Conclusions and future implications

III. List of Publications

4.8 Conclusions and future implications

Although the present study showed no relationship between BSD symptoms and partnership satisfaction, a lengthy BSD duration was associated with lower partnership satisfaction. The analysis of BSD symptomatology and partnership dimensions introduces new considerations

on the BSD personality and illustrates an evident distinction to other psychological disorders.

This adds to the indispensable information for the classification of BSD as an individual disorder. In view of lower remission rates for depression in couples presenting with marital discord (Whisman and Baucom, 2012) and the assumed chronicity of BSD (Black et al., 2016), longitudinal analysis of couple dynamics in individuals with BSD seems crucial.

The impact of BSD duration on partnership satisfaction marks the importance of maintaining a stable and helpful relationship as a means of support for overcoming BSD. In the general population, increased stress did not affect partnership satisfaction when husbands gave their wives sufficient support (Fincham and Beach, 2010). Moreover, this is in accordance to a

“stress-buffering effect” seen in women with alcohol addiction supported by their husbands and consequently having less alcohol problems (Windle and Windle, 2019). Thus, partners may play a relevant role in future interventions.

When considering BSD therapy, a review of existing literature has shown an effectiveness of group therapy (Hague et al., 2016). In order to add to the existing therapy concepts based on social relationships and interpersonal interactions, additional studies should assess the effect of supplementary partner-assisted therapy, as used e.g. in OCD and depression therapies (Whisman and Baucom, 2012). The paucity of studies concerning partnerships and BSD as well as the central role of marital processes and interventions in mental health (Fincham and Beach, 2010; Whisman and Baucom, 2012) provides the necessary incentive for future research. The employment of new assessments such as the Marital Goal Scale (Li et al., 2020) could improve the understanding of couple dynamics and the possible supportive role of partners in reducing BSD psychopathology (Li et al., 2020). In conclusion, the present considerations are aimed at increasing the acceptance of BSD as a mental disorder that reduces individuals’ quality of life (Chamberlain and Grant, 2019) and thus offering a perspective for novel interventions and research funding.

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6 Publication

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O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E

Buying-Shopping Disorder and Partnership Satisfaction

Giulia Schäfer¹&Birte Vogel¹&Tanja Zimmermann¹&Patrick Trotzke²&

Jana Stenger³&Nadja Tahmassebi⁴&Martina de Zwaan¹&Astrid Müller¹

#Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018

Abstract

The current study aimed at investigating partnership status and quality in 46 patients with buying-shopping disorder (BSD) and 46 healthy control participants. The Pathological Buying Screener (PBS) was used to assess the symptom severity of BSD. The German version of the Quality of Marriage Index (QMI-D) measured partnership satisfaction. With 23 patients with BSD (50%) and 31 control participants (67%) in partnerships, there was no significant group difference regarding partnership status (χ²(1)= 2.87,p= 0.090,ϕ= 0.18). In both groups, QMI-D scores were not related to BSQMI-D symptoms (PBS scores). In patients with BSQMI-D, partnership satisfaction was negatively correlated with BSD duration. Although the results of this cross-sectional study do not indicate an association between BSD and partnership satisfaction, the inverse relationship between partnership satisfaction and BSD duration calls for longitudinal research on the role of partnership satisfaction in the disorder’s progression.

Keywords Buying-shopping disorder. Partnership . Partnership satisfaction . Quality of Marriage Index

Starting in the early twentieth century, the topic of buying-shopping disorder (BSD), also called compulsive buying, pathological buying, or oniomania, found its place not only in popular media but also in research and case studies. McElroy et al. (1994) set the path for further classification and characterized compulsive buying through the following: a loss of control when buying/

shopping; significant distress due to excessive buying and its consequences, time-consuming

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-0016-4

* Astrid Müller

mueller.astrid@mh-hannover.de

1 Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany

2 Department of General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany

3 Department of Psychiatry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

shopping, social and financial difficulties as a result of buying, and an absence of mania/

hypomania. In a meta-analysis, Maraz et al. (2016) determined the propensity towards BSD being 5% in adult representative samples. Although BSD has not yet obtained its own classifi-cation in theDiagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5; APA 2013) or the recently released 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11; WHO2018), research over the past years has addressed several aspects of the disorder. Issues have included the discussion of appropriate classification (i.e., impulse control disorder vs.

behavioral addiction), etiology, and treatment (Müller et al. 2018). Alongside the high BSD prevalence in today’s consumer society, individuals with BSD exhibit a substantial amount of psychiatric comorbidities. Around 90% of a treatment-seeking BSD study group suffered from at least one further psychiatric disorder during their lifespan, most notably depression (62.6%) and anxiety (57.3%) (Mueller et al. 2010b). Past research further indicated a high prevalence of hoarding disorder, binge eating disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and substance use disorders in treatment-seeking samples with BSD (for review, see Müller et al.2015a). Case studies report great financial difficulties and relationship problems in the course of the disorder, with individuals suffering from BSD at first trying to hide their excessive shopping (Kellett and Bolton2009). The comorbidities and the denial generate a high burden not only for affected individuals but also for the social network around them, especially partners.

Nevertheless, several findings suggest that there is no significant difference in partnership or marital status between patients with BSD and the general population (Black et al.1998;

Koran2006; Leite and Silva2016; Müller et al.2016; Otero-López and Villardefrancos2014;

Voth et al.2014). Müller et al. (2016) investigated the association between BSD (measured with the Compulsive Buying Scale, Faber and O’Guinn1992) and partnership status in a female community sample (n= 1153) as well as in a clinical group of female patients with BSD (n= 157). In this study, 56.1% of female patients with BSD and 55.8% of women from the general population were in a partnership (Müller et al.2016). The results further indicated that females in the community sample with partners displayed less symptoms of BSD than those without partners, while no significant difference was found in the clinical group of patients with diagnosed BSD. Only a few studies have found more single or divorced individuals among individuals exhibiting BSD symptoms in questionnaire results, namely in a non-clinical group of college students screened for BSD symptoms (Harvanko et al.2013) and in a varied group of individuals with self-identified BSD (Hanley and Wilhelm1992).

Studies comparing BSD to other behavioral addictions, such as Internet gaming disorder, found a greater percentage of married couples among patients with BSD than among persons with Internet gaming disorder (Granero et al.2016). On the whole, at least in clinical samples, BSD seems less related to partnership status than other psychiatric disorders.

Im Dokument Partnership satisfaction in patients with buying-shopping disorder (Seite 26-49)