332 Hardenbol J, Thierry J, Farley MB, Jacquin T, De Graciansky P-C, Vail PR (1998) Mesozoic
and Cenozoic sequence chronostratigraphic framework of European basins. In: De Graciansky P-C, Hardenbol J, Jacquin T, Vail PR (eds). Mesozoic and Cenozoic sequence stratigraphy of European basins. SEPM Special Publication 60: 343–360 Haq B, Hardenbol J and Vail PR (1987) Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the
Triassic. Science 235:1156–1167
Hay WW (1965) Calcareous nannofossils. In: Kummel B , Raup D (eds). Handbook of paleontological techniques. Freeman, Co., San Francisco: 3–7
Jenkyns HC (1980) Cretaceous anoxic events – from continents to oceans. Journal of the Geological Society of London 137: 171–188
Kassab AS (1994) Upper Cretaceous ammonites from the El Sheikh Fadl – Ras Gharib Road, Northeastern Desert, Egypt. Neues Jb. Geologie Paläontologie Monatshefte 2:
108–128
Kassab AS, Obaidalla NA (2001) Integrated biostratigraphy and inter-regional correlation of the Cenomanian-Turonian deposits of Wadi Feiran, Sinai, Egypt. Cret. Res. 22: 105–
114
Koch W (1968) Zur Mikropaläontologie und Biostratigraphie der Oberkreide und des Alttertiärs von Jordanien. Geol. Jb. 85: 627–668
Kuss J, Westerhold T, Groß U, Bauer J and Lüning S (2000) Mapping of Late Cretaceous stratigraphic sequences along a Syrian Arc uplift – Examples from the Areif el Naqa, Eastern Sinai. Middle East Research Center, Ain Shams University, Earth Science Series 14:171–191
Lewy Z and Raab M (1976) Mid-Cretaceous stratigraphy of the Middle East. Annales du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle de Nice 4: 1–19
Lewy Z, Kennedy WJ, Chancellor G (1984) Co-occurrence of Metoicoceras geslinianum (d‘Orbigny) and Vascoceras cauvini Chudeau (Cretaceous Ammonoidea) in the southern Negev (Israel) and its stratigraphic implications. Newsl. Stratigr. 13: 67–76 Lewy Z, Avni Y (1988) Omission surfaces in the Judea Group, Makhtesh ramon region
southern Israel, and their paleogeographic significance. Isr. J. Earth Sci. 37: 105–113 Lewy Z (1989) Correlation of lithostratigraphic units in the upper Judea Group (Late
Cenomanian – Late Coniancian) in Israel. Isr. J. Earth Sci. 38: 37–43
Lewy Z (1990) Transgressions, regressions and relative sea-level changes on the Cretaceous shelf of Israel and adjacent countries. A critical evaluation of Cretaceous global sea-level correlations. Paleoceanography 5 (4): 619–637
Lipson-Benitah S, Flexer A, Rosenfeld A, Honigstein A, Conway B, Eris H (1990) Dysoxic sedimentation in the Cenomanian–Turonian Daliyya Formation, Israel. AAPG, Studies in Geology 30: 27–39
MacDonald Sir M and partners (1965b) East Bank water resources. Hydrogeological Survey of the Madaba-Maan area, 3 volumes. Central Water Authority, Amman, Jordan Masri M (1963) Report on the geology of the Amman-Zerqa area, Central water authority, 1–
74 (unpublished); Amman, Jordan
Morsi A-MM, Bauer J (2001) Cenomanian ostracode faunas from Sinai Peninsula, Egypt.
Revue Paléobiol. 20 (2): 377–414
Nazzal J, Mustafa H (1993) Ammonites from the Upper Cretaceous of north Jordan. Abhath Al-Yarmouk 2: 87–120
Orabi HO (1992) Cenomanian – Turonian boundary in Wadi Watir, Southeastern Sinai, Gulf of Aqaba, Egypt. J. of Afric. Earth Sci. Vol. 15 (2): 281–291
Parker DH (1970) The hydrogeology of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic aquifers of the western highlands and plateau of East Jordan, 4 volumes; UNDP/FAO 212; unpublished technical rep., No.2: pp 424, Rome
Perch-Nielsen K (1985) Mesozoic calcareous nannofossils. In: Bolli HM, Saunders JB, Perch-Nielsen K (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 329–554
Philip J et al. (12 co-authors) (2000) Late Cenomanian. In: Dercourt J, Gaetani M, Vrielynck B, Barrier E, Biju-Duval B, Brunet MF, Cadet JP, Crasquin S, Sandulescu M (eds).
