• Keine Ergebnisse gefunden

ANHANG IV

MHC Major Histocompatibility Complex OAM äußere akrosomale Membran

PE Phycoerythrin

PFA Paraformaldehyd

PS Phosphatidylserin

RNS Ribonukleinsäure

SCF Stem Cell Factor

sek-AK Sekundärantikörper

SP-Medium Spermien Präparationsmedium SR-BI Class B Scavenger Receptor Typ I SSC Seitwärtsstreulicht

TCR T-Zell Rezeptor

TNF Tumor Nekrose Faktor

TNF-R Tumor Nekrose Faktor Rezeptor TNF_ Tumor Nekrose Faktor Alpha

TUNEL Terminal Deoxynukleotidyl-Transferase mediated dUTP nick-end labelling

VP Via-Probe

Literaturverzeichnis

1) Agrawal YP, Mahlamaki EK, Penttila IM. Use of quality control stan-dards in clinical flow cytometry. Annals of medicine 1991; 23: 127-33.

2) Aitken RJ, Buckingham DW, Fang HG. Analysis of the responses of hu-man spermatozoa to A23187 employing a novel technique for assessing the acrosome reaction. Journal of Andrology 1993; 14: 132-41.

3) Baccetti B, Collodel G, Piomboni P. Apoptosis in human ejaculated sperm cells (notulae seminologicae 9). Journal of submicroscopic cytology and pathology 1996; 28: 587-96.

4) Baccetti B, Capitani S, Collodel G, Strehler E, Piomboni P. Recent ad-vances in human sperm pathology. Contraception 2002; 65: 283-7.

5) Barroso G, Morshedi M, Oehninger S. Analysis of DNA fragmentation, plasma membrane translocation of phosphatidylserine and oxidative stress in human spermatozoa. Human reproduction 2000; 15: 1338-44.

6) BD PharMingen Technical Datasheet 550042 for purified mouse anti-human monoclonal antibody EOS9.1. Rev.002 05/24/00.

7) BD PharMingen Technical Datasheet 556422 for Annexin V-PE.

Rev.006 05/22/00.

8) Bellgrau D, Gold D, Selawry H, Moore J, Franzusoff A, Duke RC. A role for CD95 ligand in preventing graft rejection. Nature 1995; 377: 630-2.

9) Billig H, Furuta I, Rivier C, Tapanainen J, Parvinen M, Hsueh AJ.

Apoptosis in testis germ cells: developmental changes in gonadotropin de-pendence and localization to selective tubule stages. Endocrinology 1995;

136: 5-12.

10) Blanc-Layrac G, Bringuier AF, Guillot R, Feldmann G. Morphological and biochemical analysis of cell death in human ejaculated spermatozoa.

Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-grand) 2000; 46: 187-97.

11) Blanco-Rodriguez J, Martinez-Garcia C. In vivo analysis of germ cell apoptosis reveals the existence of stage-specific 'social' control of germ cell death in the seminiferous epithelium. International journal of Andrology 1997; 20: 373-9.

12) Blanco-Rodriguez J. A matter of death and life: the significance of germ cell death during spermatogenesis. International journal of Andrology 1998;

21: 236-48.

13) Bohring C, Krause E, Habermann B, Krause W. Isolation and identifi-cation of sperm membrane antigens recognized by antisperm antibodies, and their possible role in immunological infertility disease. Molecular human reproduction 2001; 7: 113-8.

14) Bohring C, Skrzypek J, Krause W. Influence of antisperm antibodies on the acrosome reaction as determined by flow cytometry.

Fertility and sterility 2001; 76: 275-80.

15) Bohring C, Krause W. Immune infertility: towards a better understanding of sperm (auto)-immunity. The value of proteomic analysis. Human repro-duction 2003; 18: 915-24.

16) Brown M, Wittwer C. Flow cytometry: principles and clinical applications in hematology. Clinical chemistry 2000; 46: 1221-9.

