Table A3:Summary Statistics
ISO3 GATT/WTO Nr. of Obs. Share of Imputed Nr. of Products 1st av. Year A) Least Developed Countries
AFG 2016 28,406,345 81% 4,855 2004
AGO 1994 28,889,121 58% 4,945 2002
BDI 1965 28,971,405 57% 4,967 2002
BEN 1963 28,925,427 47% 4,953 2001
BFA 1963 29,163,733 44% 5,018 1993
BGD 1972 29,163,733 37% 5,018 1989
BTN — 28,889,121 81% 4,945 1996
CAF 1963 29,163,733 43% 5,018 1995
COD 1997 28,593,101 75% 4,887 2003
COM — 28,593,101 74% 4,887 2008
DJI 1994 29,163,733 72% 5,018 1998
ERI — 28,805,211 94% 4,930 2002
ETH — 29,160,001 69% 5,017 1995
GIN 1994 29,163,733 75% 5,018 1998
GMB 1965 29,163,733 74% 5,018 2003
GNB 1994 28,925,427 54% 4,953 2001
GNQ — 29,163,733 84% 5,018 1998
HTI 1950 28,889,121 62% 4,945 2001
KHM 2004 28,889,121 62% 4,945 2001
LAO 2013 29,152,100 65% 5,016 2000
LBR 2016 27,048,050 86% 4,603 2010
LSO 1988 28,925,427 53% 4,953 2001
MDG 1963 29,163,733 33% 5,018 1995
MLI 1993 29,163,733 31% 5,018 1995
MMR 1948 28,889,121 43% 4,945 1996
MOZ 1992 29,163,733 48% 5,018 1994
MRT 1963 28,889,121 70% 4,945 2001
MWI 1964 29,163,733 48% 5,018 1994
NER 1963 28,925,427 47% 4,953 2001
NPL 2004 29,163,733 40% 5,018 1993
RWA 1966 29,163,733 51% 5,018 1993
SDN — 29,163,733 72% 5,018 1996
Continued on next page
Continued on next page ISO3 GATT/WTO Nr. of Obs. Share of Imputed Nr. of Products 1st av. Year
SEN 1963 28,925,427 47% 4,953 2001
SLB 1994 29,163,733 69% 5,018 1995
SLE 1961 28,553,263 84% 4,880 2004
STP — 27,237,225 87% 4,636 2013
TCD 1963 29,163,733 48% 5,018 1995
TGO 1964 29,163,733 33% 5,018 1996
TLS — 27,301,065 80% 4,647 2011
TUV — 27,322,064 93% 4,653 2010
TZA 1961 29,163,733 48% 5,018 1993
UGA 1962 29,160,001 45% 5,017 1994
VUT 2012 28,915,017 62% 4,951 2002
WSM 2012 27,301,065 77% 4,647 2011
YEM 2014 28,925,427 72% 4,953 2000
ZMB 1982 29,163,733 46% 5,018 1993
B) LoM Africa
BWA 1987 28,925,427 50% 4,953 2001
CIV 1963 29,163,733 44% 5,018 1993
CMR 1963 29,163,733 49% 5,018 1994
COG 1963 29,159,911 47% 5,017 1994
CPV 2008 28,889,121 64% 4,945 2004
DZA — 29,163,733 54% 5,018 1993
EGY 1970 29,163,733 40% 5,018 1995
GAB 1963 29,163,733 46% 5,018 1995
GHA 1957 29,163,733 53% 5,018 1993
KEN 1964 29,163,733 45% 5,018 1994
LBY — 29,160,031 90% 5,017 1996
MAR 1987 29,163,733 34% 5,018 1993
MUS 1970 29,163,733 32% 5,018 1995
MYT — 27,301,065 77% 4,647 2007
NAM 1992 28,925,427 50% 4,953 2001
NGA 1960 29,163,733 26% 5,018 1988
SWZ 1993 28,925,427 50% 4,953 2001
SYC 2015 29,163,733 74% 5,018 2000
TUN 1990 29,163,733 39% 5,018 1990
Continued on next page
Continued on next page ISO3 GATT/WTO Nr. of Obs. Share of Imputed Nr. of Products 1st av. Year
ZAF 1948 29,163,733 20% 5,018 1988
ZWE 1948 29,163,733 56% 5,018 1996
C) LoM Americas
ABW — 27,242,963 80% 4,637 2011
AIA — 27,139,194 81% 4,619 2012
ARG 1967 29,163,733 21% 5,018 1992
ATG 1987 28,994,676 40% 4,972 1996
BHS — 28,889,121 70% 4,945 1999
BLZ 1983 28,978,986 49% 4,972 1996
BMU — 28,915,287 59% 4,951 2001
BOL 1990 29,163,733 21% 5,018 1993
BRA 1948 29,163,733 9% 5,018 1989
BRB 1967 29,037,823 60% 4,983 1996
CHL 1949 29,163,733 26% 5,018 1992
COL 1981 29,163,733 21% 5,018 1991
CRI 1990 29,163,733 33% 5,018 1995
CUB 1948 29,163,733 29% 5,018 1993
CYM — 27,785,543 93% 4,748 2016
DMA 1993 28,994,676 46% 4,972 1996
DOM 1950 29,156,209 35% 5,016 1996
ECU 1996 29,163,733 23% 5,018 1993
GRD 1994 29,030,389 55% 4,981 1996
GTM 1991 29,163,733 37% 5,018 1995
GUY 1966 28,994,676 50% 4,972 1996
HND 1994 29,163,733 35% 5,018 1995
JAM 1963 29,060,185 51% 4,989 1996
KNA 1994 29,033,226 47% 4,982 1996
LCA 1993 29,035,051 53% 4,982 1996
MEX 1986 29,163,733 32% 5,018 1991
MSR — 27,895,894 81% 4,766 1996
NIC 1950 29,163,733 28% 5,018 1995
PAN 1997 29,163,733 41% 5,018 1997
PER 1951 29,152,387 35% 5,015 1993
PRY 1994 29,163,733 21% 5,018 1991
Continued on next page
Continued on next page ISO3 GATT/WTO Nr. of Obs. Share of Imputed Nr. of Products 1st av. Year
SLV 1991 29,163,733 31% 5,018 1995
SPM — 26,923,107 90% 4,581 2015
SUR 1978 28,960,012 75% 4,968 1996
TTO 1962 29,163,733 49% 5,018 1991
URY 1953 29,163,733 28% 5,018 1992
VCT 1993 29,033,256 55% 4,982 1996
VEN 1990 29,163,733 28% 5,018 1992
D) LoM Asia
ARE 1994 28,650,467 60% 4,899 2003
ARM 2003 28,925,427 50% 4,953 1996
AZE — 28,889,121 69% 4,945 2002
BHR 1993 29,163,733 42% 5,018 1999
BRN 1993 29,160,031 30% 5,017 1992
CHN 2001 29,163,733 23% 5,018 1992
COK — 27,301,065 80% 4,647 2010
FJI 1993 28,597,965 60% 4,890 2003
GEO 2000 28,889,121 44% 4,945 1994
IDN 1950 29,163,733 19% 5,018 1989
IND 1948 29,163,733 38% 5,018 1990
IRN — 28,883,744 81% 4,944 2000
JOR 2000 28,925,427 47% 4,953 2000
