1. Ðåçóëüòàòû òðàíñïëàíòàöèè îïðå-äåëÿþòñÿ âçàèìîäåéñòâèåì òðåõ ãðóïï ôàêòîðîâ:
à) ñîöèîêóëüòóðíûìè õàðàêòåðèñòèêàìè;
â) íà÷àëüíûìè èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíûìè è ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêèìè óñëîâèÿìè;
ñ) âûáîðîì òåõíîëîãèé òðàíñïëàíòàöèè.
Ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ íàóêà ñîâðåìåííîé Ðîññèè ♦ N¹ 3, 2001 ã.
22Ïðè ïîäñ÷åòå ýòîãî ïîêàçàòåëÿ äëÿ Ðîññèè ó÷èòûâàëèñü ðàñõîäû èç âíåáþäæåòíûõ ôîíäîâ è çàòðàòû íà ñîöèàëüíîå îáåñïå÷åíèå.
Íå ñëåäóåò ñâîäèòü ïðè÷èíû äèñôóíê-öèé ê âëèÿíèþ èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî êóëüòóðíûõ ôàêòîðîâ èëè ðàññîãëàñîâàíèþ ôîðìàëü-íûõ è íåôîðìàëüôîðìàëü-íûõ íîðì.
2. «Ïðîçåëèòèçì» íà ìåæäóíàðîäíîì ðûíêå èíñòèòóòîâ è ñîñòÿçàíèå çà ðåôîðìû íà âíóòðåííåì ðûíêå ñîçäàþò ñèòóàöèþ
«ìîðàëüíîãî èñêóøåíèÿ» è óâåëè÷èâàþò ðèñê íåâåðíîãî îòáîðà òðàíñïëàíòàòà. Ïî-ýòîìó ïðîöåññ òðàíñïëàíòàöèè òðåáóåò îá-ùåñòâåííîãî êîíòðîëÿ.
3. Ïðîåêò òðàíñïëàíòàöèè äîëæåí áûòü òùàòåëüíî ðàçðàáîòàí, âêëþ÷àÿ îöåíêó èçäåðæåê òðàíñïëàíòàöèè, âûáîð òðàíñïëàíòàòà, ñòðàòåãèè è èíôðàñòðóê-òóðû òðàíñïëàíòàöèè. Ïðîöåäóðà îòáîðà ïðîåêòîâ äîëæíà áûòü ðåãëàìåíòèðîâàíà è ïðåäóñìàòðèâàòü íåçàâèñèìóþ ýêñïåð-òèçó, ñ òåì ÷òîáû ìèíèìèçèðîâàòü âîç-ìîæíîñòü èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ðåôîðìåííîãî ïðîöåññà â èíòåðåñàõ óçêèõ ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ ãðóïï.
4. Íå ñëåäóåò ñìåøèâàòü òðàíñïëàíòà-öèþ èíñòèòóòà è èìèòàòðàíñïëàíòà-öèþ ôîðìàëüíûõ ïðàâèë, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèõ åãî ôóíêöèîíè-ðîâàíèå. Ëþáàÿ ñèñòåìà òàêèõ ïðàâèë äî-ïóñêàåò ðàçëè÷íûå èíòåðïðåòàöèè è âàðè-àíòû ðåàëèçàöèè â çàâèñèìîñòè îò êóëüòó-ðû äåéñòâóþùèõ ñóáúåêòîâ è èíñòèòóöèî-íàëüíîé ñðåäû.
5.  ñëó÷àå íåñîâìåñòèìîñòè òðàíñ-ïëàíòàòà ñ êóëüòóðíûìè òðàäèöèÿìè è èí-ñòèòóöèîíàëüíîé ñòðóêòóðîé ðåöèïèåíòà ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè «øîêîâîé» òåõíîëîãèè âåðîÿòíî âîçíèêíîâåíèå òðàíñïëàíòàöèîí-íûõ äèñôóíêöèé: àòðîôèè è ïåðåðîæäåíèÿ èíñòèòóòà, îòòîðæåíèÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå àêòè-âèçàöèè àëüòåðíàòèâíûõ èíñòèòóòîâ, èí-ñòèòóöèîíàëüíîãî êîíôëèêòà, ïàðàäîêñà ïåðåäà÷è.