17) Carver-Ward JA, Jaroudi KA, Hollanders JM, Einspenner M. High fertilization prediction by flow cytometric analysis of the CD46 antigen on the inner acrosomal membrane of spermatozoa. Human reproduction 1996;

11: 1923-8.

18) Castro A, Parodi D, Morales I, Madariaga M, Rios R, Smith R. Absence of Fas protein detection by flow cytometry in human spermatozoa. Fertility and sterility 2004; 81: 1019-25.

19) Centola GM, Weisensel SP, Lewis V, Andolina EG, Herko RC. Time course of spontaneous in vitro sperm acrosome reaction. Journal of

20) Cooper TG, Yeung CH, Jones R, Orgebin-Crist MC, Robaire B. Rebut-tal of a role for the epididymis in sperm quality control by phagocytosis of defective sperm. Journal of cell science 2002; 115: 5-7.

21) Cummins JM, Pember SM, Jequier AM, Yovich JL, Hartmann PE. A test of the human sperm acrosome reaction following ionophore challenge.

Relationship to fertility and other seminal parameters. Journal of Andrology 1991; 12: 98-103.

22) CYTOGNOS. Data Sheet Ref: CYT95PE2 for anti-human CD95 (fas/APO-1).

23) D'Alessio A, Riccioli A, Lauretti P, Padula F, Muciaccia B, De CP et al.

Testicular FasL is expressed by sperm cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001; 98: 3316-21.

24) Daleke DL, Lyles JV. Identification and purification of aminophospholipid flippases. Biochimica et biophysica acta 2000; 1486: 108-27.

25) Darzynkiewicz Z, Bedner E, Smolewski P. Flow cytometry in analysis of cell cycle and apoptosis. Seminars in hematology 2001; 38: 179-93.

26) Domagala A, Kurpisz M. Identification of sperm immunoreactive antigens for immunocontraceptive purposes: a review. Reproductive biology and endocrinology [electronic resource] 2004; 2: 11.

27) Duru NK, Morshedi MS, Schuffner A, Oehninger S. Cryopreservation-Thawing of fractionated human spermatozoa is associated with membrane phosphatidylserine externalization and not DNA fragmentation. Journal of Andrology 2001; 22: 646-51.

28) Erdahl WL, Chapman CJ, Taylor RW, Pfeiffer DR. Ca2+ transport properties of ionophores A23187, ionomycin, and 4-BrA23187 in a well de-fined model system. Biophysical journal 1994; 66: 1678-93.

29) Esteves SC, Sharma RK, Thomas AJ, Jr., Agarwal A. Effect of in vitro incubation on spontaneous acrosome reaction in fresh and cryopreserved

human spermatozoa. International journal of fertility and women’s medicine 1998; 43: 235-42.

30) Fadok VA, Bratton DL, Rose DM, Pearson A, Ezekewitz RA, Henson PM. A receptor for phosphatidylserine-specific clearance of apoptotic cells.

Nature 2000; 405: 85-90.

31) Filippini A, Riccioli A, Padula F, Lauretti P, D'Alessio A, De CP et al.

Control and impairment of immune privilege in the testis and in semen.

Human reproduction update 2001; 7: 444-9.

32) Francavilla F, Romano R, Santucci R, La VG, D'Abrizio P, Francavilla S. Naturally-occurring antisperm antibodies in men: interference with fertil-ity and implications for treatment. Frontiers in bioscience: a journal and virtual library 1999; 4: e9-25.

33) Francavilla S, D'Abrizio P, Rucci N, Silvano G, Properzi G, Straface E et al. Fas and Fas ligand expression in fetal and adult human testis with normal or deranged spermatogenesis. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2000; 85: 2692-700.

34) Francavilla S, D'Abrizio P, Cordeschi G, Pelliccione F, Necozione S, Ulisse S et al. Fas expression correlates with human germ cell degeneration in meiotic and post-meiotic arrest of spermatogenesis. Molecular human reproduction 2002; 8: 213-20.

35) Gadella BM, Harrison RA. Capacitation induces cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent, but apoptosis-unrelated, exposure of amino-phospholipids at the apical head plasma membrane of boar sperm cells.