KAZ 2015 29,163,733 67% 5,018 1996
KGZ 1998 29,160,031 48% 5,017 1995
KWT 1963 29,100,326 51% 5,002 2002
LBN — 28,919,697 63% 4,952 1999
LKA 1948 29,163,733 37% 5,018 1990
MDV 1983 28,925,427 47% 4,953 2000
MNG 1997 29,020,082 36% 4,979 1996
MYS 1957 29,163,733 28% 5,018 1988
NRU — 26,666,296 93% 4,537 2016
OMN 2000 29,163,733 47% 5,018 1992
PAK 1948 29,163,733 32% 5,018 1995
PHL 1979 29,163,733 8% 5,018 1988
PLW — 28,593,101 74% 4,887 2005
Continued on next page
Continued on next page ISO3 GATT/WTO Nr. of Obs. Share of Imputed Nr. of Products 1st av. Year
PNG 1994 28,889,121 49% 4,945 1997
PSE — 27,094,399 84% 4,613 2013
PYF — 28,593,101 72% 4,887 2008
QAT 1994 29,163,733 51% 5,018 2002
SAU 2005 29,160,031 42% 5,017 1994
SYR — 28,860,358 88% 4,940 2002
THA 1982 29,163,733 38% 5,018 1989
TJK 2013 28,883,744 70% 4,944 2002
TKM — 28,883,744 93% 4,944 1998
TON 2007 27,301,065 68% 4,647 2007
TUR 1951 29,163,733 38% 5,018 1993
UZB — 28,889,121 75% 4,945 2001
VNM 2007 29,163,733 44% 5,018 1994
WLF — 26,882,524 90% 4,574 2015
E) LoM Europe
ALB 2000 28,925,427 39% 4,953 1997
BIH — 28,925,427 60% 4,953 2001
BLR — 29,163,733 55% 5,018 1996
MDA 2001 29,163,733 43% 5,018 1996
MKD 2003 28,925,427 52% 4,953 2001
MNE 2012 27,391,431 64% 4,665 2007
RUS 2012 29,163,733 49% 5,018 1993
SRB — 28,925,427 63% 4,953 2001
UKR 2008 29,163,733 54% 5,018 1995
F) High Income Countries
AUT 1951 28,712,191 35% 4,940 1990
BEL 1948 29,163,733 21% 5,018 1988
BGR 1996 28,981,537 49% 4,970 1997
CYP 1963 29,017,251 42% 4,979 1996
CZE 1993 29,163,733 51% 5,018 1992
DEU 1951 29,163,733 21% 5,018 1988
DNK 1950 29,163,733 21% 5,018 1988
ESP 1963 29,163,733 21% 5,018 1988
Continued on next page
Continued on next page ISO3 GATT/WTO Nr. of Obs. Share of Imputed Nr. of Products 1st av. Year
EST 1999 29,163,733 36% 5,018 1995
FIN 1950 29,147,430 33% 5,015 1988
FRA 1948 29,163,733 21% 5,018 1988
GBR 1948 29,163,733 21% 5,018 1988
GRC 1950 29,163,733 21% 5,018 1988
HRV 2000 28,936,206 50% 4,957 2001
HUN 1973 29,163,733 44% 5,018 1991
IRL 1967 29,163,733 21% 5,018 1988
ITA 1950 29,163,733 21% 5,018 1988
LTU 2001 29,163,733 50% 5,018 1995
LUX 1948 29,163,733 21% 5,018 1988
LVA 1999 29,163,733 44% 5,018 1996
MLT 1964 29,014,138 41% 4,978 1996
NLD 1948 29,163,733 21% 5,018 1988
POL 1967 29,163,733 35% 5,018 1991
PRT 1962 29,163,733 21% 5,018 1988
ROU 1971 29,163,733 57% 5,018 1991
SVK 1993 28,994,922 46% 4,974 1998
SVN 1994 29,017,251 53% 4,979 1999
SWE 1950 29,098,808 34% 5,007 1988
AUS 1948 29,163,733 34% 5,018 1991
CAN 1948 29,163,733 40% 5,018 1989
CHE 1966 29,163,733 31% 5,018 1990
HKG 1986 29,163,733 27% 5,018 1988
ISL 1968 29,163,733 32% 5,018 1993
ISR 1962 29,158,003 43% 5,017 1993
JPN 1955 29,158,003 31% 5,017 1988
KOR 1967 29,163,733 36% 5,018 1988
LIE 1995 27,157,339 84% 4,624 2011
MAC 1991 28,925,427 29% 4,953 1996
NOR 1948 29,163,733 67% 5,018 1988
NZL 1948 29,158,003 42% 5,017 1992
SGP 1973 29,163,733 26% 5,018 1989
TWN 2002 29,163,733 23% 5,018 1989
Continued on next page
Continued on next page ISO3 GATT/WTO Nr. of Obs. Share of Imputed Nr. of Products 1st av. Year
USA 1948 29,163,733 21% 5,018 1989
Note: The table shows the year of accession to the GATT or the WTO, respectively, the total num-ber of observations in the new data, the share of imputed data, the numnum-ber of products and the first available year for each country included in the sample. The summary statistics sum over all avail-able years, i.e. 1988 to 2017. The total number of all observations equals 5,692,605,390 out of which 2,805,297,527 are imputed (49%).
Figure A4: Share of Misreported Tariffs (in %)
11.7 13.9
4.8 11.5
10.8
5.5 7.8
2.0 7.1
3.5 4.6
3.8 3.0
3.8 5.15.4
3.5 2.7
4.8 4.1
5.7 5.0
4.0 4.6
3.2 5.4
6.4
4.5 6.2 6.5
0 5 10 15
1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Note:The figure reports the share of misreported preferential tariffs, i.e. the number of preferential tariffs that got falsely reported despite no RTA is in force.
Figure A5: AHS Simple Average Mexico-United States
(a) Effectively Applied Tariff Mexico-United States (b) Effectively Applied Tariff Mexico-Germany
Note:The graph shows the simple average of the effectively applied tariff (in WITS this tariff type is called AHS) that Mexico imposes on imports from the United States (Panel (a)) and Germany (Panel(b)) using the original data that can be downloaded from WITS. NAFTA, the FTA between Mexico, Canada and the United States, entered into force in 1994. The FTA between the EU and Mexico entered into force in 2000. Mexico did not report tariffs for the years 1990 and 1992 to 1994.