6. Äëÿ óìåíüøåíèÿ âåðîÿòíîñòè èí-ñòèòóöèîíàëüíûõ äèñôóíêöèé öåëåñîîá-ðàçíî èñïîëüçîâàòü ñòðàòåãèþ ïðîìåæóòî÷-íûõ èíñòèòóòîâ, ñî÷åòàÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâà
«âûðàùèâàíèÿ» è âîçìîæíîñòü óïðàâëåíèÿ òåìïîì èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíîãî ñòðîèòåëüñò-âà. Âàæíåéøèì èíñòðóìåíòîì ñîêðàùåíèÿ èçäåðæåê òðàíñïëàíòàöèè è ïðåäîòâðàùå-íèÿ äèñôóíêöèé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñîöèàëüíàÿ è ïðîìûøëåííàÿ ïîëèòèêà.
7. Åñëè ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ àäìèíèñòðà-öèÿ íå ñïîñîáíà îñóùåñòâëÿòü ðàöèî-íàëüíóþ ñîöèàëüíóþ è ïðîìûøëåííóþ ïîëèòèêó, òî ìàëîâåðîÿòíî, ÷òî îíà ñóìå-åò ïðîâåñòè ýôôåêòèâíóþ òðàíñïëàíòà-öèþ èíñòèòóòîâ. Ïîýòîìó ñîâåðøåíñòâî-âàíèå ðàáîòû ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî àïïàðàòà äîëæíî ÿâëÿòüñÿ ïåðâûì è âàæíåéøèì ïóíêòîì â ñïèñêå ðåôîðìåííûõ ìåðîïðè-ÿòèé.
Ïðåäëîæåííàÿ âûøå ñèñòåìà ïîíÿòèé ïîçâîëèëà îïèñàòü è ñòðóêòóðèðîâàòü ïðîáëåìó òðàíñïëàíòàöèè ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ èíñòèòóòîâ â îáùåì âèäå, îñîçíàòü åå âàæíîñòü êàê ñïåöèàëüíîé ãëàâû èíñòèòó-öèîíàëüíîé òåîðèè. Îäíàêî öåíòðàëüíûå òåìû ýòîé ãëàâû áûëè ëèøü íàìå÷åíû.
Êàê èçìåðèòü èçäåðæêè òðàíñïëàíòàöèè?
Ìîæíî ëè îöåíèòü âåðîÿòíîñòü óñïåõà òðàíñïëàíòàöèè ïî êóëüòóðíûì è èíñòè-òóöèîíàëüíûì õàðàêòåðèñòèêàì äîíîðà è ðåöèïèåíòà? Êàê âûáðàòü ñîöèàëüíóþ è ïðîìûøëåííóþ ïîëèòèêó, êîòîðàÿ
ñìÿã-÷àëà áû òðàíñïëàíòàöèîííûé øîê è íå ñòèìóëèðîâàëà áû ïåðåðàñïðåäåëèòåëü-íóþ àêòèâíîñòü? Ñóùåñòâóþò ëè ðåãóëÿð-íûå ïðîöåäóðû ïîñòðîåíèÿ ýôôåêòèâíîé ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè ïðîìåæóòî÷íûõ èí-ñòèòóòîâ? Êàê «ëå÷èòü»
òðàíñïëàíòàöèîí-Ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ íàóêà ñîâðåìåííîé Ðîññèè ♦ N¹ 3, 2001 ã.
íûå äèñôóíêöèè? Âñå ýòè âîïðîñû ÷ðåç-âû÷àéíî âàæíû è íóæäàþòñÿ â äàëüíåé-øåé ïðîðàáîòêå.
Àâòîð ïîëüçóåòñÿ ñëó÷àåì âûðàçèòü ñâîþ áëàãîäàðíîñòü ó÷àñòíèêàì çàñåäàíèÿ Îòäåëåíèÿ ýêîíîìèêè ÐÀÍ çà îáñóæäåíèå äîêëàäà è öåííûå çàìå÷àíèÿ. ß îñîáåííî
ïðèçíàòåëåí Â.Â. Ïîïîâó, Ð.ß. Ëåâèòå, Ä.Ñ. Ëüâîâó, Â.Ë. Ìàêàðîâó è À.À. Ôðèä-ìàíó, ïðî÷èòàâøèì ïåðâóþ âåðñèþ ðàáî-òû è ñïîñîáñòâîâàâøèì åå óëó÷øåíèþ. ß õîòåë áû òàêæå ïîáëàãîäàðèòü Â.À. Ñïèâà-êà è Î.Þ. Ñòàðêîâà çà ïîìîùü â ïîèñÑïèâà-êàõ ëèòåðàòóðíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ.
Ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ íàóêà ñîâðåìåííîé Ðîññèè ♦ N¹ 3, 2001 ã.
Ëèòåðàòóðà
Êóçîâêèí À.Óðîêè êàëèôîðíèéñêîãî êðèçèñà //
Íåçàâèñèìàÿ ãàçåòà. 2001. 23 ìàðòà.