Biology of reproduction 2002; 67: 340-50.

36) Gandini L, Lombardo F, Paoli D, Caponecchia L, Familiari G,

Verlengia C et al. Study of apoptotic DNA fragmentation in human sper-matozoa. Human reproduction 2000; 15: 830-9.

37) Glander HJ, Schaller J. Binding of annexin V to plasma membranes of

38) Gorczyca W, Traganos F, Jesionowska H, Darzynkiewicz Z. Presence of DNA strand breaks and increased sensitivity of DNA in situ to denaturation in abnormal human sperm cells: analogy to apoptosis of somatic cells.

Experimental cell research 1993; 207: 202-5.

39) Green S, Fishel S, Rowe P. The incidence of spontaneous acrosome reac-tion in homogeneous populareac-tions of hyperactivated human spermatozoa.

Human reproduction 1999; 14: 1819-22.

40) Grunewald S, Paasch U, Said TM, Sharma RK, Glander HJ, Agarwal A. Caspase activation in human spermatozoa in response to physiological and pathological stimuli. Fertility and sterility 2005; 83 Suppl 1: 1106-12.

41) Haas GG, Jr., Cunningham ME. Identification of antibody-laden sperm by cytofluorometry. Fertility and sterility 1984; 42: 606-13.

42) Haney AF, Misukonis MA, Weinberg JB. Macrophages and infertility:

oviductal macrophages as potential mediators of infertility. Fertility and sterility 1983; 39: 310-5.

43) Hellstrom WJ, Overstreet JW, Moore SM, Samuels SJ, Chang RJ, Lewis EL. Antisperm antibodies bind with different patterns to sperm of different men. The Journal of urology 1987; 138: 895-8.

44) Hengartner MO. The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature 2000; 407: 770-6.

45) Hengartner MO. Apoptosis: corralling the corpses. Cell 2001; 104: 325-8.

46) Hikim AP, Wang C, Lue Y, Johnson L, Wang XH, Swerdloff RS.

Spontaneous germ cell apoptosis in humans: evidence for ethnic differences in the susceptibility of germ cells to programmed cell death. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 1998; 83: 152-6.

47) Hoffmann PR, deCathelineau AM, Ogden CA, Leverrier Y, Bratton DL, Daleke DL et al. Phosphatidylserine (PS) induces PS receptor-mediated macropinocytosis and promotes clearance of apoptotic cells. The Journal of cell biology 2001; 155: 649-59.

48) Holstein AF. Spermatophagy in the seminiferous tubules and excurrent ducts of the testis in Rhesus monkey and in man. Andrologia 1978; 10: 331-52.

49) Igney HF, Krammer PH. Apoptosis – Signals and Diseases. Biochemica / Boeringer-Mannheim 3/1999.

50) Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenome-non with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. British journal of cancer 1972; 26: 239-57.

51) Kotwicka M, Jendraszak M, Warchol JB. Plasma membrane transloca-tion of phosphatidylserine in human spermatozoa. Folia histochemica et cytobiologica / Polish Academy of Sciences, Polish Histochemical and Cytochemical Society 2002; 40: 111-2.

52) Krammer PH. CD95(APO-1/Fas)-mediated apoptosis: live and let die.

Advances in Immunology 1999; 71: 163-210.

53) Krammer PH. CD95's deadly mission in the immune system. Nature 2000;

407: 789-95.

54) Krause W, Viethen G. Quality assessment of computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) in the andrology laboratory. Andrologia 1999; 31: 125-9.

55) Kremer J, Jager S. Characteristics of anti-spermatozoal antibodies respon-sible for the shaking phenomenon with special regard to immunoglobulin class and antigen-reactive sites. International journal of Andrology 1980;

3: 143-52.

56) Lachaud C, Tesarik J, Canadas ML, Mendoza C. Apoptosis and necrosis in human ejaculated spermatozoa. Human reproduction 2004; 19: 607-10.