Figure A6: Heterogeneity in the Share of Same Tariffs
(a) Least Developed Countries
0 50 100
72
12
SLB WSM LAO YEM LBR COD KHM DJI
MOZ GMB AFG VUT TCD CAF TZA NPL SLE GNB BEN SEN NER UGA ZMB AGO BFA MWI TGO MLI MMR MDG GIN BDI MRT RWA LSO BGD HTI
HS-4-Importer HS-2-Importer Section-Importer Importer Within
(b) LoM Countries: Africa
0 50 100
63
11
SYC MUS CPV CMR GAB KEN CIV MAR NGA TUN BWA NAM SWZ ZAF GHA EGY COG ZWE
HS-4-Importer HS-2-Importer Section-Importer Importer Within
(c) LoM Countries: Americas
0 50 100
58
6
CHL SUR VCT GUY BRB GRD ATG BLZ KNA LCA TTO JAM DMA GTM NIC HND SLV PER DOM CUB COL URY CRI BRA PAN ARG VEN MEX PRY ECU BOL
HS-4-Importer HS-2-Importer Section-Importer Importer Within
(d) LoM Countries: Asia
0 50 100
64
18
MNG TJK GEO ARE BRN OMN BHR TON KWT QAT SAU PNG MDV FJI MYS IND LKA JOR THA PAK IDN TUR VNM PHL KAZ KGZ CHN ARM
HS-4-Importer HS-2-Importer Section-Importer Importer Within
(e) LoM Countries: Europe
0 50 100
57
8
ALB MDA MNE MKD UKR RUS
HS-4-Importer HS-2-Importer Section-Importer Importer Within
(f) High Income Countries
0 50 100
50
12
HKG MAC SGP ISL NOR KOR NZL AUS CAN JPN ISR EST DEU GBR HRV DNK FIN LVA NLD CYP CZE PRT HUN IRL ITA POL ESP AUT LUX SVK SVN GRC MLT ROU SWE FRA LTU BGR BEL TWN USA LIE
HS-4-Importer HS-2-Importer Section-Importer Importer Within
Note:The graph shows the share of same tariffs across countries and within different levels of ag-gregation. I distinguish between different levels of aggregation (HS-4, HS-2, section, and all products, i.e. the importing country). The red label on the y-axis equals the average share of same tariffs within HS4-importer for the respective country group and the blue label equals the average share of same tariffs within HS2-importer.
Figure A7:Distribution of Unique Tariffs and Most Frequently used Tariff across Countries
(a) Least Developed Countries
205 510
5 5
0 10
8
20 25 20 525 25 5 25
26 02
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 25 10
525 75 10 25 1
0 10
10
2.5 30
10 10
5 30
20
7.50 5 20
0 0 200 13
5 10
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0
5
20 15
15
15 1510 15
10 025
10 2020
20
15 20
0
2.5 10 10
10 10 10 13
10 1
1020
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
0
10
0 0
7.5 5 5
1.5 15
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
GMB (13) YEM (25) AFG (27) TCD (27) COD (30) LAO (30) VUT (30) CAF (32) WSM (32) MOZ (34) BDI (35) MDG (35) SLE (35) TZA (35) UGA (35) MRT (36) RWA (37) DJI (38) HTI (38)
AGO (41) BEN (41) BFA (41) MLI (41) NER (41) SEN (41) TGO (41) GNB (42) MWI (42) SLB (42) GIN (44) ZMB (58) KHM (61) LBR (64) NPL (64) BGD (117) MMR (144) LSO (188)
(b) LoM Countries: Africa
10 10 20 25
0
5 0
5 0 0
5 5
0 0 0 0 2.5
5 30 30
5 0
25
20 15
20 20 20
20
2
10 10 10 10 25
10 20 20
10 10 5
10 30
10 5
36 10
10
15 15 15 15 10
40
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
GAB (29) CMR (30) GHA (34) KEN (39) SYC (39) CIV (41) MUS (42) COG (43) CPV (57) TUN (69) NGA (81) EGY (128) NAM (189) SWZ (189) BWA (191) ZAF (191) MAR (219) ZWE (373)
(c) LoM Countries: Americas
6
0 10
5 5 5 5 5 0 5 0
5 5 0
0 5 0 5 10
0 0 5
0 0
14 14 10 0
18 14 0 11
6
15 20
2020 2020 5 0
15 20
015 20
1520 20
5 15 15
20 14
10
18 10 0
10
0 10 5 8
11
5
400 0 0 020 25 100 20 5
5 10 14 0
20 10 5
0 9
15
10 18 18
15
20 18 20
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
CHL (9) PER (44) CUB (46) SUR (70) ATG (74) VCT (77) GUY (80) GRD (81) LCA (82) KNA (85) GTM (86) TTO (86) DMA (88) HND (93) JAM (94) COL (98) DOM (100) BLZ (102) BOL (107) SLV (109) NIC (110) BRB (130) CRI (171) PAN (196) BRA (236) VEN (242) PRY (254) MEX (257) URY (263) ARG (291) ECU (392)
(d) LoM Countries: Asia
5
15
5 5 5 0 5 0 5
5 5
0
0 0
5 0 3
5 0
3 100 0 5
10 5 5
0 15
0
0 0 0 12 0 5 0
15 0
20
30
15 0
15
20 10
5
1 7.5
5 20 0
5 0 0
2.7 0
3
2.5 4 4 5 10 10 100 10
12 12.5
20 20
32 30
11 0 10
10 30
10 510
0 1010
8
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
MNG (22) TON (22) ARE (30) KWT (30) QAT (30) GEO (31) BHR (32) BRN (34) OMN (40) TJK (40) SAU (52) PNG (60) JOR (99) MDV (103) FJI (120) LKA (151) PAK (157) IDN (184) MYS (184) PHL (186) IND (225) THA (241) VNM (245) KAZ (335) CHN (360) ARM (380) KGZ (389) TUR (573)
(e) LoM Countries: Europe
0
0 0 0 0 5
2
5 1 5 5
0 10
10 5
15 10
10
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
ALB (62) MDA (103) MNE (207) MKD (216) UKR (240) RUS (392)
(f) High Income Countries
0 0 0
00 0
8 0
0 0
0 0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 5 5
10
0 18
6 10.7
5 3.9
3
2.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.7 2.5
2.5 5
6.5 6.512
5.6
10 3
2
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
HKG (1) MAC (1) SGP (3) AUS (61) NZL (94) ISL (152) KOR (265) CAN (269) ISR (376) NOR (429) TWN (465) JPN (552) USA (662) AUT (670) BEL (670) BGR (670) CYP (670) CZE (670) DEU (670) DNK (670) ESP (670) EST (670) FIN (670) FRA (670) GBR (670) GRC (670) HRV (670) HUN (670) IRL (670) ITA (670) LTU (670) LUX (670) LVA (670) MLT (670) NLD (670) POL (670) PRT (670) ROU (670) SVK (670) SVN (670) SWE (670) LIE (1710)
Note: The graph shows the number of unique tariffs a countries has in place. The countries on the x-axis are ordered by the number of total unique tariffs, i.e. the further on the right the more unique tariffs. Whenever two countries have the same total number of unique tariffs the countries are ordered alphabetically. Furthermore, the graph shows the three most frequently used tariffs by country. The total number of unique MFN tariffs is in parentheses behind the country-code on x-axis.
