Index
Adams, Thomas, 194, 213, 222 Adlung, Jakob, 72, 252
Anleitung zu der musikalischen Gelahrtheit, 23, 169
Agricola, Johann Friedrich, 54, 164 Musica mechanica organoedi, 33 Albright, William
Totentanz, 120, 121 Altemark, Joachim, 273 Altnickol, Johann Christoph, 255 American Organist, The, 251 Andreas Bach Buch, 136 Anno, Bishop of Freising, 35 Apel, Willi
History of Keyboard Music, 40 Atkinson, Catherine, 26 August the Strong, 163, 253 Bach, Anna Magdalena, 254 Bach, August Wilhelm, 204, 222
Bach, Carl Philipp Emanuel, 96, 173–76, 180, 181, 182, 187, 193, 203
“Comparison of Bach and Handel”, 174–76, 179
Pedal Exercitium(BWV 598), 261–63,262, 264, 266, 275
Bach, Johann Christoph, 113, 116 Bach, Johann Christoph Friedrich, 180, 181 Bach, Johann Sebastian
1720 Hamburg recital, 171, 173, 277–81 and Bernhard the German, 33–34, 69 as improviser, 94–95, 151, 153, 261 as teacher, 18, 33, 54, 121, 146–47, 168, 169,
174, 180, 250, 254, 261, 263–64, 265 B-A-C-H, 169
body, 17, 113, 179, 190, 260, 267 clothing and accessories, 252–60, 280 Dresden recitals, 189
Estate specification, 252
his music at organ competitions, 2–5, 18 in performance, 153, 254, 260–66, 280–81 musical cosmopolitanism of, 158–65 Obituary, 2, 54, 94, 95, 106, 110, 114, 143,
164, 169, 234, 266, 277 shoes, 247–48, 254, 256, 260, 270, 281 WORKS
Alle Menschen müssen sterben(BWV 643), 144, 148–50
Allein Gott in der Höh’sei Ehr’(BWV 662), 2 Allein Gott in der Höh’sei Ehr’(BWV 663), 2 Allein Gott in der Höh’sei Ehr’(BWV 676),
58–61
An Wasserflüssen Babylon(BWV 267), 95, 96 An Wasserflüssen Babylon(BWV 653), 2 An Wasserflüssen Babylon(BWV 653b),
94, 96
Art of Fugue(BWV 1080), 165
Aus tieffer Noth schrey ich zu dir(BWV 686), 94, 98, 99, 191
Clavierübung III, 107
Concerto in A minor(BWV 593), 159, 161, 162, 163
Fantasia and Fugue in G minor(BWV 542), 51–53, 171, 186, 236
Herr Jesu Christ, dich zu uns wend(BWV 655a), 54
Komm, Heiliger Geist, Herre Gott(BWV 652), 2
Kommst du nun Jesu, vom Himmel herunter (BWV 650), 57
Magnificat(BWV 243), 199
Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland(BWV 599), 263
Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland(BWV 660), 55, 56
Orgelbüchlein(BWV 599–644), 18, 42, 146–50, 263–64
Passacaglia in C minor(BWV 582), 135, 136–45, 150, 151, 205
Pastorale(BWV 590), 204
Praeludium in C(BWV 531), 110, 111, 137 Prelude and Fugue in A minor(BWV 543), 2,
107, 209–10
Prelude and Fugue in B minor(BWV 544), 203, 224
Prelude and Fugue in C(BWV 547), 183–86 Prelude and Fugue in D(BWV 532), 49, 208 Prelude and Fugue in D(BWV 850), 208 Prelude and Fugue in Eflat(BWV 552), 201,
260
Prelude and Fugue in E minor(BWV 533), 204
Prelude and Fugue in E minor(BWV 548), 224, 236
Ricercar(6-part) fromA Musical Offering (BWV 1079), 100
Bach, Johann Christoph Friedrich (cont.) Schmücke dich, O liebe Seele(BWV 654), 2 Toccata, Adagio, and Fugue(BWV 564), 18,
119, 120, 137, 263
Toccata and Fugue in D minor(BWV 566), 93 Toccata in F(BWV 540), 232
Trio Sonata No. 1 in Eflat(BWV 525), 62–68, 199
Trio Sonata No. 2 in C minor(BWV 526), 203, 237