57) Lee DR, Lee JE, Yoon HS, Roh SI. Induction of acrosome reaction in hu-man spermatozoa accelerates the time of pronucleus formation of hamster oocytes after intracytoplasmatic sperm injection. Fertility and sterility 1997;

58) Lee J, Richburg JH, Younkin SC, Boekelheide K. The Fas system is a key regulator of germ cell apoptosis in the testis. Endocrinology 1997; 138:

2081-8.

59) Lee J, Richburg JH, Shipp EB, Meistrich ML, Boekelheide K. The Fas system, a regulator of testicular germ cell apoptosis, is differentially up-regulated in Sertoli cell versus germ cell injury of the testis. Endocrinology 1999; 140: 852-8.

60) Liu DY, Baker HW. Calcium ionophore-induced acrosome reaction corre-lates with fertilization rates in vitro in patients with teratozoospermic semen.

Human reproduction 1998; 13: 905-10.

61) Maeda Y, Shiratsuchi A, Namiki M, Nakanishi Y. Inhibition of sperm production in mice by annexin V microinjected into seminiferous tubules:

possible etiology of phagocytic clearance of apoptotic spermatogenic cells and male infertility. Cell death and differentiation 2002; 9: 742-9.

62) Martin SJ, Reutelingsperger CP, McGahon AJ, Rader JA, van Schie RC, LaFace DM et al. Early redistribution of plasma membrane phosphati-dylserine is a general feature of apoptosis regardless of the initiating stimu-lus: inhibition by overexpression of Bcl-2 and Abl. The Journal of experi-mental medicine 1995; 182: 1545-56.

63) Mazumdar S, Levine AS. Antisperm antibodies: etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Fertility and sterility 1998; 70(5): 799-810.

64) Moilanen JM, Carpen O, Hovatta O. Flow cytometric light scattering analysis, acrosome reaction, reactive oxygen species production and leuko-cyte contamination of semen preparation in prediction of fertilization rate in vitro. Human reproduction 1998; 13: 2568-74.

65) Moilanen JM, Carpen O, Hovatta O. Flow cytometric analysis of semen preparation, and assessment of acrosome reaction, reactive oxygen species production and leucocyte contamination in subfertile men. Andrologia 1999;

31: 269-76.

66) Mortimer D, Curtis EF, Camenzind AR, Tanaka S. The spontaneous acrosome reaction of human spermatozoa incubated in vitro. Human repro-duction 1989; 4: 57-62.

67) Müller K, Müller P, Herrmann A. Transbilayer motion of spin-labelled phospholipids in the plasma membrane of epididymal and ejaculated ram spermatozoa. Journal of reproduction and fertility 1997; 111: 81-9.

68) Murakami M, Nishida T, Shiromoto M, Iwanaga S. Phagocytosis of spermatozoa and latex beads by the epithelial cell of the cat oviduct: com-bined SEM and TEM study. Archivum histologicum Japonicum 1985; 48:

519-26.

69) Muratori M, Piomboni P, Baldi E, Filimberti E, Pecchioli P, Moretti E et al. Functional and ultrastructural features of DNA-fragmented human sperm. Journal of Andrology 2000; 21: 903-12.

70) Muratori M, Porazzi I, Luconi M, Marchiani S, Forti G, Baldi E. An-nexinV binding and merocyanine staining fail to detect human sperm ca-pacitation. Journal of Andrology 2004; 25: 797-810.

71) Nagae T, Yanagimachi R, Srivastava PN, Yanagimachi H. Acrosome re-action in human spermatozoa. Fertility and sterility 1986; 45: 701-7.

72) Nagata S, Golstein P. The Fas death factor. Science 1995; 267: 1449-56.

73) Nagata S. Fas ligand-induced apoptosis. Annual review of genetics 1999;

33: 29-55.

74) Nakanishi Y, Shiratsuchi A. Phagocytic removal of apoptotic spermato-genic cells by Sertoli cells: mechanisms and consequences. Biological &

pharmaceutical bulletin 2004; 27: 13-6.