Figure A8:Distribution of Unique Tariffs and Most Frequently used Tariff across Countries (Positive Imports)
(a) Least Developed Countries
20 5
510 5
1530 5 8
25 25 10
2020 25 26
202020 20 25 20 520 20 20 25
2 20 20
25 7
5 1025 1 010
10 30
10
0 10
10 20
0 0 5
7.5 5 0
13
5 5
5 5 0 5
0 5 5 5 0
10 5 5
0 15
7.5 15 10
15 107.5
2.5 20
20
10 20 20
0 10 10
0
2.5 13 10
1
1010 10
10 10
10 10
10 10 10 10 20 10 10 15
0
15 5 5
1.5
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
GMB (13) YEM (24) AFG (25) TCD (25) LAO (26) VUT (26) CAF (27) COD (27) WSM (30) RWA (31) BDI (32) SLB (32) MOZ (33) MRT (33) UGA (33) DJI (34) GNB (34) MDG (34) SLE (34) BEN (35) TZA (35) NER (36) HTI (38) TGO (38) BFA (39) MLI (40) MWI (40) AGO (41) GIN (41) SEN (41) ZMB (55) KHM (57) LBR (57) NPL (60) BGD (110) MMR (140)
(b) LoM Countries: Africa
0
10 10 20 25
0
5 20 20
0 0
5 0 2.5
5 15
30 30
5 0
25
20 5 5
20
20 2
10 25
40 7.5
20 20 10 10
5
10 10 10
36
5 10
15 10
10
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
MUS (23) CMR (29) GAB (29) GHA (34) KEN (34) SYC (37) NGA (40) CIV (41) COG (41) TUN (42) CPV (55) EGY (116) ZAF (189) MAR (195) ZWE (322)
(c) LoM Countries: Americas
6
0 10
5 5 5 5
5 5 5 0
5 0 0 0 5 0 5 10
0 0 5 0 0
14 14 0
0
18 14 0 0
6
15 20
2020 20 20
20 2520
20 15 1520
20 2015
5 15 1520 14
10
18 18 18
10
0 18 5 3
11
515 1515 0
0 0 0 5
15 10 10 5 0
14 10
20 10 10 0 9
15
16 10 20
15
20 35 20
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
CHL (7) PER (36) CUB (42) SUR (64) GRD (69) ATG (71) VCT (71) DMA (74) GUY (74) KNA (75) LCA (76) TTO (76) GTM (77) HND (86) JAM (91) BLZ (92) DOM (95) COL (97) BOL (101) NIC (103) SLV (105) BRB (120) CRI (160) PAN (184) VEN (229) BRA (230) PRY (242) MEX (250) URY (253) ARG (257) ECU (379)
(d) LoM Countries: Asia
5
15
5 0 5 5 5 0
5 5 5
0
0 0
5 0
3 0
5 3
10 0 0 5
10 5 5 0 20
0
0 120 0 0 5
10 0 0
20
30 20
32 15
20 10
10
1 7.5
5 20 0
5 0 0
2.7 0
3
2.5 5 2.5 2.5 2.5 10
15 100 100
12.5
20 15
0 30
11 5 0
15 30
10
5 10
8 10 10
1.7
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
MNG (20) TON (20) BHR (25) GEO (28) KWT (28) QAT (28) ARE (30) BRN (30) TJK (33) OMN (37) SAU (46) PNG (54) JOR (94) MDV (96) FJI (109) LKA (140) PAK (147) MYS (167) IDN (180) PHL (180) IND (207) THA (212) VNM (238) KAZ (329) CHN (347) ARM (363) KGZ (363) TUR (547)
(e) LoM Countries: Europe
0
0 0 0 0 5
10
5 1
15 5
0 2
10 5 10 10
10
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
ALB (59) MDA (92) MNE (189) MKD (205) UKR (234) RUS (385)
(f) High Income Countries
0 0 0
50 0
0
8 0
0
0
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 05
10
18
0 6
10.7
3.9
2.7 3
2.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.72.7 2.5
2.5 30
6.5
6.5 12
5.6
3
12 2
12 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
HKG (1) MAC (1) SGP (3) AUS (53) NZL (73) ISL (129) CAN (242) KOR (256) ISR (341) NOR (364) JPN (528) HRV (571) USA (612) MLT (623) CYP (634) EST (635) LVA (635) LTU (639) BGR (640) DNK (640) SVN (640) HUN (644) ROU (645) SVK (645) CZE (646) IRL (646) AUT (647) FIN (647) GRC (647) SWE (647) POL (648) BEL (649) GBR (649) PRT (649) FRA (650) NLD (650) DEU (651) ESP (652) ITA (652)
Note:The graph shows the number of unique tariffs a countries has in place excluding HS6-products that are not imported.The countries on the x-axis are ordered by the number of total unique tariffs, i.e.
the further on the right the more unique tariffs. Whenever two countries have the same total number of unique tariffs the countries are ordered alphabetically. Furthermore, the graph shows the three most frequently used tariffs by country. The total number of unique MFN tariffs is in parentheses behind the country-code on x-axis.
Table A4:Description of Sections Numeric Abbreviation Description
1 ANIM Live Animals
2 VEGE Vegetable Products
3 FATS Fats & Oils
4 FOOD Food, Bev. & Tobacco
5 MINE Mineral Products
6 CHEM Chemicals
7 PLAS Plastics
8 LEATH Leather
9 WOOD Wood Products
10 PAPER Pulp & Paper
11 TEXT Textile & App.
12 FOOT Footwear
13 STON Stone & Glass
14 JEW Jewelery
15 META Base Metals
16 MACH Mach. & Elec. Equipment
17 TRAN Transportation Rq.
18 OPT Optics
19 ARMS Arms & Ammun.
20 MISC Miscall. Manufactured Articles
21 ART Works of Art
Note:The table lists all sections, their abbreviations and full descrip-tions.