Êóçüìèíîâ ß.È.Ìîäåðíèçàöèÿ ãîñóäàðñòâà: èäåè è êîíòóðû // Èíâåñòèöèîííûé êëèìàò è ïåðñïåê-òèâû ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ðîñòà â Ðîññèè / Ïîä ðåä.
Å.Ã. ßñèíà. Êí. 1. Ì.: ÂØÝ, 2001. Ñ. 191–201.
Ëåâàäà Þ. ×åëîâåê ëóêàâûé: äâîåìûñëèå ïî-ðîññèéñêè // Ìîíèòîðèíã îáùåñòâåííîãî ìíå-íèÿ (ÂÖÈÎÌ). 2000. ¹ 1 (45).
Ìåäâåäåâ À.Ïîâåäåíèå íåðåçèäåíòîâ íà ðûíêå ÃÊÎ-ÎÔÇ â ïåðèîä ðîññèéñêîãî ôèíàíñîâîãî êðèçèñà 1998 ãîäà: Àâòîðåô. äèñ. êàíä. ýêîí.
íàóê. Ì.: ÖÝÌÈ ÐÀÍ, 2001.
Îëåéíèê À.Èçäåðæêè è ïåðñïåêòèâû ðåôîðì â Ðîññèè: èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíûé ïîäõîä // ÌÝè-ÌÎ. 1997. ¹ 12; 1998. ¹ 1.
Îëåéíèê À. Èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíàÿ ýêîíîìèêà. Ì.:
ÈÍÔÐÀ-Ì, 2000. Ñ. 206–209.
Îñëóíä À. «Ðåíòîîðèåíòèðîâàííîå ïîâåäåíèå»
â ðîññèéñêîé ïåðåõîäíîé ýêîíîìèêå // Âîïðîñû ýêîíîìèêè. 1996. ¹ 8.
Ïàðèíñîí Í. Ðåôîðìà ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óïðàâ-ëåíèÿ â Ðîññèè: ïðîáëåìû è ïóòè èõ ðåøåíèÿ //
Èíâåñòèöèîííûé êëèìàò è ïåðñïåêòèâû ýêîíî-ìè÷åñêîãî ðîñòà â Ðîññèè / Ïîä ðåä. Å.Ã. ßñèíà.
Êí. 1. Ì.: ÂØÝ, 2001.
Ïîëòåðîâè÷ Â.Ì. Ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ ðåôîðìà 1992: áèòâà ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ñ òðóäîâûìè êîëëåê-òèâàìè // Ýêîíîìèêà è ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèå ìåòîäû.
1993. Ò. 29. Âûï. 4.
Ïîëòåðîâè÷ Â.Ì. Èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíûå ëîâóø-êè è ýêîíîìè÷åñëîâóø-êèå ðåôîðìû // Ýêîíîìèêà è ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèå ìåòîäû. 1999. Ò. 35. Âûï. 2.
Ïîëòåðîâè÷ Â.Ì. Ïåðåðàñïðåäåëèòåëüíàÿ àê-òèâíîñòü è òðàíñôîðìàöèîííûé ñïàä // Òðóäû IV íàó÷íîãî ñåìèíàðà «Ýâîëþöèîííàÿ ýêîíî-ìèêà: åäèíñòâî è ïðîòèâîðå÷èÿ òåîðèè è ïðàê-òèêè» / Ïîä ðåä. Â.È. Ìàåâñêîãî. Ì., 2001 (â
ïå-÷àòè).
Ïîïîâ Â. Ñèëüíûå èíñòèòóòû âàæíåå ñêîðîñòè ðåôîðì // Âîïðîñû ýêîíîìèêè. 1998. ¹ 8.
Ñ. 56–70.
Ïðèâàòèçàöèÿ â Ðîññèè: Ñá. íîðìàòèâíûõ äî-êóìåíòîâ è ìàòåðèàëîâ. ×. 1. Ì.: Þðèä. ëèòåðà-òóðà, 1993.
Ðóòãàéçåð Â. Ïðèâàòèçàöèÿ â Ðîññèè: äâèæåíèå
«íà îùóïü» // Âîïðîñû ýêîíîìèêè. 1993. ¹ 11, 12.
Ñàãäååâ Ð. Òàêèå ðàçíûå èïîòåêè // Èçâåñòèÿ.
2001. 14 ôåâð.
×åðíûõ Å.Â. Èñòîðèÿ è ïåðñïåêòèâû ðàçâèòèÿ èïîòå÷íîãî êðåäèòîâàíèÿ â Ðîññèè. Ì.: ÖÝÌÈ ÐÀÍ, 1998.
