6 How Representative Are Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) Extracts? A Comprehensive Study of
6.6 Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to China Scholarship Council (CSC) for the financial support of Yan Li. The authors appreciate partial financial support from International Humic Substances Society (IHSS) for Dr. Norbert Hertkorn during sampling campaign in May 2012. We are also grateful to the Captain and crew of RV Heincke. Claudia Burau is acknowledged for support in DOC analyses.
6.7 References
Arakawa, N. and Aluwihare, L. (2015) Direct identification of diverse alicyclic terpenoids in Suwannee River fluvic acid. Environ Sci Technol 49, 4097-4105.
Battin, T.J., Luyssaert, S., Kaplan, L.A., Aufdenkampe, A.K., Richter, A. and Tranvik, L.J.
(2009) The boundless carbon cycle. Nat Geosci 2(9), 598-600.
111
Benner, R., Pakulski, J.D., McCarthy, M., Hedges, J.I. and Hatcher, P.G. (1992) Bulk chemical characteristics of dissolved organic matter in the ocean. Science 255, 1561–1564.
Bianchi, T.S. (2011) The role of terrestrially derived organic carbon in the coastal ocean: a changing paradigm and the priming effect. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(49), 19473-19481.
Chen, M. and Hur, J. (2015) Pre-treatments, characteristics, and biogeochemical dynamics of dissolved organic matter in sediments: A review. Water Res 79, 10-25.
Croué, J.-P. (2004) Isolation of Humic and Non-Humic NOM Fractions: Structural Characterization. Environ-mental Monitoring and Assessment 92(1-3), 193-207.
Dittmar, T., Koch, B., Hertkorn, N. and Kattner, G. (2008) A simple and efficient method for the solid-phase extraction of dissolved organic matter (SPE-DOM) from seawater. Limnol Oceanogr-Meth 6(6), 230-235.
Duarte, R.M. and Duarte, A.C. (2015) Unraveling the structural features of organic aerosols by NMR spectros-copy: a review. Magn Reson Chem 53(9), 658-666.
Flerus, R., Koch, B.P., Schmitt-Kopplin, P., Witt, M. and Kattner, G. (2011) Molecular level investigation of reactions between dissolved organic matter and extraction solvents using FT-ICR MS. Mar Chem 124(1-4), 100-107.
Goldberg, S.J., Ball, G.I., Allen, B.C., Schladow, S.G., Simpson, A.J., Masoom, H., Soong, R., Graven, H.D. and Aluwihare, L.I. (2015) Refractory dissolved organic nitrogen accumulation in high-elevation lakes. Nat Commun 6, 6347.
Green, N.W.; Mclnnis, D., Hertkorn, N.; Maurice, P.A. and Perdue E.M. (2014) Suwannee River natural organic matter: isolation of the 2R101N reference sample by reverse osmosis.
Environ Eng Sci 32, 1-7.
Green, N.W., Perdue, E.M., Aiken, G.R., Butler, K.D., Chen, H., Dittmar, T., Niggemann, J.
and Stubbins, A. (2014) An intercomparison of three methods for the large-scale isolation of oceanic dissolved organic matter. Mar Chem 161, 14-19.
He, W. and Hur, J. (2015) Conservative behavior of fluorescence EEM-PARAFAC components in resin fraction-ation processes and its applicability for characterizing dissolved organic matter. Water Res 83, 217-226.
112
Hertkorn, N., Ruecker, C., Meringer, M., Gugisch, R., Frommberger, M., Perdue, E.M., Witt, M. and Schmitt-Kopplin, P. (2007) High-precision frequency measurements: indispensable tools at the core of the molecu-lar-level analysis of complex systems. Anal Bioanal Chem 389(5), 1311-1327.
Hertkorn, N., Frommberger, M., Witt, M., Koch, B.P., Schmitt-Kopplin, P. and Perdue, E.M.
(2008) Natural organic matter and the event horizon of mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 80(23), 8908-8919.
Hertkorn, N., Harir, M. and Schmitt-Kopplin, P. (2015) Nontarget analysis of Murchison soluble organic matter by high-field NMR spectroscopy and FTICR mass spectrometry. Magn Reson Chem 53(9), 754-768.
Hertkorn, N., Harir, M., Cawley, K.M., Schmitt-Kopplin, P. and Jaffé, R. (2016) Molecular characterization of dissolved organic matter from subtropical wetlands: a comparative study through the analysis of optical properties, NMR and FTICR/MS. Biogeosciences 13(8), 2257-2277.
Kellerman, A.M., Kothawala, D.N., Dittmar, T. and Tranvik, L.J. (2015) Persistence of dissolved organic matter in lakes related to its molecular characteristics. Nat Geosci 8(6), 454-457.