Table A5:Change in MFN Tariffs across Income Groups (Agricultural Products)
∆T01 =t1−t0 B= 1if˜tik < tbef oreik
∆T8817 ∆T0517 ∆T9405 ∆T8894 P(B) P(B) ∆T8817|B= 0
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
LDCs -2.45∗∗∗ 3.12∗∗∗ -6.26∗∗∗ 0.68∗∗ -0.54∗∗∗ -0.48∗∗∗ -7.69∗∗∗
(0.54) (0.34) (0.44) (0.33) (0.00) (0.01) (0.90) LoM Africa -8.16∗∗∗ -1.33∗∗∗ -8.18∗∗∗ 1.35∗∗∗ -0.40∗∗∗ -0.29∗∗∗ -11.22∗∗∗
(0.59) (0.48) (0.56) (0.32) (0.00) (0.01) (0.95) LoM Americas -0.12 3.89∗∗∗ -4.26∗∗∗ 0.25 -0.55∗∗∗ -0.28∗∗∗ -6.31∗∗∗
(0.51) (0.30) (0.43) (0.33) (0.00) (0.01) (0.88) LoM Asia -5.90∗∗∗ 3.63∗∗∗ -8.73∗∗∗ -0.80∗∗ -0.47∗∗∗ -0.11∗∗∗ -9.96∗∗∗
(0.62) (0.45) (0.59) (0.37) (0.00) (0.01) (0.97) LoM Europe -0.88∗ 3.05∗∗∗ -6.13∗∗∗ 2.20∗∗∗ 0.00 0.15∗∗∗ -4.79∗∗∗
(0.51) (0.34) (0.50) (0.35) (.) (0.01) (0.96) HICs (Ref. Group) -2.22∗∗∗ -4.42∗∗∗ 3.36∗∗∗ -1.17∗∗∗ 0.59∗∗∗ 0.55∗∗∗ 4.44∗∗∗
(0.47) (0.25) (0.42) (0.32) (0.00) (0.01) (0.87) Observations 112,092 112,092 112,092 112,092 86,615 25,477 82,825
joined WTO <1995 >1995 all
Note:The table shows the regression output ofyik=P6
G=1βGIG+uik. In columns (1) to (4) the dependent variableyikequals the absolute change in the MFN tariff∆T01for different time intervals. In column (5) and (6) the dependent variable is the probability of having a binding bound tariff P(B), in column (7) it is the change in MFN tariffs between 1988 and 2017 for products with a binding bound tariff. See the main text for the definition ofB. Robust standard errors in parentheses. ***/**/* indicate significance at the 1%/5%/10% level.
Figure A9: Changes in the Average Applied MFN Tariff (1988 – 2017, in %-points)
(a) Least Developed Countries
AGO BFAGIN
GMB
HTI
MDG MLI AFG MOZ
0 5 10 15
1988
4 6 8 10 12 14
Increase
BEN
CAF
GNB LSO
MMR
MRTNERSEN
TCD
LBRWSM
5 10 15 20
5 10 15 20
Change less than 1%-point
SLETGO UGA
COD LAO
NPL
8 10 12 14 16 18
1988
8 9 10 11 12 13
2017
Decrease less than 5%-points
BDI MWI DJI SLB RWA
TZA ZMB KHM YEM VUT
0 10 20 30 40
5 10 15 20
2017
Decrease more than 5%-points
Change 1988-1994 Change 1994-2005 Change 2005-2017 45° Line
(b) Low and Middle Income Countries: Africa
CIV 4
6 8 10 12
1988
11 13
Increase
CMR GAB
NAMSWZ CPV
8 10 12 14 16 18
8 10 12 14 16 18
Change less than 1%-point
BWA
GHA
8 10 12 14 16
1988
8 9 10 11 12
2017
Decrease less than 5%-points
COG KEN EGY MAR
MUS TUNNGA
ZAF
ZWE SYC
0 20 40 60
0 5 10 15 20
2017
Decrease more than 5%-points
Change 1988-1994 Change 1994-2005 Change 2005-2017 45° Line
Note:In this graph I compare the simple average in 2017 with the MFN tariff of the first year of available data. Whenever a country is below/above the 45-degree line the simple average decreased/increased in 2017 with respect to the first available year. Furthermore, I show when most of the change took place. The country-codes of countries that joined the WTO after 1995 are in gray.
Figure A9:Changes in the Average Applied MFN Tariff (1988 – 2017, in %-points)-continued
(c) Low and Middle Income Countries: Americas
ARG
BOL
COL
URY
ECU
6 8 10 12 14
1988
9 10 11 12 13 14
Increase
BRB
DMA
10 11 12 13
10 11 11 12 12 13
Change less than 1%-point
ATG BLZ CRICHL
CUB DOM
GRD GTM
GUY HNDNICSLV JAMLCA KNAVCTSUR
VEN
6 8 10 12 14 16
1988
6 8 10 12 14
2017
Decrease less than 5%-points
BRA
PER MEX PRYTTO
PAN
0 10 20 30 40
0 5 10 15
2017
Decrease more than 5%-points
Change 1988-1994 Change 1994-2005 Change 2005-2017 45° Line
(d) Low and Middle Income Countries: Asia
FJI
KWTARM 0 KGZ 5 10 15
1988
4 6 8 10 12 14
Increase
ARE QAT
TUR
OMN TJK
TON
4 6 8 10 12
4 6 8 10 12
Change less than 1%-point
BHR BRN
KAZ MNG
VNM
0 5 10 15
1988
0 2 4 6 8 10
2017
Decrease less than 5%-points
IDN
IND
LKA MDV
MYS
PAK PNG PHL
THACHN
GEO JOR
SAU 0
20 40 60 80
0 5 10 15
2017
Decrease more than 5%-points
Change 1988-1994 Change 1994-2005 Change 2005-2017 45° Line
Note:In this graph I compare the simple average in 2017 with the MFN tariff of the first year of available data. Whenever a country is below/above the 45-degree line the simple average decreased/increased in 2017 with respect to the first available year. Furthermore, I show when most of the change took place. The country-codes of countries that joined the WTO after 1995 are in gray.
Figure A9:Changes in the Average Applied MFN Tariff (1988 – 2017, in %-points)-continued
(e) Low and Middle Income Countries: Europe
Increase
MDA
5 6 6 6
4 6
Change less than 1%-point
MNE
RUS UKR
4 5 6 7 8
1988
3 4 5 6 7
2017
Decrease less than 5%-points
ALB MKD
5 10 15
4 5 6 7
2017
Decrease more than 5%-points
Change 1988-1994 Change 1994-2005 Change 2005-2017 45° Line
(f) High Income Countries
LIE
NOR SWE
EST LTU LVA
0 2 4 6 8 10
1988
5 6 7 8 9 10
Increase
HKG
ISL JPN
MAC
MLTSVK
0 2 4 6
0 1 2 3 4 5
Change less than 1%-point
BELCZE DEU DNKESP FIN FRA GBR GRCIRL ISR
ITA LUX NLDPRT
SGP
SVN
USA
0 2 4 6 8 10
1988
0 1 2 3 4 5
2017
Decrease less than 5%-points
AUS
AUT CAN
CYP HUN
KOR
NZL POL
ROUBGR
HRVTWN
0 5 10 15 20
2 4 6 8 10 12
2017
Decrease more than 5%-points
Change 1988-1994 Change 1994-2005 Change 2005-2017 45° Line
Note:In this graph I compare the simple average in 2017 with the MFN tariff of the first year of available data. Whenever a country is below/above the 45-degree line the simple average decreased/increased in 2017 with respect to the first available year. Furthermore, I show when most of the change took place. The country-codes of countries that joined the WTO after 1995 are in gray.