Aron J.Growth and Institutions: A Review of the Evidence // The World Bank Research Observer.
2000. V. 15. No 1. Ð. 99–135.
Berkowitz D., Pistor K., Richard J.–F. Economic Development, Legality and the Transplant Effect.
1999. November (Preprint).
Bruno M. Crisis, Stabilization and Economic Reform. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.
Cao Yuan Zheng, Gang Fan andWing Thye Woo.
Chinese Economic Reform: Past Successes and Future Chalenges. In: Parker. S., Sachs J.D. and Woo W.T. (eds). Economies in Transition.
Cambridge, Massachusetts. The MIT Press. 1997.
Ð. 19–39.
Carrington W.J. and Detragiache E. How Big is the Brain Drain? IMF Working Paper. WP/98/102.
1998.
Conradt D.P. Changing German Political Culture.
In: Almond G. A. and S. Verba (eds.). The Civic Culture Revisited. Newbury Park. Sage Publications. 1989. Ð. 212– 272.
Earle J. S., Estrin S. andLeshchenko L.Ownership Structures, Patterns of Control, and Enterprise Behavior in Russia. In: Simon Commander Q. Fan and Mark Schaffer (eds.). Enterprise Restructuring and Economic Policy in Russia, 205–252.
Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1996.
Eaton J. Foreign Public Capital Flow. In:
H.Chenery and T.N.Srinivasan (eds.). Handbook of Development Economics. Vol. II. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1989. Ð. 1306–1386.
Hillman A.L., Ursprung H.W. Political Culture, Political Liberalization and Economic Decline.
Preprint. Version: 1998. December 8.
Economic Survey of Europe. Nî 1. Economic Commission for Europe. United Nations, 2001.
Hellman J.S., Jones G., Kaufmann D. and Schankerman M. Measuring Governance,
Corruption and State Capture. Policy Research Working Paper, No 2312, The World Bank Institute, 2000. 44pp.
Hellman J. and Schankerman M. Intervention, Corruption and Capture. The nexus between enter-prises and the state. Economics of Transition. Vol.
8(3). 2000. Ð 545–576.
Jones D.C.The Economic Effects of Privatization:
Evidence from a Russian Panel. Comp. Econ. St.
XXXX, 2, 1998. Ð. 75–102.
Johnson S., Kaufman D. and Shleifer A. The Unofficial Economy in Transition. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. 2. 1997.
Ð. 159–239.
Knott J.H., Miller G.J. Reforming Bureaucracy.
The Politics of Institutional Choice. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs. New Jersey, 1987. 290 pp.
La Porta, Rafael, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes and Andrei Shleifer, Robert W.Vishny. Law and Finance // Journal of Political Economy. 1998.
V. 106. ¹ 6. Ð. 1113–1154.
Lambert-Mogiliansky A., Sonin K. and Zhuravskaya E.Political Capture of Bancruptcy in Transition // RECEP. 2000. March 1 (Preprint).
Li David. Changing Incentives of the Chinese Bureaucracy. AEA Papers and Proceedings. 1998.
Vol. 88. ¹ 2. Ð. 393–403.
McCallum J., Blais A. Government, special inter-est groups, and economic growth. Public Choice, 1987. V. 54. Ð. 3–18.
North D. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: University Press, 1990.
Ofer G. and Polterovich V. Modern Economics Education in TEs: Technology Transfer to Russia.
Comparative Economic Studies, 2000. V. XLII.
No. 2. Ð. 5–36.
Ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ íàóêà ñîâðåìåííîé Ðîññèè ♦ N¹ 3, 2001 ã.
Polterovich V. Civic Culture and Economic Transition in Russia. The paper presented on the 15-th Annual Congress of the European Economic Association (Bozen-Bolzano, 30-th August – 2-nd September 2000). Manuscript.
Przeworski A., Vreeland J.R. The effect of IMF programs on economic growth // Journal of devel-opment Economics. 2000. Vol. 62. Ð. 385–421.
Roland G. Transition and Economics. Politics, Markets and Firms. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
The MIT Press, 2000.
Stiglitz J.Distinguished Lecture on Economics in Government. The Private Uses of Public Interests:
Incentives and Institutions // Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1998. Vol. 12. ¹ 2. Ð. 3–22.
Stiglitz J. Scan globally, reinvent locally: edge infrastructure and the localization of knowl-edge. In: Diane Stone (ed.) Banking on Knowledge. The Genesis of the Global Development Network. 2000. Ð. 24–43.
Vittas D.Thrift Deposit Institutions in Europe and the United States. Policy Research Working Paper 1540. The World Bank. 1995.
World Economic Outlook (1998), May, IMF, Washington, DC, 227 pp.