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450 Corresponding Author

451 * Phone: +86 10 62756511, Fax: +86 10 62756560; Email: zhouf@pku.edu.cn.

452 Notes

453 The authors declare no competing financial interest.

454

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

455 This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China

456 (71961137011; 41907087), the National Key Research and Development Program of

457 China (2018YFC0213304), Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal

458 Research Fund (BSRF201905) and the Youth Fund of Ministry of Education

459 Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University. This publication also

460 contributes to UNCNET, a project funded under the JPI Urban Europe / China

461 collaboration with project numbers UMO-2018/29 / Z / ST10 / 0298 (NCN, Poland)

462 and 870234 (FFG, Austria). The contribution by S.R. was supported by the UK Natural

463 Environment Research Council (NERC) National Capability award NE/R000131/1,

464 SUNRISE Sustainable Use of Natural Resources, Improve human health and Support

465 Economic development working in partnership with researchers and agencies

466 internationally (https://www.ceh.ac.uk/our-science/projects/sunrise).

467

468

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