Figure A10:Pattern in Tariff Reductions (2017 – 1988) for LDCs
-0.80 -0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40
-20 -10 0 10
10 10 10 10 12 15 40 40 40 100
absolute relative
BDI
-0.90 -0.85 -0.80 -0.75 -0.70 -0.65
-150 -100 -50 0
50 50 50 50 100 100 150 150 300 300
absolute relative
BGD
-0.32 -0.30 -0.28 -0.26 -0.24 -0.22
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2
33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 472
absolute relative
DJI
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00
-20 -15 -10 -5 0
7 7 7 7 7 15 15 35 35 96
absolute relative
KHM
-1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
10 20 25 25 25 25 40 45 45 80
absolute relative
MWI
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00
-30 -20 -10 0 10
5 5 5 10 10 20 20 30 40 110
absolute relative
NPL
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20
-30 -20 -10 0 10
10 10 10 20 20 30 40 40 100 100
absolute relative
RWA
-1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00
-150 -100 -50 0
5 10 10 10 15 20 35 60 70 335
absolute relative
SLB
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50
-2 0 2 4 6
5 5 5 5 5 20 20 20 30 30
absolute relative
SLE
-0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30
-2 0 2 4 6 8
5 5 10 10 10 20 20 20 20 20
absolute relative
TGO
-0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00
-15 -10 -5 0 5
10 10 10 20 20 20 20 20 40 110
absolute relative
TZA
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00
-6 -4 -2 0 2
10 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 30 30
absolute relative
UGA
Note:This graph shows theβcoefficients and the confidence intervals of the regression equationy = P10
c=1βcIic +uik. The left axis reports the coefficients when using the absolute difference, the right axis shows the relative difference (see main text for a formal definition of the two dependent variables).
Figure A10:Pattern in Tariff Reductions (2017 – 1988) for LDCs— continued
-0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00
-15 -10 -5 0 5
0 5 5 10 10 15 15 20 25 250
absolute relative
VUT
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20
-10 -5 0 5
5 8 10 10 10 15 15 15 15 50
absolute relative
YEM
-1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00
-40 -20 0 20 40
20 20 20 20 20 30 30 35 40 40
absolute relative
ZMB
Note:This graph shows theβcoefficients and the confidence intervals of the regression equationy = P10
c=1βcIic +uik. The left axis reports the coefficients when using the absolute difference, the right axis shows the relative difference (see main text for a formal definition of the two dependent variables).
Figure A11:Pattern in Tariff Reductions (2017 – 1988) for LoM Countries in Africa
-0.20 -0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05
-6 -4 -2 0
0 0 0 0 0 5 10 20 27 590
absolute relative
BWA
-0.40 -0.35 -0.30 -0.25 -0.20
-6 -4 -2 0
10 10 10 10 10 20 30 30 30 30
absolute relative
COG
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00
-60 -40 -20 0 20
5 5 10 10 20 30 35 55 70 160
absolute relative
EGY
-0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
-10 -5 0 5 10
10 10 10 10 10 10 20 25 25 25
absolute relative
GHA
-0.90 -0.80 -0.70 -0.60 -0.50
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5
18 25 31 31 31 35 41 50 50 62
absolute relative
KEN
-0.90 -0.85 -0.80 -0.75
-80 -60 -40 -20 0
25 38 48 48 54 68 88 100 100 133
absolute relative
MAR
-1.05 -1.00 -0.95 -0.90
-60 -40 -20 0
0 5 15 15 20 30 40 55 80 80
absolute relative
MUS
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00
-80 -60 -40 -20 0
10 10 15 20 20 25 40 45 90 843
absolute relative
NGA
-1.00 -0.95 -0.90 -0.85 -0.80
-60 -40 -20 0
5 5 15 25 25 25 25 25 50 225
absolute relative
SYC
-1.00 -0.90 -0.80 -0.70 -0.60 -0.50
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5
17 17 22 25 26 27 32 43 43 43
absolute relative
TUN
-1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20
0 0 5 8 10 13 19 21 27 3000
absolute relative
ZAF
-2.00 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00
-40 -20 0 20
30 30 30 30 35 45 50 55 60 2195
absolute relative
ZWE
Note:This graph shows theβcoefficients and the confidence intervals of the regression equationy = P10
c=1βcIic +uik. The left axis reports the coefficients when using the absolute difference, the right axis shows the relative difference (see main text for a formal definition of the two dependent variables).
Figure A12:Pattern in Tariff Reductions (2017 – 1988) for LoM Countries in the Americas
-0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
-6 -4 -2 0 2
5 5 5 5 5 5 10 25 25 70
absolute relative
ATG
-0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40
-6 -4 -2 0 2
5 5 5 5 5 5 10 25 25 70
absolute relative
BLZ
-0.80 -0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
20 30 35 40 45 45 55 60 85 85
absolute relative
BRA
-0.25 -0.20 -0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00
-6 -4 -2 0 2
5 5 5 5 5 5 10 25 25 70
absolute relative
BRB
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
absolute relative
CHL
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
1 5 5 5 5 10 13 20 20 100
absolute relative
CRI
-0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20
-8 -6 -4 -2 0
2 6 10 10 10 11 15 20 20 80
absolute relative
CUB
-0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40
-6 -4 -2 0 2
0 0 5 5 5 5 10 25 25 45
absolute relative
DMA
-1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00
-3 -2 -1 0 1
0 3 3 3 3 3 9 20 20 30
absolute relative
DOM
-0.25 -0.20 -0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00
-6 -4 -2 0 2
5 5 5 5 5 5 10 25 25 35
absolute relative
GRD
-1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00
-10 -5 0 5
1 5 5 5 5 10 13 20 20 25
absolute relative
GTM
-0.30 -0.25 -0.20 -0.15 -0.10 -0.05
-6 -4 -2 0 2
5 5 5 5 5 5 10 25 25 70
absolute relative
GUY
Note:This graph shows theβcoefficients and the confidence intervals of the regression equationy = P10
c=1βcIic +uik. The left axis reports the coefficients when using the absolute difference, the right axis shows the relative difference (see main text for a formal definition of the two dependent variables).
