1. Forest Values. The view that the boreal forest should be harvested as quickly as possible is no longer acceptable because of clashing demands. The boreal forest has many values in addition to solid wood and wood fiber. Instead, clean water, carbon sinks, aesthetics, tourism, and wildlife habitat are frequently underrated and there is an increasing sense of urgency as population increases and these values become limited or non-existent elsewhere in the world.
2. Ecological Management. Sustaining the multitude of values of the boreal forest requires a much broader view of management than past practices (Nordin 1996). Based on the assertion that it is not feasible to protect all ecosystems in the boreal forest, ideal management may be conducted using a mix of extensive (semi-natural) (Rowe 1992) and intensive management. We believe that this would be achieved developing management methods that emulate natural disturbance regimes encountered in boreal ecosystems in primeval times. With this, planners should be able to leave large areas in a near natural state to sustain natural ecosystem functions and distributions. Semi-natural management must include wildlife management and management for other values as an objective of equal importance to wood production.
Intensive management would be conducted on sites near mills. Intensive management does not imply the elimination of wildlife and other values but rather the management for high fiber production in order to satisfy industrial needs. However, within intensive management zones, attention must be given to the protection of rare species and/or ecosystems. As well, we would expect the application of intensive silvicultural techniques within intensive management zones.
3. Forest Management/Silviculture. Natural disturbances such as fire and insects will continue to be important and largely unpredictable because of the stochasticity of fire and pest occurrences. Although forest management practices can improve forest health and reduce losses caused by wildfire, it must be understood that unpredictability will remain an intrinsic component of forest management.
The technology exists to harvest forests more rapidly now than at any time in the past.
However, our past experience suggests that high rates of harvest do not equate to good forestry. In fact, the opposite may be true if we are unable to assure adequate forest renewal on the harvested lands. Good forest practices are achievable when ecological requirements for sustainable forests are adequately integrated with technology to create silvicultural systems that produce not just stands of trees but stable ecosystems.
Regeneration in post-disturbance forests should resemble previous pre-disturbance associations and be optimized for site conditions. Sustainability also requires maintenance of the genetic integrity of the harvested stands in the regeneration cohort, a factor often overlooked in conservation plans.
For a variety of social, political, and ecological reasons, there are high levels of uncertainty associated with the prescription and use of standard forest management and silvicultural practices, e.g., clearcutting, herbicides, prescribed burning, and mechanical site preparation. Because of this uncertainty, an integrated approach to silviculture is essential. This approach requires that land managers be proactive, that is able to anticipate problems rather than reacting to problems after they occur. Essential elements of a proactive strategy are: multifactor land classification systems; detailed information on the biology and effects of disturbance on all plant species; an understanding of cumulative effects of forestry practices as they relate to soil productivity and biodiversity; an understanding of genetic diversity as a prerequisite for maintaining speciation and fitness; an understanding of the effect of forestry practices on species other than trees; and, an understanding of sustainability as related to extensive and intensive management. With such insights we believe that the boreal forest will continue to provide to North Americans in a sustainable manner.
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