exchange for F items costs. As a consequence, R all hit rates fall right between these two conditions. Since these authors do not report on false alarms, I chose not to incorpo-rate this condition in the respective plots.
4.4 Concluding remarks and future research
The data presented in this dissertation are of course far from conclusive. Future research is needed to further investigate our conclusions and to address some of the weaknesses I mentioned above. The present work emphasizes the importance of material charcteris-tics for item-method directed forgetting that needs to be more closely examined. With regards to study III, however, it also becomes particularly obvious how important care-ful stimulus selection is. To date, all rating data that we have collected come from self-reports. These admittedly do come with certain weaknesses. It might therefore be useful to combine this subjective rating procedure (as well as the directed forgetting experi-ment itself) with (rather objective) online physiological measureexperi-ment. Just having a feeling or yearlong experience may also not be enough to judge how stimuli are per-ceived. In addition, since the interpretation of study IV regarding both the implications for the understanding of the processes underlying item-method directed forgetting and of the specific memory control deficits in PTSD are still rather speculative, the U condi-tion should also be tested a) using electroencephalography and b) in a traumatized sam-ple. What can be extracted from this dissertation with respect to issues and applications in clinical practice is that a focus might need to be put on the arousal management of patients in need. This of course requires forming a proper and coherent memory of one’s life and then coming to terms with this personal history. Physiological arousal, however, should also not be lost sight of. A beta-blocker passing the blood-brain-barrier, such as propranolol (see Taylor & Cahill, 2002), might dampen the ‘over-alert(ing)’ by personally relevant information.
Despite particular weaknesses and the need for further research, the present dataset pro-vides some important insights into factors that do or do not affect item-method directed forgetting and helps to clarify some inconsistencies of earlier research. Probably most importantly, it strongly suggests that item-method directed forgetting is not a solely
4.4 Concluding remarks and future research 129
person-based but rather a stimulus-based phenomenon that might be further modulated by factors in the person, such as chronic stress.
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