Akbar, U., Jones, T., Winestone, J., Michael, M., Shukla, A., Sun, Y., Duntsch, C., 2009.
Delivery of temozolomide to the tumor bed via biodegradable gel matrices in a novel model of intracranial glioma with resection. J. Neurooncol. 94, 203–212.
doi:10.1007/s11060-009-9857-9
Barth, R., Kaur, B., 2009. Rat brain tumor models in experimental neuro-oncology: the C6, 9L, T9, RG2, F98, BT4C, RT-2 and CNS-1 gliomas. J. Neurooncol. 94, 299–312.
doi:10.1007/s11060-009-9875-7.Rat
Batchelor, T.T., Mulholland, P., Neyns, B., Nabors, L.B., Campone, M., Wick, A., Mason, W., Mikkelsen, T., Phuphanich, S., Ashby, L.S., Degroot, J., Gattamaneni, R., Cher, L., Rosenthal, M., Payer, F., Jürgensmeier, J.M., Jain, R.K., Sorensen, A.G., Xu, J., Liu, Q., van den Bent, M., 2013. Phase III randomized trial comparing the efficacy of cediranib as monotherapy, and in combination with lomustine, versus lomustine alone in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 31, 3212–3218.
doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.47.2464
Biedermann, K.A., Sun, J.R., Giaccia, A.J., Tosto, L.M., Brown, J.M., 1991. Scid mutation in mice confers hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation and a deficiency in DNA double-strand break repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88, 1394–1397.
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.4.1394
Borrmann, N., Friedrich, S., Schwabe, K., Hedrich, H.J., Krauss, J.K., Knapp, W.H., Nakamura, M., Meyer, G.-J., Walte, A., 2013. Systemic treatment with 4-211 Atphenylalanine enhances survival of rats with intracranial glioblastoma.
Nuklearmedizin 52, 212–21. doi:10.3413/Nukmed-0580-13-05
Brada, M., Stenning, S., Gabe, R., Thompson, L.C., Levy, D., Rampling, R., Erridge, S., Saran, F., Gattamaneni, R., Hopkins, K., Beall, S., Collins, V.P., Lee, S.M., 2010.
Temozolomide versus procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine in recurrent high-grade glioma. J. Clin. Oncol. 28, 4601–4608. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.27.1932 Brandes, A.A., Tosoni, A., Franceschi, E., Sotti, G., Frezza, G., Amistà, P., Morandi, L.,
Spagnolli, F., Ermani, M., 2009. Recurrence pattern after temozolomide concomitant with and adjuvant to radiotherapy in newly diagnosed patients with glioblastoma:
Correlation with MGMT promoter methylation status. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 1275–1279.
doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.19.4969
Buckner, J.C., 2003. Factors influencing survival in high-grade gliomas. Semin. Oncol. 30,
60 10–14. doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2003.11.031
Butowski, N., Lamborn, K.R., Berger, M.S., Prados, M.D., Chang, S.M., 2007. Historical controls for phase II surgically based trials requiring gross total resection of
glioblastoma multiforme. J. Neurooncol. 85, 87–94. doi:10.1007/s11060-007-9388-1 Carolina, N., Carolina, S., 2011. Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States. Brain
17, 1–57. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nou223
Cleren, C., Calingasan, N.Y., Chen, J., Beal, M.F., 2005. Celastrol protects against
MPTP- and 3-nitropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity. J. Neurochem. 94, 995–1004.
doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03253.x
Combs, S.E., Thilmann, C., Edler, L., Debus, J., Schulz-Ertner, D., 2005. Efficacy of fractionated stereotactic reirradiation in recurrent gliomas: Long-term results in 172 patients treated in a single institution. J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 8863–8869.
doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.03.4157
Da Violante, G., Zerrouk, N., Richard, I., Provot, G., Chaumeil, J.C., Arnaud, P., 2002.
Evaluation of the cytotoxicity effect of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on Caco2/TC7 colon tumor cell cultures. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 25, 1600–1603.
Dang, W., Daviau, T., Brem, H., 1996. Morphological characterization of polyanhydride biodegradable implant gliadel during in vitro and in vivo erosion using scanning electron microscopy. Pharm. Res. 13, 683–91.