Kim, S., Simpson, A.J., Kujawinski, E.B., Freitas, M.A. and Hatcher, P.G. (2003) High resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and 2D solution NMR for the analysis of DOM extracted by C18 solid phase disk. Org Geochem 34(9), 1325-1335.
Koch, B.P. and Dittmar, T. (2006) From mass to structure: an aromaticity index for high-resolution mass data of natural organic matter. Rapid Commun Mass Sp 20(5), 926-932.
Koch B.P., Kattner G., Witt M., Passow U. (2014). Molecular insights into the microbial formation of marine dissolved organic matter: Recalcitrant or labile? Biogeosciences, 11, 4173-4190.
Koprivnjak, J.F., Pfromm, P.H., Ingall, E., Vetter, T.A., Schmitt-Kopplin, P., Hertkorn, N., Frommberger, M., Knicker, H. and Perdue, E.M. (2009) Chemical and spectroscopic characterization of marine dissolved or-ganic matter isolated using coupled reverse osmosis–
electrodialysis. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 73(14), 4215-4231.
113
Ksionzek K.B., Lechtenfeld O.J., McCallister S.L., Schmitt-Kopplin P., Geuer J.K., Geibert W., Koch B.P. (2016). Dissolved organic sulfur in the ocean: Biogeochemistry of a petagram inventory. Science, 354, 456-459.
Kruger, B.R., Dalzell, B.J. and Minor, E.C. (2011) Effect of organic matter source and salinity on dissolved or-ganic matter isolation via ultrafiltration and solid phase extraction. Aquat Sci 73(3), 405-417.
Kujawinski, E.B. (2011) The impact of microbial metabolism on marine dissolved organic matter. Ann Rev Mar Sci 3, 567-599.
Lam, B. and Simpson, A.J. (2006) Passive sampler for dissolved organic matter in freshwater environments. Anal Chem 78(24), 8194-8199.
Lam, B., Baer, A., Alaee, M., Lefebvre, B., Moser, A., Williams, A. and Simpson, A.J. (2007) Major Structural Components in Freshwater Dissolved Organic Matter. Environ Sci Technol 41(24), 8240-8247.
Lara, R.J. and Thomas, D.N. (1994) Isolation of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter:
Evaluation of Sequential Combinations of XAD Resins 2, 4, and 7. Anal Chem 66(14), 2417-2419.
Leenheer, J.A., Wershaw, R., Reddy, M.M., (1995) Strong-acid, carboxyl-group structures in fulvic acid from the Suwannee River, Georgia.2. Major structures. Environ Sci Technol 29(2), 399-405.
Li, H. and Minor, E.C. (2015) Dissolved organic matter in Lake Superior: insights into the effects of extraction methods on chemical composition. Environ Sci Process Impacts 17(10), 1829-1840.
Li, Y., Harir, M., Lucio, M., Kanawati, B., Smirnov, K., Flerus, R., Koch, B.P., Schmitt-Kopplin, P. and Hertkorn, N. (2016) Proposed Guidelines for Solid Phase Extraction of Suwannee River Dissolved Organic Matter. Anal Chem 88(13), 6680-6688.
Lucas, J., Koester, I., Wichels, A., Niggemann, J., Dittmar, T., Callies, U., Wiltshire, K.H. and Gerdts, G. (2016) Short-Term Dynamics of North Sea Bacterioplankton-Dissolved Organic Matter Coherence on Molecular Level. Front Microbiol 7, 321.
114
Mann, P.J., Eglinton, T. I., McIntyre C. P., Zimov, N., Davydova, A., Vonk, J. E., Holmes, R.
M. and Spencer, R. G. M. (2016) Utilization of ancient permafrost carbon in headwaters of Arctic fluvial networks. Nat. Commun. 6, 7856.
Minor, E.C., Swenson, M.M., Mattson, B.M. and Oyler, A.R. (2014) Structural characterization of dissolved organic matter: a review of current techniques for isolation and analysis. Environ Sci Process Impacts 16(9), 2064-2079.
Moran, M. A.; Kujawinski, E. B.; Stubbins, A.; Fatand, R.; Aluwihare, A.; Buchan, A.;
Crump, B. C.; Dorrestein, P. C.; Dyhrman, S. T.; Hess, N. J.; Howe, B.; Longnecker, K.;
Medeiros, P. M.;Niggemann, J.; Obernosterer., I.; Repeta, D. J. and Waldbauer, J. R. (2016) Deciphering ocean carbon in a changing world. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113(12), 3143-3151.
Nebbioso, A. and Piccolo, A. (2013) Molecular characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM): a critical review. Anal Bioanal Chem 405(1), 109-124.
