Online Appendix

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Briefing Paper 11/2016:

Building peace after war: The knowns and unknowns of external support to post-conflict societies Fiedler, Charlotte / Karina Mroß / Jörn Grävingholt

Security promotion

Bakrania, S. (2014). Safety, security and justice. Topic guide. Birminghan: GSDRC University of Birmingham.

Banholzer, L. (2014). When do disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration programmes succeed? (Discussion Paper 8/2014). Bonn: German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE).

Colletta, N.J., & Muggah, R. (2009). Context matters: Interim stabilisation and second generation approaches to security promotion. Conflict, Security & Development, 9(4), 425–453. doi:

10.1080/14678800903345762

Collier, P., Hoeffler, A., & Söderbom, M. (2008). Post-conflict risks. Journal of Peace Research, 45(4), 461–478.

doi: 10.1177/0022343308091356

De Vries, H., & Van Veen, E. (2010). Living apart together? On the difficult linkage between DDR and SSR in post- conflict environments (Vol. 15). The Hague: The Netherlands Institute of International Relations - Clingendael.

Doyle, M.W., & Sambanis, N. (2000). International peacebuilding: A theoretical and quantitative analysis American Political Science Review, 94(4), 779–801.

Dudouet, V., Giessmann, H.J., & Planta, K. (Eds.). (2012). Post-war security transitions: Participatory peacebuilding after asymmetric conflicts. London / New York: Routledge.

Fortna, V.P. (2004). Does peacekeeping keep peace? International intervention and the duration of peace after civil war. International Studies Quarterly, 48, 269–292.

Glassmyer, K., & Sambanis, N. (2008). Rebel-military integration and civil war termination. Journal of Peace Research, 45(3), 365–384.

Grävingholt, J., Bendfeldt, L., Berk, L., Blos, Y., Fiedler, C., & Mroß, K. (2013). Struggling for stability:

International support for peace and democracy in post-civil war Nepal (Discussion Paper 27/2013). Bonn:

German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE).

Hänggi, H., & Scherrer, V. (Eds.). (2008). Security sector reform and un integrated missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti and Kosovo. Berlin / London: Lit Global.

Hegre, H., Hultman, L., & Nygard, H.M. (2015). Peacekeeping works: An assessment of the effectiveness of UN peacekeeping operations. Oslo: PRIO (Peace Research Institute Oslo).

Hoeffler, A. (2014). Can international interventions secure the peace? International Area Studies Review, 17(1), 75–94. doi: 10.1177/2233865914525380

Kurtenbach, S., & Wulf, H. (2012). Violence and security concerns in post-conflict situations. Duisburg: INEF (Institute for Development and Peace).

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Leininger, J. (2006). Democracy and UN-peace-keeping: Conflict resolution through state-building and democracy promotion in Haiti. In R. Wolfrum & A. Bogdandy (Eds.), Max Planck yearbook of the United Nations law (Vol. 10, pp. 465–530). Heidelberg: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

Mason, D.T., Gurses, M., Brandt, P.T., & Quinn, J.M. (2011). When civil wars recur: Conditions for durable peace after civil wars. International Studies Perspectives, 12(2), 171–189. doi: 10.1111/j.1528- 3585.2011.00426.x

Muggah, R. (2010). Innovations in disarmament, demobilization and reintegration policy and research: Reflections on the last decade. Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs.

Muggah, R. (2012). Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration. In G. Brown & A. Langer (Eds.), Elgar handbook of civil war and fragile states (pp. 273–283). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

Muggah, R., & Krause, K. (2009). Closing the gap between peace operations and post-conflict insecurity:

Towards a violence reduction agenda. International Peacekeeping, 16(1), 136–150.

Ottaway, M., & Mair, S. (2004). States at risk and failed states: Putting security first. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Quinn, J.M., Mason, T.D., & Gurses, M. (2007). Sustaining the peace: Determinants of civil war recurrence.

International Interactions: Empirical and Theoretical Research in International Relations, 33(2), 167–193.