Figure A12: Pattern in Tariff Reductions (2017 – 1988) for LoM Countries in the Americas— continued
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20
-8 -6 -4 -2 0
1 5 5 5 5 8 13 20 20 25
absolute relative
HND
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20
-6 -4 -2 0
0 0 0 5 5 5 10 25 25 30
absolute relative
JAM
-0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00
-6 -4 -2 0
0 0 5 5 5 5 10 25 25 70
absolute relative
KNA
-0.40 -0.35 -0.30 -0.25 -0.20
-6 -4 -2 0
0 0 5 5 5 5 10 25 25 70
absolute relative
LCA
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2
10 10 10 11 13 15 15 19 20 20
absolute relative
MEX
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20
-10 -5 0 5 10
1 5 5 5 5 8 13 20 20 25
absolute relative
NIC
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00
-20 -15 -10 -5 0
3 3 3 3 5 10 14 20 28 50
absolute relative
PAN
-0.95 -0.90 -0.85 -0.80 -0.75 -0.70
-14 -12 -10 -8 -6
15 15 15 15 15 15 15 25 25 25
absolute relative
PER
-3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00
-30 -20 -10 0 10
3 3 6 8 12 18 18 26 34 72
absolute relative
PRY
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20
-8 -6 -4 -2 0
1 5 5 5 5 8 13 20 20 30
absolute relative
SLV
-0.25 -0.20 -0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00
-6 -4 -2 0 2
5 5 5 5 5 5 10 25 25 40
absolute relative
SUR
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00
-30 -20 -10 0 10
5 10 10 10 10 10 10 30 45 70
absolute relative
TTO
Note:This graph shows theβcoefficients and the confidence intervals of the regression equationy = P10
c=1βcIic +uik. The left axis reports the coefficients when using the absolute difference, the right axis shows the relative difference (see main text for a formal definition of the two dependent variables).
Figure A12: Pattern in Tariff Reductions (2017 – 1988) for LoM Countries in the Americas— continued
-1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00
-6 -4 -2 0 2
5 5 5 5 5 5 10 25 25 35
absolute relative
VCT
-0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
-15 -10 -5 0 5
5 5 5 10 13 20 20 20 40 50
absolute relative
VEN
Note:This graph shows theβcoefficients and the confidence intervals of the regression equationy = P10
c=1βcIic +uik. The left axis reports the coefficients when using the absolute difference, the right axis shows the relative difference (see main text for a formal definition of the two dependent variables).
Figure A13:Pattern in Tariff Reductions (2017 – 1988) for LoM Countries in Asia
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4
5 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 10 50
absolute relative
BHR
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40
-15 -10 -5 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 1186
absolute relative
BRN
-0.90 -0.80 -0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0
12 15 20 25 30 40 60 70 100 220
absolute relative
CHN
-1.04 -1.02 -1.00 -0.98 -0.96 -0.94
-6 -5 -5 -4
5 5 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
absolute relative
GEO
-1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50
-60 -40 -20 0 20
5 5 5 10 15 20 30 40 60 3000
absolute relative
IDN
-0.90 -0.80 -0.70 -0.60 -0.50
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0
35 55 60 70 100 100 100 100 100 521
absolute relative
IND
-1.40 -1.20 -1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
5 5 12 18 23 30 30 35 35 35
absolute relative
JOR
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
0 0 0 5 5 10 15 20 25 100
absolute relative
KAZ
-3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00
-60 -40 -20 0 20
5 5 5 5 15 25 45 60 60 174
absolute relative
LKA
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20
-15 -10 -5 0 5
10 15 15 20 25 25 25 25 25 113
absolute relative
MDV
-0.50 0.00 0.50
5 5 5 5 5
0 0 0 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
absolute relative
MNG
-1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50
-60 -40 -20 0 20
0 2 2 5 5 18 25 30 35 3000
absolute relative
MYS
Note:This graph shows theβcoefficients and the confidence intervals of the regression equationy = P10
c=1βcIic +uik. The left axis reports the coefficients when using the absolute difference, the right axis shows the relative difference (see main text for a formal definition of the two dependent variables).
Figure A13:Pattern in Tariff Reductions (2017 – 1988) for LoM Countries in Asia
—continued
-0.85 -0.80 -0.75 -0.70 -0.65 -0.60
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10
25 25 35 45 53 70 70 70 70 265
absolute relative
PAK
-0.90 -0.85 -0.80 -0.75 -0.70
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10
10 10 20 20 25 30 35 45 50 111
absolute relative
PHL
-1.20 -1.10 -1.00 -0.90 -0.80 -0.70
-30 -20 -10 0
5 5 11 11 11 11 11 40 40 103
absolute relative
PNG
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 125
absolute relative
SAU
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00
-80 -60 -40 -20 0
15 30 30 30 35 40 40 60 80 401
absolute relative
THA
-0.80 -0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30
-15 -10 -5 0
4 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 15 38
absolute relative
TUR
-1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
0 0 0 1 2 9 20 30 40 100
absolute relative
VNM
Note:This graph shows theβcoefficients and the confidence intervals of the regression equationy = P10
c=1βcIic +uik. The left axis reports the coefficients when using the absolute difference, the right axis shows the relative difference (see main text for a formal definition of the two dependent variables).
Figure A14:Pattern in Tariff Reductions (2017 – 1988) for LoM Countries in Europe
-1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00
-15 -10 -5 0 5
5 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 30 30
absolute relative
ALB
-0.90 -0.80 -0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40
-20 -15 -10 -5 0
2 5 6 8 10 13 18 23 30 35
absolute relative
MKD
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00
-3 -2 -1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 3 5 8 10 25
absolute relative
MNE
-0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
-10 -5 0 5
0 5 5 5 5 5 15 15 15 100
absolute relative
RUS
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20
-15 -10 -5 0
0 0 2 5 5 5 5 10 15 60
absolute relative
UKR
Note:This graph shows theβcoefficients and the confidence intervals of the regression equationy = P10
c=1βcIic +uik. The left axis reports the coefficients when using the absolute difference, the right axis shows the relative difference (see main text for a formal definition of the two dependent variables).
Figure A15:Pattern in Tariff Reductions (2017 – 1988) for High Income Countries
-0.90 -0.80 -0.70 -0.60 -0.50
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
0 0 0 10 12 15 17 19 35 1513
absolute relative
AUS
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
0 0 5 6 7 8 10 13 17 525
absolute relative
AUT
-0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
2 4 5 5 6 7 8 12 19 71
absolute relative
BEL
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00
-20 -15 -10 -5 0
5 10 10 15 15 15 25 25 25 40
absolute relative
BGR
-1.00 -0.90 -0.80 -0.70 -0.60 -0.50
-15 -10 -5 0
0 5 6 9 9 10 12 13 23 37
absolute relative
CAN
-0.80 -0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
2 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 19 1888
absolute relative
CYP
-3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2
0 3 4 5 5 6 7 9 11 99
absolute relative
CZE
-0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
2 4 5 5 6 7 8 12 19 71
absolute relative
DEU
-0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
2 4 5 5 6 7 8 12 19 71
absolute relative
DNK
-0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
2 4 5 5 6 7 8 12 19 71
absolute relative
ESP
-1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
0 0 0 4 4 5 7 13 22 44
absolute relative
FIN
-0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
2 4 5 5 6 7 8 12 19 71
absolute relative
FRA
Note:This graph shows theβcoefficients and the confidence intervals of the regression equationy = P10
c=1βcIic +uik. The left axis reports the coefficients when using the absolute difference, the right axis shows the relative difference (see main text for a formal definition of the two dependent variables).