Atlas Peri-Tethys palaeogeographical maps, Map 14. CCGM/CGMW, Paris
Powell JH (1988) The geology of Karak. Map sheet No. 3152 III, National Resources Authority Geol. Bull. 8: pp 172
Powell JH (1989) Stratigraphy and sedimentation of the Phanerozoic rocks in Central and South Jordan. Pt. B: Kurnub, Ajlun and Belqa groups. National Resources Authority Geol. Bull. 11: pp130
Premoli Silva I and Sliter WV (1999) Cretaceous paleoceanography: Evidence from planktonic foraminiferal evolution. Geological Soc. of America, spec. paper 332: 301–
328
Quennell AM (1951) The geology and mineral resources of (former) Transjordan. Colon.
Geol. Min. Resource 2: 85–115
Robaszynski F, Caron M, Dupuis C, Amédro F, Donoso J-MG, Linares D, Hardenbol J, Gartner S, Calandra F, Deloffre R (1990) A tentative integrated stratigraphy in the Turonian of central Tunisia: formations, zones and sequential stratigraphy in the Kalaat Senan area. Bulletin des Centres de Recherches Exploration- Production Elf-Aquitaine 17: 395–433
Rosenfeld A, Raab M (1974) Cenomanian – Turonian ostracodes from the Judea Group in Israel. Geol. Surv. Isr. Bull. 62: pp 64
Saint-Marc P (1974) Etude stratigraphique et micropaleontologique de l‘Albien, du Cenomanien et du Turonien du Liban. Notes et memoires sur le moyen-orient 13, Museum National d‘ Histoire Naturelle, Paris, pp 298
Schlager W (1991) Depositional bias and environmental change important factors in sequence stratigraphy. Sedimentary Geology 70: 109–130
Schlager W (1999) Type 3 sequence boundaries. In: Harris PM, Saller AH and Simo T (eds).
Advances in carbonate sequence stratigraphy: applications to reservoirs, outcrops and models. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 63: 35–45 Schröder R, Neumann M (1985) Les grandes foraminiferes du Cretace moyen de la region
mediterranenne. Geobios mem. spec. 7: pp 160
Shahin A (1991) Cenomanian-Turonian ostracods from Gebel Nezzazat, southwestern Sinai, Egypt, with observations on δ 13C values and the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary. J.
Micropalaeontol. 10: 133–150
Shahin A, Kora M (1991) Biostratigraphy of some Upper Cretaceous successions in the eastern Central Sinai, Egypt. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Mh. 11: 671–692
Sharland PR, Archer R, Casey DM, Davies RB, Hall SH, Heward AP, Horbury AD, Simmons MD (2001) Arabian Plate sequence stratigraphy. GeoArabia Spec. Publ. 2, Bahrain, pp 371
Sissingh W (1977) Biostratigraphy of calcareous nannofossils. Geologie en Mijnbouw 56:
37–65
Taubenhaus H (1920) Die Ammoneen der Kreideformation Palästinas und Syriens. Zeitschr.
Deutsch. Palästina-Ver. 43, pp 58
Vail PR, Mitchum RM, Todd RG, Widmier JM, Thompson III S, Sangree JB, Bubb JN and Hatelid WG (1977) Seismic Stratigraphy and Global Changes of Sea-level. In: Payton CE (ed). Seismic Stratigraphy – Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration. American Association of Petroleum Geologists 26: 49–212
Weidich KF, Al-Harithi T (1990) Agglutinated foraminifera from the Albian and Cenomanian of Jordan. In: Hemleben C, Kaminski MA, Kuhnt W, Scott, DB (eds). Paleoecology, biostratigraphy, paleoceanography and taxonomy of agglutinated foraminifera. NATO ASI, Vol. 327 C. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 587–609
Wetzel R, Morton DM (1959) Contrabution a la géologie de la Transjordanie. Notes et Mém.
Moyen – Orient. 7: 95-191. Mus. Nat. d‘ Hist. Nat. Paris.
Wilson JL (1975) Carbonate facies in geologic history. Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp 471