Furthermore, in the absence of boys (and men) taking on a greater share of domestic responsibilities, girls will continue to sacrifice their schooling and rest-and-recreation time to do household chores. This said, including boys (and men) with the sole purpose of achieving outcomes for women is tantamount to instrumentalism (Chant, 2000; Levy et al, 2000), a practice that has been vehemently criticised by feminists in the context of
‘smart economics’ and ‘efficiency’ approaches which use women and girls to achieve development outcomes, and whose transformational effects are limited given their failure to recognise boys and men as gendered subjects in their own right and to engage with the politics of power that underpin gendered inequalities (Chant, 2016a; Cornwall et al, 2011). Future programmes should thus reflect on whether and/or how best to include boys (and men), as brothers, boyfriends, husbands, fathers, schoolmates and companions, in supportive, gender-sensitive strategies to ‘empower’ urban poor adolescent girls.
36
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