Textile industry
2.6 ConCLUDInG remArKS
From the above reviewed and evaluated work it is clear that the extreme complexity and variety of dyehouse effluent samples makes the overall evaluation and global unification of treatability studies devoted to textile industry wastewater rather difficult. For instance, operating costs of electrochemical, photochemical, photocatalytic systems as well as treatment processes where oxidant (ozone, electron beam irradiation, sonolysis, etc.) production is mainly based on the use of electrical energy are assessed on the basis of electrical energy consumption calculations. On the other hand, in solar irradiation applications the costs of the collector material per unit area may play a decisive role in determination of investment costs. In other applications (wet air oxidation, wet peroxidation, supercritical water oxidation, or catalytic wet air oxidation) capital investments are relatively high; in that case, reactor material and associated equipment (pressure-tight valves, high pressure pumps, heating devices, etc.) are mainly contributing to the overall costs, but energy self-sustainable systems can be operated below a certain calorific value provided by high-strength waste streams. Some general conclusions could be drawn and are summarised below;
The colour parameter that is one of the major concerns of dyehouse effluent due to ecotoxicological risks imposed by metabolites in the discharged environment and aesthetic reasons. All the above exemplified chemical oxidation processes are quite effective in the removal of colour from dyehouse effluent. In other words, if the major target is to remove colour (dyestuffs) from textile wastewater, application of chemical oxidation is technically and economically relatively feasible as compared to the removal of other collective parameters.
On the other hand, COD and TOC (organic carbon) abatements are in most cases rather incomplete and require longer treatment periods and/or extended oxidant/irradiation doses. In most cases complete oxidation cannot be achieved under technically/economically feasible treatment conditions. From the above
mentioned case studies it can be concluded and in particular the more energy (cost)-intensive advanced treatment process should be applied in combination with conventional ones for pre- or post- treatment purposes.
Depending on the chemical oxidation process employed, more recalcitrant and/or toxic oxidation intermediates or end products can be formed during treatment of textile wastewater. For instance, investigators of electrochemical treatment processes have reported the formation of active chlorine species as well as organically-bound organic halogens (AOX) that increase the toxicity of the treated wastewater to levels being more detrimental than that of the original dyehouse effluent not being subjected to chemical oxidation. Considering the fact that the main purpose of chemical oxidation is to reduce the toxicity and recalcitrance (inertness) of textile industry wastewater, it is important to verify in preliminary treatability experiments whether and under what chemical reaction conditions potentially toxic oxidation intermediates build up the reaction solution.
Most of the emerging/advanced chemical oxidation processes mentioned in this chapter are still not affordable in large scale for textile industry wastewater treatment; in particular no application exists for treatment of real dyehouse effluent via supercritical oxidation or sonolysis. Studies devoted to these advanced oxidation processes are limited to aqueous dye solutions. More efficient means of cavitational energy production from different sources and the development of more efficient heterogeneous catalysts that promote the application under milder, e.g. sub-critical conditions could be encouraged in future studies.
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