Toft, M.D. (2009). Securing the peace: The durable settlement of civil wars. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Valters, C., Van Veen, E., & Denney, L. (2015). Security progress in post-conflict contexts: Between liberal peacebuilding and elite interests. London: Overseas Development Institute

van Veen, E., & Derks, M. (2012). The deaf, the blind and the politician: The troubles of justice and security interventions in fragile states. Hague Journal of the Rule of Law, 4, 76–97. doi:

10.1017/S187640451200005X

Support to socio-economic development

Castillo, G. (2008). Rebuilding war-torn states: The challenge of post-conflict economic reconstruction. Oxford / New York: Oxford University Press.

Collier, P. (2009). Post-conflict recovery: How should strategies be distinctive? Journal of African Economies, 18(1), 99–131. doi: 10.1093/jae/ejp006

Collier, P., Elliott, L., Hegre, H., Hoeffler, A., Reynal-Querol, M., & Sambanis, N. (2003). Breaking the conflict trap: Civil war and development policy. Washington, DC: World Bank / Oxford University Press.

Collier, P., & Hoeffler, A. (2004a). Aid, policy and growth in post-conflict societies. European Economic Review, 48(5), 1125–1145.

Collier, P., & Hoeffler, A. (2004b). Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford Economic Papers, 56(4), 563–595.

doi: 10.1093/oep/gpf064

doi: 10.1177/0022343308091356

Cramer, C. (2010). Unemployment and participation in violence. World Development Report 2011: Background Paper. World Bank.

Demekas, D.G., Herderschee, J., & Jacobs, D.F. (2002). Kosovo: Institutions and policies for reconstruction and growth. Washington, DC: IMF (International Monetary Fund)

Duponchel, M. (2008b). Can aid break the conflict trap? Retrieved from http://www.csae.ox.ac.uk/

conferences/2008-EDiA/papers/316-Duponchel.pdf

Fearon, J.D., & Laitin, D.D. (2003). Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war. American Political Science Review,

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Hartzell, C., Hoddie, M., & Bauer, M. (2010). Economic liberalization via IMF structural adjustment: Sowing the seeds of civil war? International Organization, 64(2), 339–356.

Hoeffler, A. (2014). Can international interventions secure the peace? International Area Studies Review, 17(1), 75–94. doi: 10.1177/2233865914525380

Hoeffler, A., Ijaz, S.S., & von Billerbeck, S. (2010). Post-conflict recovery and peacebuilding. Washington, DC:

World Bank.

Holtermann, H. (2012). Explaining the development–civil war relationship. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 29(1), 56–78.

McCandless, E. (2012). Peace dividends and beyond: Contributions of administrative and social services to peacebuilding. New York: United Nations Peacebuilding Support Office.

McCandless, E., & Rogan, J. (2013). Bringing peace closer to the people: The role of social services in peacebuilding. Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, 8(3), 1–6. doi: 10.1080/15423166.2013.866877 Paris, R. (2004). At war's end: Building peace after civil conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Quinn, J.M., Mason, T.D., & Gurses, M. (2007). Sustaining the peace: Determinants of civil war recurrence.

International Interactions: Empirical and Theoretical Research in International Relations, 33(2), 167–193.

Ree, J. de, & Nillesen, E. (2009). Aiding violence or peace? The impact of foreign aid on the risk of civil conflict in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Development Economics, 88(2), 301–313.

doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.03.005

Smoljan, J. (2003). The relationship between peace building and development Conflict, Security &

Development, 3(2), 233–250. doi: 10.1080/1467880032000126930

Specht, I. (2003). Jobs for rebels and soldiers. In E. Date-Bah (Ed.), Jobs after war: A critical challenge in the peace and reconstruction puzzle. Geneva: InFocus Programme on Crisis Response and Reconstruction, International Labour Office.

Staveteig, S. (2005). The young and the restless: Population age structure and civil war. Environmental Change and Security Program Report, 12–19.

Urdal, H. (2004). The devil in the demographics: The effect of youth bulges on domestic armed conflict, 1950-2000 (Vol. 14/2004). Washington, DC: The World Bank.

Woodward, S.L. (2002). Economic priorities for peace implementation. New York: International Peace Academy.