DeAngelis, L.M., 2001. Brain Tumors. N. Engl. J. Med. 344, 114–123.
doi:10.1056/NEJM200101113440207
Deb, S., Pendharkar, A.V., Schoen, M.K., Altekruse, S., Ratliff, J., Desai, A., 2017. The effect of socioeconomic status on gross total resection, radiation therapy and overall survival in patients with gliomas. J. Neurooncol. 132, 447–453. doi:10.1007/s11060-017-2391-2
Debinski, W., Tatter, S.B., 2009. Convection-enhanced delivery for the treatment of brain tumors. Expert Rev. Neurother. 9, 1519–1527. doi:10.1586/ern.09.99
Deimling, A., Ammon, K., Schoenfeld, D., Wiestler, O.D., Seizinger, B.R., Louis, D.N., 1993. Subsets of Glioblastoma Multiforme Defined by Molecular Genetic Analysis.
Brain Pathol. 3, 19–26. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1993.tb00721.x
Deissler, H., Blass-Kampmann, S., Kindler-Rohrborn, A., Meyer, H.E., Rajewsky, M.F., 1996. Characterization of rat NCA/CD9 cell surface antigen and its expression by normal and malignant neural cells. J Neurosci Res 43, 664–674.
61 doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19960315)43:6<664::AID-JNR3>3.0.CO;2-C
[pii]\r10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19960315)43:6<664::AID-JNR3>3.0.CO;2-C Domb, A.J., Rock, M., Perkin, C., Yipchuck, G., Broxup, B., Villemure, J.G., 1995.
Excretion of a radiolabelled anticancer biodegradable polymeric implant from the rabbit brain. Biomaterials 16, 1069–72.
Emerich, D.F., Winn, S.R., Hu, Y., Marsh, J., Snodgrass, P., LaFreniere, D., Wiens, T., Hasler, B.P., Bartus, R.T., 2000. Injectable chemotherapeutic microspheres and glioma I: Enhanced survival following implantation into the cavity wall of debulked tumors. Pharm. Res. 17, 767–775. doi:10.1023/A:1007576405039
Farhat, A., Malecki, E., Bonaterra, G.A., Röthlein, D., Wolf, M., Schmitt, J., Rosemeyer, H., Kinscherf, R., 2014. Cytostatic/cytotoxic effects of 5-fluorouridine nucleolipids on colon, hepatocellular, and renal carcinoma cells: In vitro Identification of a potential cytotoxic multi-anticancer drug. Chem. Biodivers. 11, 469–482.
doi:10.1002/cbdv.201300347
Fogh, S.E., Andrews, D.W., Glass, J., Curran, W., Glass, C., Champ, C., Evans, J.J., Hyslop, T., Pequignot, E., Downes, B., Comber, E., Maltenfort, M., Dicker, A.P., Werner-Wasik, M., 2010. Hypofractionated stereotactic radiation therapy: An effective therapy for recurrent high-grade gliomas. J. Clin. Oncol. 28, 3048–3053.
doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.25.6941
Gladson, C.L., Prayson, R.A., Liu, W.M., 2010. The Pathobiology of Glioma Tumors. Annu.
Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis. 5, 33–50. doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-121808-102109 Glage, S., Lewis, A.L., Mertens, P., Baltes, S., Geigle, P., Brinker, T., 2012. Evaluation of
biocompatibility and anti-glioma efficacy of doxorubicin and irinotecan drug-eluting bead suspensions in alginate. Clin. Transl. Oncol. 14, 50–59. doi:10.1007/s12094-012-0761-y
Grossman, S.A., Reinhard, C., Colvin, O.M., Chasin, M., Brundrett, R., Tamargo, R.J., Brem, H., 1992. The intracerebral distribution of BCNU delivered by surgically implanted biodegradable polymers. J. Neurosurg. 76, 640–647.
doi:10.3171/jns.1992.76.4.0640
Guo, P., Hu, B., Gu, W., Xu, L., Wang, D., Huang, H.-J.S., Cavenee, W.K., Cheng, S.-Y., 2003. Platelet-derived growth factor-B enhances glioma angiogenesis by stimulating vascular endothelial growth factor expression in tumor endothelia and by promoting pericyte recruitment. Am. J. Pathol. 162, 1083–93.
62 doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63905-3
Hambardzumyan, D., Parada, L.F., Holland, E.C., Charest, A., 2011. Genetic modeling of gliomas in mice: New tools to tackle old problems. Glia 59, 1155–1168.
doi:10.1002/glia.21142
Hart, Grant, R., Garside, R., Rogers, G., Somerville, M., Stein, K., 2011. Chemotherapy wafers for high grade glioma. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 16.
