In this essay, we have attempted to catalogue the development of Japanese regional planning and to evaluate its effects. We
first discussed national economic growth and planning and indicated that the rapid national economic development which occurred in the 1950s and 1960s was probably not the result of national planning;
we contended that more traditional Keynesian tools were at least as effective. Then, we analyzed the regional components of national plans and strictly regional plans as well. In particular, we
reviewed the experience of the New Industrial Cities and Special Areas. There we concluded that these programs did little to alter the spatial pattern of development. Furthermore, we argued that
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the place prosperity programs may have been based upon wrong premises: that migration policies might have accomplished the goals of interpersonal inccme equity more easily. Of course, place programs have great political appeal (not only in Japan but in other countries), especially to legislators from the
lagging regions. Thus these programs have been pushed vigorously by various Japanese governments. We also found that interregional income redistribution was taking place through the tax and subsidy system of the various ministries, especially the Ministry of
Home Affairs; we discuss this element of Japanese political economy in much more detail in Glickman [1977a]. Finally, we compared
the Japanese experience to that of other countries and found that many of the same problems were perceived, similar goals set and tools employed to counter the twin problems of depopulation of lagging regions and overcrowding of prosperous ones. We argued there that planning had little to do with spatial change in France, Britain,and other countries. There has been a trend towards
disurbanization (see Berry [1976]) in many Western developed countries. The reasons for this phenomenon are not well under- stood but it is our contention that planning as currently practiced has not been responsible for it. More likely, factors like
slower economic growth,cultural and- other factors have caused these changes in living patterns in much of the developed world.
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