Nkambule, T.I., Krause, R.W.M., Haarhoff, J. and Mamba, B.B. (2011) Treatability and characterization of Natural Organic Matter (Kashiyama et al.) in South African waters using newly developed methods. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 36(14-15), 1159-1166.
Osterholz, H., Singer, G., Wemheuer, B., Daniel, R., Simon, M., Niggemann, J. and Dittmar, T. (2016) Deciphering associations between dissolved organic molecules and bacterial communities in a pelagic marine system. ISME J. 10(7), 1717-1730.
Perdue E. M. and Ritche J. D. (2003). Dissolved organic matter in fresh waters, Treatise on Geochemistry (eds, Holland H. D. and Turekian K. K.), Elsevier-Pergamon, Oxford, Vol. 5, 273-318.
Perminova, I.V., Dubinenkov, I.V., Kononikhin, A.S., Konstantinov, A.I., Zherebker, A.Y., Andzhushev, M.A., Lebedev, V.A., Bulygina, E., Holmes, R.M., Kostyukevich, Y.I., Popov, I.A. and Nikolaev, E.N. (2014) Mo-lecular mapping of sorbent selectivities with respect to isolation of Arctic dissolved organic matter as measured by Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 48(13), 7461-7468.
115
Raeke, J., Lechtenfeld, O.J., Wagner, M., Herzsprung, P. and Reemtsma, T. (2016) Selectivity of solid phase extraction of freshwater dissolved organic matter and its effect on ultrahigh resolution mass spectra. Environ Sci Process Impacts 18, 918-927.
Ratpukdi, T., Rice, J.A., Chilom, G., Bezbaruah, A. and Khan, E. (2009) Rapid Fractionation of Natural Organic Matter in Water Using a Novel Solid-Phase Extraction Technique. Water Environ Res 81(11), 2299-2308.
Sandron, S., Rojas, A., Wilson, R., Davies, N.W., Haddad, P.R., Shellie, R.A., Nesterenko, P.N., Kelleher, B.P. and Paull, B. (2015) Chromatographic methods for the isolation, separation and characterisation of dissolved organic matter. Environ Sci Process Impacts 17(9), 1531-1567.
Swenson, M.M., Oyler, A.R. and Minor, E.C. (2014) Rapid solid phase extraction of dissolved organic matter. Limnol Oceanogr-Meth 12(10), 713-728.
Thurman, E.M. and Malcolm, R.L. (1981) Preparative isolation of aquatic humic substances.
Environ Sci Tech-nol 15(4), 463-466.
Tfaily, M.M., Hodgkins, S., Podgorski, D.C., Chanton, J.P. and Cooper, W.T. (2012) Comparison of dialysis and solid-phase extraction for isolation and concentration of dissolved organic matter prior to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 404(2), 447-457.
Tziotis, D., Hertkorn, N. and Schmitt-Kopplin, P. (2011) Kendrick-analogous network visualisation of ion cyclo-tron resonance Fourier transform mass spectra: improved options for the assignment of elemental compositions and the classification of organic molecular complexity. Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester, Eng) 17(4), 415-421.
Ward, N.D., Keil, R.G., Medeiros, P.M., Brito, D.C., Cunha, A.C., Dittmar, T., Yager, P.L., Krusche, A.V. and Richey, J.E. (2013) Degradation of terrestrially derived macromolecules in the Amazon River. Nat Geosci 6(7), 530-533.
Waska, H.; Koschinsky, A.; Chancho, M.J.R. and Dittmar, T. (2015) Investigating the potential of solid-phase extraction and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) for the isolation and identification of dissolved metal-organic complexes from natural waters. Mar Chem 173, 78-92.
116
Zhang, F., Harir, M., Moritz, F., Zhang, J., Witting, M., Wu, Y., Schmitt-Kopplin, P., Fekete, A., Gaspar, A. and Hertkorn, N. (2014) Molecular and structural characterization of dissolved organic matter during and post cyanobacterial bloom in Taihu by combination of NMR spectroscopy and FTICR mass spectrometry. Water Res 57, 280-294.
Zherebker, A.Y., Perminova, I.V., Konstantionov, A.I., Volikov, A.B., Kostyukevich, Y.I., Kononikhin, A.S., Nikolaev, E.N., (2016) Extraction of humic substances from fresh waters on solid-phase cartridges and their study by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. J Anal Chem 71(4), 372-378.
117
Chapter 7
Insights into Dissolved Organic Matter Compositions and Structures by Phase-optimized Solid Phase Extraction (POP SPE)
Published as: Yan Li, Mourad Harir, Basem Kanawati, Michael Gonsior, Boris P. Koch, Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin, Norbert Hertkorn (2017). Insight into Dissolved Organic Matter Composition and Structure by Phase-optimized Solid Phase Extraction (POP SPE). Analytical Chemistry. To be submitted.
118