Heimberger, A.B., Suki, D., Yang, D., Shi, W., Aldape, K., 2005. The natural history of EGFR and EGFRvIII in glioblastoma patients. J. Transl. Med. 3, 38.
doi:10.1186/1479-5876-3-38
Hong, B., Wiese, B., Bremer, M., Heissler, H.E., Heidenreich, F., Krauss, J.K., Nakamura, M., 2013. Multiple microsurgical resections for repeated recurrence of glioblastoma multiforme. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 36, 261–268. doi:10.1097/COC.0b013e3182467bb1 Huszthy, P.C., Daphu, I., Niclou, S.P., Stieber, D., Nigro, J.M., Sakariassen, P.Ø., Miletic,
H., Thorsen, F., Bjerkvig, R., 2012. In vivo models of primary brain tumors: pitfalls and perspectives. Neuro. Oncol. 14, 979–993. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nos135 Jahangiri, A., Chin, A.T., Flanigan, P.M., Chen, R., Bankiewicz, K., Aghi, M.K., 2016.
Convection-enhanced delivery in glioblastoma: a review of preclinical and clinical studies. J. Neurosurg. 1–10. doi:10.3171/2016.1.JNS151591
Johnson, D.R., O’Neill, B.P., 2012. Glioblastoma survival in the United States before and during the temozolomide era. J. Neurooncol. 107, 359–364. doi:10.1007/s11060-011-0749-4
Keiner, D., Heimann, A., Kronfeld, A., Sommer, C., Mueller-Forell, W., Kempski, O., Oertel, J., 2013. Towards a glioma model for surgical technique evaluation in the rat. Br. J.
Neurosurg. 28, 1–7. doi:10.3109/02688697.2013.804489
Kleihues, P., Sobin, L.H., 2000. World Health Organization Classification of Tumors.
Cancer 88, 2887. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(20000615)88:12<2887::AID-CNCR32>3.0.CO;2-F
Kleinschmidt, K., Klinge, P.M., Stopa, E., Wallrapp, C., Glage, S., Geigle, P., Brinker, T., 2011. Alginate encapsulated human mesenchymal stem cells suppress syngeneic glioma growth in the immunocompetent rat. J Microencapsul 28, 621–627.
doi:10.3109/02652048.2011.599441
Knies, C., Hammerbacher, K., Bonaterra, G.A., Kinscherf, R., Rosemeyer, H., 2016.
Nucleolipids of Canonical Purine ß-d-Ribo-Nucleosides: Synthesis and
63 Cytostatic/Cytotoxic Activities Toward Human and Rat Glioblastoma Cells.
ChemistryOpen 5, 129–141. doi:10.1002/open.201500197
Lacroix, M., Abi-Said, D., Fourney, D.R., Gokaslan, Z.L., Shi, W., DeMonte, F., Lang, F.F., McCutcheon, I.E., Hassenbusch, S.J., Holland, E., Hess, K., Michael, C., Miller, D., Sawaya, R., 2001. A multivariate analysis of 416 patients with glioblastoma
multiforme: prognosis, extent of resection, and survival. J. Neurosurg. 95, 190–198.
doi:10.3171/jns.2001.95.2.0190
Laerum, O.D., Rajewsky, M.F., 1975. Neoplastic transformation of fetal rat brain cells in culture after exposure to ethylnitrosourea in vivo. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 55, 1177–87.
Laws, E.R., Parney, I.F., Huang, W., Anderson, F., Morris, A.M., Asher, A., Lillehei, K.O., Bernstein, M., Brem, H., Sloan, A., Berger, M.S., Chang, S., Tumor, B., 2003.
Survival following surgery and prognostic factors for recently diagnosed malignant glioma: data from the Glioma Outcomes Project. J. Neurosurg. 99, 467–473.
doi:10.3171/jns.2003.99.3.0467
Lee, J., Kotliarova, S., Kotliarov, Y., Li, A., Su, Q., Donin, N.M., Pastorino, S., Purow, B.W., Christopher, N., Zhang, W., Park, J.K., Fine, H.A., 2006. Tumor stem cells derived from glioblastomas cultured in bFGF and EGF more closely mirror the phenotype and genotype of primary tumors than do serum-cultured cell lines. Cancer Cell 9, 391–
403. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2006.03.030
Lewis, O., Woolley, M., Johnson, D., Rosser, A., Barua, N.U., Bienemann, A.S., Gill, S.S., Evans, S., 2016. Chronic, intermittent convection-enhanced delivery devices. J.