Democracy support

Brancati, D., & Snyder, J.L. (2012). Time to kill: The impact of election timing on postconflict stability. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 57(5), 822–853.

Call, C.T. (2012). Why peace fails: The causes and prevention of civil war recurrence. Washington, DC:

Georgetown University Press.

Call, C.T., & Cousens, E.M. (2007). Ending wars and building peace (Coping with Crisis Working Paper Series).

New York: International Peace Academy.

Carothers, T. (2007). The "sequencing" fallacy. Journal of Democracy, 18(1), 12–27.

Cederman, L.E., Gleditsch, K., & Hug, S. (2012). Elections and ethnic civil war. Comparative Political Studies, 46(3), 387–417.

doi: 10.1177/0022343308091356

Di John, J., & Putzel, J. (2009). Political settlements: Issues paper. Birmingham: International Development Department, University of Birmingham.

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Fiedler, C. (2015). Towers of strength in turbulent times? Assessing the effectiveness of international support to peace and democracy in Kenya and Kyrgyzstan in the aftermath of interethnic violence (Discussion Paper 6/2015). Bonn: German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE).

Finkel, S.E., Pérez-Liñán, A., & Seligson, M.A. (2007). The effects of US foreign assistance on democracy building, 1990–2003. World Politics, 59, 404–439.

Hartzell, C.A., & Hoddie, M. (2003). Institutionalizing peace: Power sharing and post-civil war conflict management. American Journal of Political Science, 47(2), 318–332.

Hegre, H. (2014). Democracy and armed conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 51(2), 159–172. doi:

10.1177/0022343313512852

Hegre, H., Ellingsen, T., Gates, S., & Gleditsch, N. (2001). Toward a democratic civil peace? Democracy, political change, and civil war, 1816-1992. The American Political Science Review, 95(1), 33–48.

Hegre, H., & Fjelde, H. (2010). Democratization and post-conflict transitions. In J. J. Hewitt, J. Wilkenfeld & T.

R. Gurr (Eds.), Peace and conflict 2010 (pp. 79–90). University of Maryland.

Kalyvitis, S., & Vlachaki, I. (2010). Democratic aid and the democratization of recipients. Contemporary Economic Policy, 28(2), 188–218.

Khan, M. (2010). Political settlements and the governance of growth-enhancing institutions. London: SOAS.

Leininger, J., Grimm, S., & Freyburg, T. (2014). Conflicting objectives in democracy promotion: Do all good things go together? New York: Routledge.

Lijphart, A. (2004). Constitutional design for divided societies. Journal of Democracy, 15(2), 96–109.

Mansfield, E., & Snyder, J. (2005). Electing to fight: Why emerging democracies go to war. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Mansfield, E.D., & Snyder, J. (2008). Democratization and civil war. Saltzman Working Paper. Retrieved from http://www.humansecuritygateway.info/documents/SIWPS_

democratizationandcivilwar.pdf

Mansfield, E.D., & Snyder, J.L. (1995). Democratization and the danger of war. International Security, 20(1), 5–38.

Mansfield, E.D., & Snyder, J.L. (2007). The sequencing "fallacy". Journal of Democracy, 18(3), 5–9.

Mattes, M., & Savun, B. (2009). Fostering peace after civil war: Commitment problems and agreement design. International Studies Quarterly, 53(3), 737–759. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2478.2009.00554.x Mroß, K. (2015). Fragile steps towards peace and democracy: Insights on the effectiveness of international support

to post-conflict Burundi (Discussion Paper 3/2015). Bonn: German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE).

Mukherjee, B. (2006). Does third-party enforcement or domestic institutions promote enduring peace after civil wars? Policy lessons from an empirical test. Foreign Policy Analysis, 2, 405–430.

Paris, R. (2004). At war's end: Building peace after civil conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Savun, B., & Tirone, D. (2011). Foreign aid, democratization, and civil conflict: How does democracy aid affect civil conflict? American Journal of Political Science, 55(2), 233–246.

Stedman, S., Rothchild, D., & Cousens, E. (Eds.). (2002). Ending civil wars: The implementation of peace agreements. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner.