75) Nolan JP, Hammerstedt RH. Regulation of membrane stability and the acrosome reaction in mammalian sperm. THE FASEB JOURNAL: OFFI-CIAL PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SOCIETIES

76) Oosterhuis GJ, Mulder AB, Kalsbeek-Batenburg E, Lambalk CB, Schoemaker J, Vermes I. Measuring apoptosis in human spermatozoa: a biological assay for semen quality? Fertility and sterility 2000; 74: 245-50.

77) Paasch U, Grunewald S, Fitzl G, Glander HJ. Deterioration of plasma membrane is associated with activated caspases in human spermatozoa.

Journal of Andrology 2003; 24: 246-52.

78) Paasch U, Sharma RK, Gupta AK, Grunewald S, Mascha EJ, Thomas AJ, Jr. et al. Cryopreservation and thawing is associated with varying ex-tent of activation of apoptotic machinery in subsets of ejaculated human spermatozoa. Biology of reproduction 2004; 71: 1828-37.

79) Paasch U, Grunewald S, Agarwal A, Glandera HJ. Activation pattern of caspases in human spermatozoa. Fertility and sterility 2004; 81 Suppl 1:

802-9.

80) Paasch U, Grunewald S, Wuendrich K, Jope T, Glander HJ. Immuno-magnetic removal of cryo-damaged human spermatozoa. Asian Journal of Andrology 2005; 7: 61-9.

81) Parinaud J, Vieitez G, Moutaffian H, Richoilley G, Labal B. Relevance of acrosome function in the evaluation of semen in vitro fertilizing ability.

Fertility and sterility 1995; 63: 598-603.

82) Pentikainen V, Erkkila K, Dunkel L. Fas regulates germ cell apoptosis in the human testis in vitro. The American journal of physiology 1999;

276: E310-E316.

83) Peter ME, Heufelder AE, Hengartner MO. Advances in apoptosis re-search. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1997; 94: 12736-7.

84) PharMingen. Apoptosis: Applied Reagents and Technologies Instruction Manual. 2nd Edition, December 1998.

85) PharMingen. Technical Data Sheet VIA-PROBE 34321X.Rev.003 02/06/98

86) Print CG, Loveland KL. Germ cell suicide: new insights into apoptosis during spermatogenesis. BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellu-lar and developmental biology 2000; 22: 423-30.

87) Quinn PJ. Plasma membrane phospholipid asymmetry. Sub-cellular bio-chemistry 2002; 36: 39-60.

88) Rand JH, Wu XX, Lapinski R, van Heerde WL, Reutelingsperger CP, Chen PP et al. Detection of antibody-mediated reduction of annexin A5 anticoagulant activity in plasmas of patients with the antiphospholipid syn-drome. Blood 2004; 104: 2783-90.

89) Renehan AG, Booth C, Potten CS. What is apoptosis, and why is it im-portant? BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 2001; 322: 1536-8.

90) Reutelingsperger CP. Annexins: key regulators of haemostasis, thrombo-sis, and apoptosis. Thrombosis and haemostasis 2001; 86: 413-9.

91) Ricci G, Perticarari S, Fragonas E, Giolo E, Canova S, Pozzobon C et al. Apoptosis in human sperm: its correlation with semen quality and the presence of leukocytes. Human reproduction 2002; 17: 2665-72.

92) Riccioli A, Salvati L, D'Alessio A, Starace D, Giampietri C, De CP et al.

The Fas system in the seminiferous epithelium and its possible extra-testicular role. Andrologia 2003; 35: 64-70.

93) Russell L, Peterson RN, Freund M. Morphologic characteristics of the chemically induced acrosome reaction in human spermatozoa. Fertility and sterility 1979; 32: 87-92.

94) Sakkas D, Mariethoz E, St John JC. Abnormal sperm parameters in hu-mans are indicative of an abortive apoptotic mechanism linked to the Fas-mediated pathway. Experimental cell research 1999; 251: 350-5.