Neurosci. Methods 259, 47–56. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.11.008
Louis, D.N., Ohgaki, H., Wiestler, O.D., Cavenee, W.K., Burger, P.C., Jouvet, A., Scheithauer, B.W., Kleihues, P., 2007. The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol. doi:10.1007/s00401-007-0243-4 Louis, D.N., Perry, A., Reifenberger, G., von Deimling, A., Figarella-Branger, D., Cavenee,
W.K., Ohgaki, H., Wiestler, O.D., Kleihues, P., Ellison, D.W., 2016. The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary. Acta Neuropathol. 131, 803–820. doi:10.1007/s00401-016-1545-1
McGirt, M.J., Than, K.D., Weingart, J.D., Chaichana, K.L., Attenello, F.J., Olivi, A., Laterra, J., Kleinberg, L.R., Grossman, S.A., Brem, H., Quiñones-Hinojosa, A., 2009. Gliadel (BCNU) wafer plus concomitant temozolomide therapy after primary resection of glioblastoma multiforme. J. Neurosurg. 110, 583–588. doi:10.3171/2008.5.17557
64 Menei, P., Boisdron-Celle, M., Croué, A., Guy, G., Benoit, J.P., 1996. Effect of stereotactic
implantation of biodegradable 5-fluorouracil-loaded microspheres in healthy and C6 glioma-bearing rats. Neurosurgery 39, 117-23–4.
Menei, P., Jadaud, E., Faisant, N., Boisdron-Celle, M., Michalak, S., Fournier, D., Delhaye, M., Benoit, J.-P., 2004. Stereotaxic implantation of 5-fluorouracil-releasing
microspheres in malignant glioma. Cancer 100, 405–10. doi:10.1002/cncr.11922 Morford, L.A., Boghaert, E.R., Brooks, W.H., Roszman, T.L., 1997. Insulin-like growth
factors (IGF) enhance three-dimensional (3D) growth of human glioblastomas.
Cancer Lett. 115, 81–90. doi:10.1016/S0304-3835(97)04717-4
Nabors, L.B., Portnow, J., Ammirati, M., Brem, H., Brown, P., Butowski, N., Chamberlain, M.C., Deangelis, L.M., Fenstermaker, R.A., Friedman, A., Gilbert, M.R., Hattangadi-gluth, J., Hesser, D., 2014. Central Nervous System Cancers, Featured Updates to the NCCN Guidelines. J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw. 12, 1517–1523.
doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.10.025.The
Neil, G.L., Wiley, P.F., Manak, R.C., Moxley, T.E., 1970. Antitumor effect of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5’-adamantoate (NSC 117614) in L1210 leukemic mice.
Cancer Res. 30, 1047–54.
Oertel, J., von Buttlar, E., Schroeder, H.W.S., Gaab, M.R., 2005. Prognosis of gliomas in the 1970s and today. Neurosurg. Focus 18, e12.
Omuro, A., Chan, T.A., Abrey, L.E., Khasraw, M., Reiner, A.S., Kaley, T.J., DeAngelis, L.M., Lassman, A.B., Nolan, C.P., Gavrilovic, I.T., Hormigo, A., Salvant, C., Heguy, A., Kaufman, A., Huse, J.T., Panageas, K.S., Hottinger, A.F., Mellinghoff, I., 2013.
Phase II trial of continuous low-dose temozolomide for patients with recurrent malignant glioma. Neuro. Oncol. 15, 242–250. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nos295
Ostrom, Q.T., Bauchet, L., Davis, F.G., Deltour, I., Fisher, J.L., Langer, C.E., Pekmezci, M., Schwartzbaum, J.A., Turner, M.C., Walsh, K.M., Wrensch, M.R., Barnholtz-Sloan, J.S., 2014. The epidemiology of glioma in adults: a “state of the science” review.
Neuro Oncol 16, 896–913. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nou087
Paxinos, G., Watson, C., 1998. The Rat Brain: In Stereotaxic Coordinates. Academic Press, New York.
Perrini, P., Gambacciani, C., Weiss, A., Pasqualetti, F., Delishaj, D., Paiar, F., Morganti, R., Vannozzi, R., Lutzemberger, L., 2016. Survival outcomes following repeat surgery for recurrent glioblastoma: a single-center retrospective analysis. J. Neurooncol. 131,
65 1–7. doi:10.1007/s11060-016-2330-7
Pessina, F., Navarria, P., Cozzi, L., Tomatis, S., Riva, M., Ascolese, A.M., Santoro, A., Simonelli, M., Bello, L., Scorsetti, M., 2017. Role of surgical resection in recurrent glioblastoma: prognostic factors and outcome evaluation in an observational study. J Neurooncol 131, 377–384. doi:10.1007/s11060-016-2310-y
Rosemeyer, H., 2005. Nucleolipids: natural occurrence, synthesis, molecular recognition, and supramolecular assemblies as potential precursors of life and bioorganic
materials. Chem. Biodivers. 2, 977–1063. doi:10.1002/cbdv.200590082 Sanai, N., Berger, M.S., 2008. Glioma extent of resection and its impact on patient
outcome. Neurosurgery. doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000318159.21731.cf
Shibamoto, Y., Yamashita, J., Takahashi, M., Yamasaki, T., Kikuchi, H., Abe, M., 1990.
