In our analysis we were able to show how statistical tools such as the OLOGIT regression model can be used to evaluate public transport survey data on a very detailed level. A better understanding of the determinants influencing overall satisfaction levels of public transport and specifically DRT systems can be useful to make future versions of rural transportation systems more viable to common citizens and eventually create a more efficient, cheap and environmen-tally friendly public transport offer. Our analysis provides insight on overall satisfaction levels with a real door to door DRT system and how waiting time, age of the respondents and the ease of entry into the vehicle affect the approval rates of the citizens. Our analysis of a more sophis-ticated door to door system offers the possibility for further research to compare satisfaction levels with other semi-fixed DRT services and gives information for public transport providers
as to which elements of a DRT system have the most implications for the customers well-being.
Commonly known factors for customer satisfaction such as waiting times have been confirmed to have an important impact on overall satisfaction levels. Surprisingly, we could not establish any significant (negative) connection between the presence of other people in the vehicle and our satisfaction variable. We contributed this finding to a possible change in perception towards privacy by customers. Therefore, these results could be subject of further scientific research.
Nevertheless, in our analysis we could not find any evidence that higher waiting times have a more severe effect on groups that are more time constrained. Furthermore, we could not verify the results from other works that that the examined DRT service was significantly more used by women. On of the implications of our work for managerial practice is that public transport service providers should focus more on the needs of older and walking impaired people, since these groups seem to be more reliant on public transport offers. Our work shows that the conduction of simple satisfaction survey can offer very useful information on closer inspection.
However, since our sample size is relatively small and our trial area represents just two small rural areas there remains a large possibilities for future research.
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5 Impact Assessment of Autonomous Demand Responsive Transport as a Link between
Urban and Rural Areas
Impact Assessment of Autonomous Demand Responsive Transport as a Link between Urban and Rural Areas
Jan Schl¨utera,e, Andreas Bossertb,e, Philipp R¨ossyc,e and Moritz Kerstingd,e
aInstitute for the Dynamics of Complex Systems, Faculty of Physics, Georg-August-University of G¨ottingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 G¨ottingen, Germany
bCenter of Methods in Social Sciences, Department of Social Sciences, Georg-August-University of G¨ottingen, Goßlerstraße 19, 37073 G¨ottingen, Germany
cChair of Statistics, Department of Economics, Georg-August-University of G¨ottingen, Humboldtallee 3, 37073 G¨ottingen, Germany
dChair of Economic Development and Corporate Governance, Faculty of Resource Management, Hochschule f¨ur angewandte Wissenschaft und Kunst, B¨usgenweg 1a, 37077 G¨ottingen, Germany
eNGM, Department of Dynamics of Complex Fluids, Max-Planck-Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, 37077 G¨ottingen, Germany
Eingereicht in: Transportation am 08.02.2020
Disruptive developments in areas such as autonomous driving, new types of drive systems and digital mobility are shaping changes in the way people move spatially in everyday life. Combined with these technical potentials, novel mobility concepts such as demand responsive transportation can on the one hand provide a way to make everyday mobility of people cost-efficient and environmentally friendly. On the other hand, problems such as demographic transitions and urbanisation can be addressed and negative consequences mitigated. By that, one obvious future application of demand responsive transportation might be the connection of rural areas with an urban core. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the viability and the feasibility of a DRT-system in the interplay of rural and urban areas. The city of Bremerhaven and the surrounding area is selected as the area of investigation.
In order to evaluate the effects, the software MATSim is used to simulate the inhabitants behaviour. On this basis, the global operational costs are calculated for several scenarios, e.g. autonomous driving and other drive types. The results imply that autonomous DRT systems are applicable to reduce the economic and environmental costs of transportation when applied in the interplay of rural and urban areas.
5.1 Introduction
In the long run, technological advancements in the field of autonomous driving will accelerate the emergence of commercial shared autonomous vehicle (SAV) services. Increased availability of autonomous vehicles (AV), initially in metropolitan regions, could reduce incentives for owning a car, fostering a situation where a considerable share of motorised individual traffic (MIT) could be replaced by SAVs. However, these developments put pressure on policymakers and both public and commercial transport operators to adapt their services. AVs providing Mobility as a Service (MaaS) could replace a large number of conventional buses in vehicle fleets and reduce the depencende of MIT. Higher flexibility and faster transportation schemes may blur the line between the different transportation modes.
In cities where mass transit systems are not economically viable, public transport is often provided under conditions that do not cover costs. Simulation studies point to SAV operations as an alternative to solve these challenges. For rural areas, demographic transitions, urbanisation trends and a traditionally low demand for public transport, more flexible and cheaper means of transport could supply a wider spectrum of services. Such an approach could target both the existing necessity of car ownership, which is associated with externalities like congestion, noise, fragmentation or land sealing, and the low demand for public transportation.
Since previous research primarily focused on the application of AV services in metropolitan regions, this contribution aims to investigate the viability and feasibility of demand responsive transport (DRT) carried out by SAVs in both rural and peripheral regions. Particular attention is paid to the function of DRT as a connector of urban centres and the surrounding rural regions.
This paper proceeds as follows. Section 2 provides an overview of the state of research and related work. Subsequently, reasoning for the selection of Bremerhaven as a suitable area of investigation is provided. Next, the political, demographic, infrastructural characteristics as well as the mobility behaviour of the population are presented. Afterwards, the settings and configurations of the simulation study are introduced. Finally, the simulation results are presented and evaluated.