Table A: Dose-response of three sensitive Alopecurus myosuroides populations and three Alopecurus myosuroides populations from Kehdingen to selected pre-emergence herbicides, described by the effective dose rates ED50 and ED90 with standard errors in parentheses, resistance factors (RFs), parameters b and d of the log-logistic three-parameter model as described by Ritz et al. (2015) and 90% confidence intervals (CI).
Population Herbicide Field Rate (g ha-1) ED50 RF b D ED90 95% CI
Sensitive Stomp® pendimethalin (1000-2002)† 530.40 (60.50) 1 2.38 0.49 1337.72 (412.41) 411.69 - 649.11
Kehdingen 1350.19 (257.75) 3 0.92 0.62 14604.80 (8013.25) 844.45 - 1855.92
§ Pyroxasulfone is not registered in Europe, therefore field rates registered in Australia and North America are displayed.
Table B: Dose-response of three sensitive Alopecurus myosuroides populations and three Alopecurus myosuroides populations from Kehdingen with reduced flufenacet sensitivity to selected flufenacet based herbicides. The populations are described by the effective dose rates ED50 and ED90 with standard errors in parentheses, resistance factors (RFs) and parameters b and d of the log-logistic three-parameter model as described by Ritz et al.
(2015) and 90% confidence intervals (CI).
Population Herbicide Field Rate (g ha-1) ED50 RF b d ED90 95% CI
Sensitive Cadou® SC flufenacet (240-254)†
4.05 (0.36) 1 2.35 0.65 10.29 (2.28) 3.34 - 4.75
Kehdingen 13.34 (1.30) 3 1.67 0.63 49.68 (9.23) 10.78 - 15.90
Sensitive Cadou® Forte Set flufenacet (242) diflufenican (90) flurtamone (90)
2.46 (0.27) 1 2.06 0.52 7.15 (1.16) 1.93 - 3.00
Kehdingen 7.58 (0.66) 3 3.38 0.61 14.52 (1.42) 6.29 - 8.87
Sensitive Liberator Pro flufenacet (240) diflufenican (120)
Kehdingen 11.88 (0.88) 3 2.54 0.63 28.22 (5.76) 10.16 - 13.60
Sensitive 22110H flufenacet (90)
diflufenican (30) aclonifen (450)
2.58 (0.27) 1 3.67 0.54 4.69 (0.48) 2.06 - 3.10
Kehdingen 4.85 (1.55) 2 4.92 0.67 7.58 (6.35) 1.81 -7.89
†Field rate registered in cereals in the countries of seed origin (Germany, France, United Kingdom)
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Table C: Flufenacet degradation in seedling tissue of three sensitive Alopecurus myosuroides populations and three Alopecurus myosuroides populations with reduced flufenacet sensitivity originating from Kehdingen. Degradatin rates are described by th degradation half-time s (DT50) with standard errors in parentheses, 90% confidence intervals (CI) and parameters b and d of the log-logistic three-parameter model as described by Ritz et al. (2015).
Population DT50 95% CI B d
Herbiseed-S 121.38 (13.96) 93.46 – 149.30 2.56 87.06
Kehdingen1 43.24 (13.15) 16.94 – 69.54 0.51 99.04
Figure A: Alignment of two Lolium spp. tau class GST isoforms (GST1A and GST1B). Each
two alleles of the sensitive populations LOLMU-S, LOLRI-S, FRA1-S and the flufenacet resistant populations USA1-R, VLR69-R, and FRA1-R were aligned per isoform. Black arrows indicate amino acid substitutions detected the populations tested in this study.
Different colors indicate aliphatic (■), aromatic (■), acidic (■), basic (■), hydroxylic (■), sulfur-containing (■) and amidic (Q, N) amino acids.
97 Figure B: Alignment of two phi class GST isoforms (GST3 and GST4) significantly upregulated in flufenacet resistant Lolium populations. Each two alleles of the sensitive populations LOLMU-S, LOLRI-S, FRA1-S and the flufenacet resistant populations USA1-R, VLR69-USA1-R, and FRA1-R were aligned per isoform. Isoform GST3 was additionally aligned with AmGSTF1 and LrGSTF1 described by Cummins et al. (2013) ‡. Black arrows indicate amino acid substitutions detected the populations tested in this study. Orange arrows indicate additional amino acid substitutions detected in the orthologues described by Cummins et al. (2013). Different colors indicate aliphatic (■), aromatic (■), acidic (■), basic (■), hydroxylic (■), sulfur-containing (■) and amidic (Q, N) amino acids.
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11. Acknowledgements
I would like to express my very great appreciation to Prof Dr Andreas von Tiedemann and Dr Roland Beffa for fruitful discussions, supervision and support and for making this project possible. I would also like to thank Prof Dr Petr Karlovsky for examining my thesis. I also wish to acknowledge Dr Marco Busch, Dr Jürgen Keppler, Dr Bodo Peters and Dr Harry Strek for administrative and scientific support. I am particularly grateful for the friendly working atmosphere and active support from the WRCC team including Thomas Schubel, Julia Unger, Veronika Brabetz, Falco Peter and my former colleagues Prof Dr Satoshi Iwakami, Prof Dr Todd Gaines Dr Johannes Herrmann, Dr Susana Gonzalez, Dr Lothar Lorentz, Evlampia Parcharidou, Ragnhild Paul and Andrea Figge. I would like to thank Dr Thomas Wolf, Dr Erica Manesso, Dr Jade Cottam-Jones, Francesco Pulitano, Michael Krause, Frank Maiwald, Michael Kohnen and Hans-Jürgen Albrecht for supporting me with computational, bioinformatic and statistical issues. I would like to express my very great appreciation to Dr Peter Lümmen, Dr Sascha Gille, Susanne Dill and Franka Hübner for support and advice for protein analyses and Illumina® sequencing. I am particularly grateful for the support given by Dr Peter Zöllner and Susanne Ries with metabolite analyses.
Additionally, I would like to thank Dr Alberto Collavo for greenhouse space and seed material and Dr Wolfgang Schulte for sharing laboratory equipment. I would like to express further appreciation to Hans-Peter Naunheim, Dr Manfred Rambow, Dirk Kerlen, Christian Milz, Heiko Barho and Kai Färber for supporting my presentations at Bayer events. I also wish to acknowledge good discussions with Monte Anderson who also provided seed material and Dr Hubert Menne who initially introduced me as a potential master student. I am grateful for discussions with Dr Jean Wagner and the chance to give lectures in his course. Furthermore, I am very grateful for countless advice from Dr Hansjörg Krähmer and the chance to contribute to our common book chapter. I would like to offer my special thanks to Monalisa Bekö, Claudia Pauli, Martina Bode, Ralf Wittayer and Bertram Prinz for administrative support and I would like to thank Stefan Engels and Senad Sahovic for providing seed material and pots. I would like to thank Heinz Lang for the construction of propagation cages and Mohammed Boulahfa for his support with electrical devices. I would like to thank Elisabeth Schmitt for permanent supply with fresh pots and Maria for good working conditions in the lab and the office as well as Roland Schertel for providing spraying protection. I especially would like to thank all farmers who allowed us to sample seeds in their fields and provided field history information and I also thank Dr Martin Hess and Dirk Brüggemann for organizing the sampling. I would like to thank my friends for moral support, particularly Svenja Bänsch who also provided accommodation during my courses in Göttingen. Last but not least, I would like to thank my boyfriend Genesis Garcia and my parents Hinrich and Irene Dücker for their love and moral support.
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