9.1 Detailed Statistics
Detailed Statistics of data represented in Figure 8
Category Test p-value Comparisons dF
Hypertrophy ANOVA+Tukey post-test p<0.05 d2 vs. d4 dF=32
Hypertrophy ANOVA+Tukey post-test p<0.01 Control vs. d4; d4 vs. d6 dF=32 Hypertrophy ANOVA+Tukey post-test p<0.0001 Control vs. d2; d2 vs. d6; d2 vs. d8; d2 vs.
d11; d2 vs. d21; d2 vs. d28
dF=32
Polarization ANOVA+Tukey post-test p<0.05 d2 vs. d11; d4 vs. d28; d6 vs. d21; d8 vs.
d28
dF=32
Polarization ANOVA+Tukey post-test p<0.01 Control vs. d4; Control vs. d6; Control vs. d8;
d2 vs. d21; d6 vs. d28
dF=32
Polarization ANOVA+Tukey post-test p<0.0001 Control vs. d2; d2 vs. d28 dF=32
Proliferation ANOVA+Tukey post-test p<0.01 d2 vs. d4 dF=32
Proliferation ANOVA+Tukey post-test p<0.0001 Control vs. d4; d4 vs. d8; d4 vs. d11; d4 vs.
d21; d4 vs. d28
dF=32
Migration ANOVA+Tukey post-test p<0.05 Control vs. d2; Control vs. d4; Control vs. d11 dF=32
Migration ANOVA+Tukey post-test p<0.01 Control vs. d6 dF=32
Detailed Statistics of data represented in Figure 11
Category Test p-value Comparisons dF
Velocity ANOVA+Tukey post-test p<0.05 Control vs. d2; Control vs. d4; d2 vs. d28;
d4 vs. d14
dF=35
Velocity ANOVA+Tukey post-test p<0.01 d2 vs. d21; d4 vs. d21; d2 vs. d28 dF=35 Max.
Migration distance
ANOVA+Tukey post-test p<0.05 Control vs. d2; Control vs. d4; d2 vs. d14;
d4 vs. d14; d8 vs. d28
dF=35
Max.
Migration distance
ANOVA+Tukey post-test p<0.01 d6 vs. d21; d6 vs. d28; d8 vs. d21 dF=35
Max.
Migration distance
ANOVA+Tukey post-test p<0.0001 d2 vs. d21; d2 vs. d28; d4 vs. d21; d4 vs.
d28
dF=35
9.2 List of Figures
Figure 1 Different cell types in the brain. 2
Figure 2 Competing waves of oligodendrocyte progenitors during development. 10
Figure 3 Oligodendrocyte lineage. 11
Figure 4 Fate of NG2-glia in health and disease. 14
Figure 5 Time course and cellular reaction after CNS injury. 21 Figure 6 Fast and Heterogeneous reaction of NG2-glia after injury. 32 Figure 7 Alterations in induction rates do not change the overall reactivity of NG2-glia. 34
Figure 8 Temporal reaction of NG2-glia after injury. 35
Figure 9 Examples of hypertroph NG2-glia and their further behavior. 37 Figure 10 Examples of polarizing NG2-glia at 2dpi and their reaction at 4dpi. 38 Figure 11 Examples of migrating NG2-glia and their further reaction. 40 Figure 12 Examples of proliferating NG2-glia and their further reaction. 42
Figure 13 NG2-glia with direct contact to blood vessels. 44
Figure 14 The degree of NG2-glia reaction depends on the size and proximity to the injury. 47
Figure 15 NG2-glia fill the injury core. 48
Figure 16 Number of NG2+ cells in the injury core over time. 50 Figure 17 Cells disappearing from the injury core over time. 52
Figure 18 Cell survival after late cell division. 53
Figure 19 Potential differentiation of NG2-glia following PWI. 54
Figure 20 The effect of cdc42 on NG2-glia reaction. 56
Figure 21 NG2 and its effect on NG2-glia reaction following injury. 58 Figure 22 Schematic model of the reaction of NG2-glia at different timepoints after injury. 61 Figure 23 Cells classified as hypertrophic show a significant difference in volume fold change. 63 Figure 24 Automated registration of 3D image stacks at 0, 2 and 4dpi indicates migration of
NG2-glia toward lesion site. 67
Figure 25 Depletion of NG2-glia after injury leads to impaired wound closure. 76
9.3 Abbreviations
2PLSM Two-photon laser scanning microscopy AChR Acetylcholine receptor
AD Alzheimers disease
AEP Anterior entopeduncular area ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
AMPA α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid aPKC Atypical Protein kinase C
APC Adenomatous polyposis coli Ascl1 Achaete-scute homolog 1 ASPA Aspartoacylase
ATP Adenosine triphosphate BBB Blood brain barrier
bFGF Basic fibroblast growth factor
CC Corpus callosum
CC-1 See APC
CCL2 Ccl2 chemokine
cdc42 Cell division control protein 42 homolog CGE Caudal ganglionic eminence
CNS Central nervous tissue
CreERT2 Cre recombinase fused to a truncated estrogen receptor CSPG Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan
d Day
DAPI 4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindol DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
dNTPs Deoxynucleoside triphosphates dpi Days post injury
dpp Days post proliferation
E Embryonic day
EAE Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ECM Extracellular matrix
e.g. Exempli gratia
EPSC Excitatory postsynaptic potential
Esco2 Acetyl-transferase establishment of cohesion 1 homologue 2 EYFP Enhanced yellow fluorescent protein
FGF Fibroblast growth factor GABA γ-Aminobutyric acid GDP Guanosine diphosphate GFAP Glial fibrillary acidic protein GFP Green fluorescent protein
GM Grey matter
GPR17 G-protein coupled receptor 17 GSTπ Glutathione-S-transferase π GTP Guanosine-5'-triphosphate
h Hour
IFNγ Interferon-γ
IL Interleukin
IGF Insulin-like growth factor
IPSC Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
JAMA Junctional adhesion molecule A JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinases kDa Kilo Dalton
kg Kilogram
KO Knockout
LGE Lateral ganglionic eminence LIF Leukemia inhibitory factor
LT Long term
MAG Myelin-associated glycoprotein MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinase MBP Myelin basic protein
min Minutes
mm Millimeter
MOG Myelin oligodendrocyte MS Multiple sclerosis
mTOR Mechanistic target of rapamycin
µm Micrometer
µl Microliter
NA Numerical aperture NG2 Neuron-glia antigen 2
nm Nanometer
NMDA N-Methyl-D-aspartate NO Nitric oxide
OPC Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell
Par6 Partitioning defective 6 homolog alpha
P Postnatal day
PBS Phosphate buffered saline PCR Polymerase chain reaction
PDGFRα Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α PFA Paraformaldehyde
PKC Protein kinase C PLP Proteolipid protein PWI Punctate wound injury
RhoA Ras homolog gene family member A
ROCK Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1
RT Room temperature
SCI Spinal cord injury
SDS Sodium dodecyl sulphate
ST Short term
STAT3 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 Syx1 Syntaxin 1
SWI Stab wound injury TBI Traumatic brain injury
TGF-α Transforming growth factor alpha TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor-α
VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor WASp Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein
WM White matter
WT Wild type