Figure A15:Pattern in Tariff Reductions (2017 – 1988) for High Income Countries
—continued
-0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
2 4 5 5 6 7 8 12 19 71
absolute relative
GBR
-0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
2 4 5 5 6 7 8 12 19 71
absolute relative
GRC
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20
-20 0
5 5 5 5 5 10 15 16 20 25
absolute relative
HRV
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00
-30 -20 -10 0
4 6 8 9 10 10 12 15 20 60
absolute relative
HUN
-0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
2 4 5 5 6 7 8 12 19 71
absolute relative
IRL
-1.00 -0.95 -0.90 -0.85 -0.80
-15 -10 -5 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 15 30
absolute relative
ISL
-0.80 -0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30
-30 -20 -10 0
0 0 0 0 5 7 10 14 26 100
absolute relative
ISR
-0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
2 4 5 5 6 7 8 12 19 71
absolute relative
ITA
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20
-6 -4 -2 0
0 0 3 3 4 5 5 6 9 428
absolute relative
JPN
-0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30
-15 -10 -5 0
10 13 16 20 20 20 20 20 20 309
absolute relative
KOR
-0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
2 4 5 5 6 7 8 12 19 71
absolute relative
LUX
-0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30 -0.20
-6 -4 -2 0 2
0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 25
absolute relative
MLT
Note:This graph shows theβcoefficients and the confidence intervals of the regression equationy = P10
c=1βcIic +uik. The left axis reports the coefficients when using the absolute difference, the right axis shows the relative difference (see main text for a formal definition of the two dependent variables).
Figure A15:Pattern in Tariff Reductions (2017 – 1988) for High Income Countries
—continued
-0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
2 4 5 5 6 7 8 12 19 71
absolute relative
NLD
-1.20 -1.00 -0.80 -0.60
-20 -15 -10 -5 0
0 0 0 3 4 5 6 9 18 135
absolute relative
NOR
-0.80 -0.75 -0.70 -0.65 -0.60
-40 -30 -20 -10 0
0 0 0 0 5 10 15 17 20 3000
absolute relative
NZL
-0.80 -0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
0 5 5 8 10 15 15 20 20 60
absolute relative
POL
-0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
2 4 5 5 6 7 8 12 19 71
absolute relative
PRT
-0.90 -0.80 -0.70 -0.60 -0.50
-20 -15 -10 -5 0
7 10 10 15 15 20 20 25 30 42
absolute relative
ROU
-1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00
-4 -2 0 2
0 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 9 79
absolute relative
SVK
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20
-15 -10 -5 0
3 5 7 8 10 10 12 15 18 27
absolute relative
SVN
-1.20 -1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40
-15 -10 -5 0
1 5 8 10 10 10 13 15 15 84
absolute relative
TWN
-0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30 -0.20
-6 -4 -2 0
0 2 3 4 5 5 7 9 13 46
absolute relative
USA
Note:This graph shows theβcoefficients and the confidence intervals of the regression equationy = P10
c=1βcIic +uik. The left axis reports the coefficients when using the absolute difference, the right axis shows the relative difference (see main text for a formal definition of the two dependent variables).
Figure A16:Pairwise Share of Zero Trade and Tariff Lines with Zero Tariffs (in %)
(a) United States
40 60 80 100
BHR JOR CHL MAR ISR SGP MEX CAN OMN SLV AUS NIC PER DOM HND GTM PAN KOR COL CRI
Trade HS-6
(b) European Union
20 40 60 80 100
MDG GEO JOR MEX ALB MNE ISR TUN SYC CHL KOR CAN LBN ZAF SWZ PER MOZ CIV JAM UKR COL NIC GUY GTM LCA CRI KNA DMA ATG BLZ VCT GRD
WLF SPM BIH SRB EGY CHE MUS MKD MDA MAR ISL NOR PSE LSO NAM BWA LIE DOM BRB TTO MYT SLV GHA ECU ZWE HND DZA BHS SUR KGZ ARM PYF
Trade HS-6
(c) Japan
40 60 80 100
BRN SGP MYS MEX CHE THA CHL IDN PHL PER AUS KHM VNM MNG LAO IND MMR
Trade HS-6
(d) Canada
60 70 80 90 100
JOR MEX CHL USA PER ISL NOR CHE ISR CRI EUN UKR HND COL KOR PAN NZL AUS
Trade HS-6
(e) Australia
40 60 80 100
SGP CHL BRN MYS THA USA KOR CHN PHL IDN VNM KHM JPN CAN MMR LAO
Trade HS-6
(f) New Zealand
20 40 60 80 100
HKG BRN SGP CHL MYS THA LAO TWN CHN PHL IDN KOR KHM CAN VNM MMR
Trade HS-6
Note: The graph shows the two interpretations of the substantially-all-trade criterion, namely the pairwise share of zero trade and tariff lines with zero tariffs for all North-South country pairs.
Figure A16:Pairwise Share of Zero Trade and Tariff Lines with Zero Tariffs (in %)— continued
(g) Norway
50 60 70 80 90 100
PSE OMN QAT SGP HKG BHR JOR MEX EGY KOR TUR BIH KWT LBN ARE CAN CRI CHE ISL PER ALB TUN MNE MKD EUN SAU ISR SRB COL UKR LIE
MAR ZAF LSO CHL NAM BWA SWZ PAN Trade HS-6
(h) Liechtenstein
50 60 70 80 90 100
CHE ALB SGP MKD PSE ISL ARE BHR BIH UKR OMN KWT QAT SAU NOR ISR PER LBN TUR KOR EUN JOR CHL COL MAR TUN LSO SRB BWA SWZ NAM ZAF CRI EGY CHN
Trade HS-6
(i) Iceland
0 20 40 60 80 100
ALB JOR BHR LBN SGP HKG SAU TUR CHL SRB CRI TUN MEX PER MKD OMN CAN EGY ISR ZAF NOR EUN KOR MAR ARE CHE UKR CHN BIH LIE KWT QAT MNE LSO BWA NAM SWZ PAN COL
Trade HS-6
(j) Singapore
70 80 90 100
BRN NZL AUS CHE KWT ISL SAU NOR QAT PAN BHR JOR ARE USA OMN JPN CRI LIE LAO TWN KHM
Trade HS-6
(k) Israel
50 60 70 80 90 100
CHE USA MEX ISL TUR CAN EUN PSE NOR URY LIE JOR PRY BRA ARG
Trade HS-6
(l) South Korea
40 60 80 100
BRN CHE NOR EUN ISL AUS CAN LIE USA NZL TUR KHM
Trade HS-6
Note: The graph shows the two interpretations of the substantially-all-trade criterion, namely the pairwise share of zero trade and tariff lines with zero tariffs for all North-South country pairs.