Supratentorial malignant glioma: an analysis of radiation therapy in 178 cases.
Radiother. Oncol. 18, 9–17. doi:10.1016/0167-8140(90)90018-R
Sibenaller, Z.A., Etame, A.B., Ali, M.M., Barua, M., Braun, T.A., Casavant, T.L., Ryken, T.C., 2005. Genetic characterization of commonly used glioma cell lines in the rat animal model system. Neurosurg. Focus 19, E1. doi:10.3171/foc.2005.19.4.2 Stewart, L.A., 2002. Chemotherapy in adult high-grade glioma: A systematic review and
meta-analysis of individual patient data from 12 randomised trials. Lancet 359, 1011–
1018. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08091-1
Stojiljkovic, M., Piperski, V., Dacevic, M., Rakic, L., Ruzdijic, S., Kanazir, S., 2003.
Characterization of 9L glioma model of the Wistar rat. J. Neurooncol. 63, 1–7.
doi:10.1023/A:1023732619651
Stupp, R., Brada, M., van den Bent, M.J., Tonn, J.C., Pentheroudakis, G., 2014. High-grade glioma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann. Oncol. 25, 93–101. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdu050
Stupp, R., Hegi, M.E., Mason, W.P., van den Bent, M.J., Taphoorn, M.J., Janzer, R.C., Ludwin, S.K., Allgeier, A., Fisher, B., Belanger, K., Hau, P., Brandes, A.A.,
Gijtenbeek, J., Marosi, C., Vecht, C.J., Mokhtari, K., Wesseling, P., Villa, S., Eisenhauer, E., Gorlia, T., Weller, M., Lacombe, D., Cairncross, J.G., Mirimanoff, R.O., 2009. Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study:
5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial. Lancet Oncol. 10, 459–466.
doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70025-7
66 Stupp, R., Mason, W.P., van den Bent, M.J., Weller, M., Fisher, B., Taphoorn, M.J.B.,
Belanger, K., Brandes, A.A., Marosi, C., Bogdahn, U., Curschmann, J., Janzer, R.C., Ludwin, S.K., Gorlia, T., Allgeier, A., Lacombe, D., Cairncross, J.G., Eisenhauer, E., Mirimanoff, R.O., European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Brain Tumor and Radiotherapy Groups, National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group, 2005. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 987–96. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa043330
Sweeney, K.J., Jarzabek, M.A., Dicker, P., O’Brien, D.F., Callanan, J.J., Byrne, A.T., Prehn, J.H.M., 2014. Validation of an imageable surgical resection animal model of Glioblastoma (GBM). J. Neurosci. Methods 233, 99–104.
doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.05.006
Watanabe, K., Tachibana, O., Sato, K., Yonekawa, Y., Kleihues, P., Ohgaki, H., 1996.
Overexpression of the EGF Receptor and p53 Mutations are Mutually Exclusive in the Evolution of Primary and Secondary Glioblastomas. Brain Pathol. 6, 217–223.
doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1996.tb00848.x
Weller, M., Cloughesy, T., Perry, J.R., Wick, W., 2012. Standards of care for treatment of recurrent. Neuro Oncol. 15, 4–27.
Wick, W., Menn, O., Meisner, C., Steinbach, J., Hermisson, M., Tatagiba, M., Weller, M., 2005. Pharmacotherapy of epileptic seizures in glioma patients: who, when, why and how long? Onkologie 28, 391–6. doi:10.1159/000086375
Wick, W., Puduvalli, V.K., Chamberlain, M.C., Van Den Bent, M.J., Carpentier, A.F., Cher, L.M., Mason, W., Weller, M., Hong, S., Musib, L., Liepa, A.M., Thornton, D.E., Fine, H.A., 2010. Phase III study of enzastaurin compared with lomustine in the treatment of recurrent intracranial glioblastoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 28, 1168–1174.
doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.23.2595
Woodworth, G., McGirt, M.J., Samdani, A., Garonzik, I., Olivi, A., Weingart, J.D., 2005.
Accuracy of frameless and frame-based image-guided stereotactic brain biopsy in the diagnosis of glioma: comparison of biopsy and open resection specimen. Neurol.
Res. 27, 358–362. doi:10.1179/016164105X40057
Wu, M.P., Tamada, J.A., Brem, H., Langer, R., 1994. In vivo versusin vitro degradation of controlled release polymers for intracranial surgical therapy. J. Biomed. Mater. Res.
28, 387–395. doi:10.1002/jbm.820280314
67