95) Sakkas D, Mariethoz E, Manicardi G, Bizzaro D, Bianchi PG, Bianchi U. Origin of DNA damage in ejaculated human spermatozoa. Reviews of

re-96) Sakkas D, Moffatt O, Manicardi GC, Mariethoz E, Tarozzi N, Bizzaro D. Nature of DNA damage in ejaculated human spermatozoa and the possi-ble involvement of apoptosis. Biology of reproduction 2002; 66: 1061-7.

97) Savill J, Fadok V. Corpse clearance defines the meaning of cell death.

Nature 2000; 407: 784-8.

98) Shen HM, Dai J, Chia SE, Lim A, Ong CN. Detection of apoptotic altera-tions in sperm in subfertile patients and their correlaaltera-tions with sperm

quality. Human reproduction 2002; 17: 1266-73.

99) Shiratsuchi A, Umeda M, Ohba Y, Nakanishi Y. Recognition of phos-phatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic spermatogenic cells and subse-quent phagocytosis by Sertoli cells of the rat. The Journal of biological chemistry 1997; 272: 2354-8.

100) Shiratsuchi A, Kawasaki Y, Ikemoto M, Arai H, Nakanishi Y. Role of class B scavenger receptor type I in phagocytosis of apoptotic rat spermato-genic cells by Sertoli cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 1999;

274: 5901-8.

101) Sinha Hikim AP, Lue Y, az-Romero M, Yen PH, Wang C, Swerdloff RS. Deciphering the pathways of germ cell apoptosis in the testis. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 2003; 85: 175-82.

102) Skrzypek J. Flowcytometrische Untersuchung der akrosomalen Reaktion humaner Spermatozoen. Dissertation an dem Fachbereich Humanmedizin der Philipps-Universität. Marburg, 1999.

103) Sommer HJ. Light and electron microscopic studies of the epididymis in 30 patients with obstructive azoospermia. Der Urologe. Ausg. A 1983;

22: 35-43.

104) Spano M, Calugi A, Capuano V, de VR, Gohde W, Hacker-Klom U et al. Flow cytometry and sizing for routine andrological analysis. Andrologia 1984; 16: 367-75.

105) Spano M, Bonde JP, Hjollund HI, Kolstad HA, Cordelli E, Leter G.

Sperm chromatin damage impairs human fertility. The Danish First Preg-nancy Planner Study Team. Fertility and sterility 2000; 73: 43-50.

106) Steller H. Mechanisms and genes of cellular suicide. Science 1995; 267:

1445-9.

107) Strasser A, O'Connor L, Dixit VM. Apoptosis signaling. Annual review of biochemistry 2000; 69: 217-45.

108) Sutovsky P, Moreno R, Ramalho-Santos J, Dominko T, Thompson WE, Schatten G. A putative, ubiquitin-dependent mechanism for the recognition and elimination of defective spermatozoa in the mammalian epididymis.

Journal of cell science 2001; 114: 1665-75.

109) Tesarik J, Greco E, Cohen-Bacrie P, Mendoza C. Germ cell apoptosis in men with complete and incomplete spermiogenesis failure. Molecular hu-man reproduction 1998; 4: 757-62.

110) Tomlinson MJ, White A, Barratt CL, Bolton AE, Cooke ID. The re-moval of morphologically abnormal sperm forms by phagocytes: a positive role for seminal leukocytes? Human reproduction 1992; 7: 517-22.

111) van Heerde WL, Sakariassen KS, Hemker HC, Sixma JJ, Reuteling-sperger CP, de Groot PG. Annexin V inhibits the procoagulant activity of matrices of TNF-stimulated endothelium under blood flow conditions. Arte-riosclerosis and thrombosis : a journal of vascular biology / American Heart Association 1994; 14: 824-30.

112) van Heerde WL, de Groot PG, Reutelingsperger CP. The complexity of the phospholipid binding protein Annexin V. Thrombosis and haemostasis 1995; 73: 172-9.

113) van Heerde WL, Robert-Offerman S, Dumont E, Hofstra L, Doeven-dans PA, Smits JF et al. Markers of apoptosis in cardiovascular tissues: fo-cus on Annexin V. Cardiovascular research 2000; 45: 549-59.