Walter, B.F. (2002). Commiting to peace Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Walter, B.F. (2004). Does conflict beget conflict? Explaining recurring civil war. Journal of Peace Research, 41(3), 371–388. doi: 10. 1177/0022343304043775

Walter, B.F. (2014). Why bad governance leads to repeat civil war. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 58(2), 1–31.

Zürcher, C., Manning, C., Evenson, K.D., Hayman, R., Riese, S., & Roehner, N. (2013). Costly democracy.

Stanford: Stanford University Press.

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Transitional justice support

Arenhövel, M. (2008). Democratization and transitional justice. Democratization, 15(3), 570–587. doi:

10.1080/13510340801991114

Arnould, V., & Raimundo, F. (2013). Studying the impact of transitional justice on democracy: Conceptual and methodological challenges. Paper presented at the 7th ECPR General Conference Bordeaux/France.

Backer, D. (2003). Civil society and transitional justice: Possibilities, patterns and prospects. Journal of Human Rights 2(3), 297–313. doi: 10.1080/1475483032000132999

Bloomfield, D., Barnes, T., & Huyse, L. (2003). Reconciliation after violent conflict: A handbook. Stockholm:

International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.

Bonacker, T., & Buckley-Zistel, S. (2013). Introduction: Transitions from violence – analyzing the effects of transitional justice. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 7(1), 4–9.

Clark, P. (2013). Transitional justice in post-conflict societies In G. K. Brown & A. Langer (Eds.), Elgar handbook of civil war and fragile states. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Duthie, R. (2009). Building trust and capacity: Civil society and transitional justice from a development perspective.

New York: International Center for Transitional Justice.

Findley, M., & Rudloff, P. (2012). Combatant fragmentation and the dynamics of civil war. British Journal of Political Science, 42(4), 879–901.

Fischer, M. (2011). Transitional justice and reconciliation: Theory and practice. In B. Austin, M. Fischer & H. J.

Giessmann (Eds.), Advancing conflict transformation: The Berghof handbook II (pp. 406–430). Opladen / Framington Hills: Barbara Budrich Publishers.

Fletcher, L.E., Weinstein, H.M., & Rowen, J. (2009). Context, timing and the dynamics of transitional justice: A historical perspective. Human Rights Quarterly, 31, 163–220.

Lie, T.G., Binningsbø, H.M., & Gates, S. (2007). Post-conflict justice and sustainable peace (Vol. 5/4191).

Washington, DC: World Bank.

Mendeloff, D. (2004). Truth-seeking, truth-telling, and postconflict peacebuilding: Curb the enthusiasm?

International Studies Review, 6(3), 355–380. doi: 10.1111/j.1521-9488.2004.00421.x

Mobekk, E. (2005). Transitional justice in post-conflict societies: Approaches to reconciliation. In A. H.

Ebnother & P. Fluri (Eds.), After intervention: Public security management in post-conflict societies: From intervention to sustainable local ownership (pp. 261–292). Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces.

Olsen, T.D., Payne, L.A., & Reiter, A.G. (2010). The justice balance: When transitional justice improves human rights and democracy. Human Rights Quarterly, 32, 980–1007.

Olsen, T.D., Payne, L.A., Reiter, A.G., & Wiebelhaus-Brahm, E. (2010). When truth commissions improve human rights. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 4, 457–476. doi: 10.1093/ijtj/ijq021

Roper, S., & Barria, L. (2007). Gatekeeping versus allocating in foreign assistance: Donor motivations and contributions to war crimes tribunals. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51(2), 285–304.

Skaar, E., Gianella, C., & Eide, T. (2012). Reconciliation in a transitional justice perspective. Transitional Justice Review, 1(51). doi: 10.5206/tjr.2012.1.1.4

Skaar, E., Gianella, C., & Eide, T. (2015). After violence: Transitional justice, peace, and democracy. New York:

Routledge.

Thoms, O., Ron, J., & Paris, R. (2008). The effects of transitional justice mechanisms: A summary of empirical research findings and implications for analysts and practitioners Ottawa: Centre for International Policy Studies.