114) van Heerde WL, Reutelingsperger CP, Maassen C, Lux P, Derksen RH, de Groot PG. The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies is not related to increased levels of annexin A5 in plasma. Journal of thrombosis and hae-mostasis : JTH 2003; 1: 532-6.

115) van Engeland M, Nieland LJ, Ramaekers FC, Schutte B,

Reutelingsperger CP. Annexin V-affinity assay: a review on an apoptosis detection system based on phosphatidylserine exposure. Cytometry 1998;

31: 1-9.

116) Vaux DL. Immunology. Ways around rejection. Nature 1995;

377(6550):576-7

117) Vaux DL. Retraction of: Immunology. Ways around rejection. Erratum on Bellgrau. Nature 1998; 394(6689):133

118) Vermes I, Haanen C, Steffens-Nakken H, Reutelingsperger C. A novel assay for apoptosis. Flow cytometric detection of phosphatidylserine ex-pression on early apoptotic cells using fluorescein labelled Annexin V.

Journal of immunological methods 1995; 184: 39-51.

119) Weng SL, Taylor SL, Morshedi M, Schuffner A, Duran EH, Beebe S et al. Caspase activity and apoptotic markers in ejaculated human sperm.

Molecular human reproduction 2002; 8: 984-91.

120) WHO. WHO-Laborhandbuch zur Untersuchung des menschlichen

Ejakulats und der Spermien-Zervikalschleim-Interaktion. Übersetzt von E.

Nieschlag, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 4. Auflage, 1999.

121) Xerri L, Devilard E, Hassoun J, Mawas C, Birg F. Fas ligand is not only expressed in immune privileged human organs but is also coexpressed with Fas in various epithelial tissues. Molecular pathology: MP 1997; 50: 87-91.

122) Yan W, Suominen J, Toppari J. Stem cell factor protects germ cells from apoptosis in vitro. Journal of cell science 2000; 113 ( Pt 1): 161-8.

123) Yovich JM, Edirisinghe WR, Yovich JL. Use of the acrosome reaction to ionophore challenge test in managing patients in an assisted reproduction program: a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled study. Fertility and sterility 1994; 61: 902-10.

124) Zhang G, Gurtu V, Kain SR, Yan G. Early detection of apoptosis using a fluorescent conjugate of annexin V. BioTechniques 1997; 23: 525-31.

Verzeichnis der akademischen Lehrer

Meine akademischen Lehrer waren die Damen und Herren in Marburg:

Achilles, Arnold, Aumüller,

Barth, Basler, Baum, Bertalanffy, Braun, Cetin, Czubayko

Daut, Duda,

Feuser, Fick, Fruhstorfer,

Gemsa, Geus, Görg, Golenhofen, Gotzen, Gressner, Gross, Grzeschik, Gudermann, Happle, Hartmann, Hasilik, Hellinger, Hilgermann, Hörle,

Jungclas,

Kern, Klenk, Koolmann, Krause, Kretschmer, Krieg, Kühnert, Lauer, Lennartz, Leppek, Lorenz,

Maisch, Mandrek, Moll, Moosdorf, Mueller, Müller, Neumueller

Petermann, Podszus, Prinz,

Rausch, Remschmidt, Renz, Richter, Röhm, Rösler, Rothmund,

Schachtschabel, Schäfer, Schmidt, Schnabel, Seitz, Skrzypek, Slencka, Steiniger, Sturm,

Voigt,

Weihe, Wennemuth, Werner, Westermann

Sowie in Wien:

Budka, Chott, Ehrenberger, Gangl, Grassl, Hönigsmann, Katschnig, Kerjaschki, Knobler, Kotz, Marberger, Marhold, Maurer, Pikula, Pollack, Roka, Smolen, Stackl, Waldhäusl,

Welleschik

Sowie in Sydney: Sowie in Dublin:

Powers Enright

Sowie in Bremen:

Dreikorn, Dürig