Trio Sonatas(BWV 525–530), 61–62, 68 Wir glauben all’an einen Gott(BWV 680),
107–10, 112, 129, 139, 140 Bach, Wilhelm Friedemann, 33, 61, 62, 164,
179, 181, 189, 256 Balbastre, Claude, 170 Baumgarten, Carl Friedrich, 197 Beck, David, 13
Bédos de Celles, Dom, 34, 260,260 L’art du facteur d’orgues, 34 Bellini, Giovanni and Gentile, 29 Bendeler, Johann Philipp
Organopoeia, 33 Bennett, Mark Lendon
Organist’s Callisthenics, 249 Berlioz, Hector, 234
Bernhard the German, 27–37, 39, 42, 69, 70, 75, 86, 156, 158, 182, 187
Best, W. T., 194, 238, 244, 245 The Art of Organ Playing, 237 Binder, Christlieb Siegmund, 171, 181 Bishop, James, 207
blindness, 36, 75, 101–06, 170, 179, 249 Blow, John, 244
Bodenehr, Moritz, 269,270 Böely, Alexandre, 232
Böhm, Georg, 53, 54, 110, 112, 113, 115, 119, 120, 121, 277
Herr Jesu Christ, dich zu uns wend, 53 Praeludium in C, 120
Bordoni, Faustina, 163 Boyvin, Jacques, 9, 12, 58
Premier livre d’orgue, 12 Brahms, Johannes, 124 Bridge, Richard, 245 Brühl, Heinrich von, 168
Bruhns, Nicolaus, 69, 91, 92, 95, 105, 113, 125, 153
Praeludium in G, 91, 92, 94, 161 Buchner, Hans, 87, 280
Agnus Dei, 87
Buckow, Carl Friedrich Ferdinand, 234 Bünting, Heinrich, 148
Itinerarium Sacrae Scripturae, 147 Burney, Charles, 101, 167, 170–75, 180, 181,
183, 189, 239, 264 General History of Music, 170, 179
Buxtehude, Dieterich, 34, 90, 91, 94, 110, 112, 119, 122, 124–27, 137, 140, 145, 150, 153, 197, 249, 270, 271
WORKS
Ciacona in C minor(BuxWV 159), 135, 136 Ciacona in E minor(BuxWV 160), 136, 138 Nun freut euch lieben Christen g’mein
(BuxWV 210), 113
Passacaglia in D minor(BuxWV 161), 136 Praeludium in C(BuxWV 137), 116–21,
117, 127, 132, 133, 134 Praeludium in E minor(BuxWV 143),
128, 131
Praeludium in G(BuxWV 147), 128 Praeludium in G minor(BuxWV 148), 132 Praeludium in G minor(BuxWV 150), 133 Te Deum laudamus(BuxWV 218), 125, 126 Toccata in D minor(BuxWV 155), 128, 129 Toccata in F(BuxWV 156), 128
Toccata in G(BuxWV 165), 132 Byrd, William, 20
Cabezón, Antonio de, 101 Camidge, John, 193 Casparini, Eugenio, 155–56 Cavaillé-Coll, Aristide, 231 Cave, William, 35
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 76, 79 Chase, Mary Ellen, 147, 148
Chopin, Frédéric, 231 Chorley, Henry Fothergill
Music and Manners in France and Germany, 222–25
Churchill, Winston, 245 Claudius, Matthias, 174
Clesio, Bernardo, 75, 76, 77, 79, 83, 84, 86, 104
Cologne Choral Union, 225
Constantine V, Byzantine Emperor, 13, 34 Coventry, Charles, 213–14, 218 Cramer, Johann Baptist, 236 Crimean War, 238 Crystal Palace, 193, 235, 236 Daublaine-Callinet, 232, 234 de Graaf, Johann Jacob, 101 Diruta, Girolamo
Il Transilvano, 71 Donizetti, Gaetano
Daughter of the Regiment, 236 Downes, Ralph, 244
Dropa, Matthias, 112 Ducroquet of Paris, 235 Dürer, Albrecht, 83
On Human Proportion,85,86
Edison, Thomas, 25 Farnham, Lynwood, 18 Fétis, François-Joseph, 37–38, 39 fireworks, 268–70,270, 279 Fischer, Karl August, 235 Flade, Ernst, 39, 42
footwear
height of heels, 248
shoe buckles, 247–55,254,255, 256 Forkel, Johann Nikolaus, 32, 171, 203, 215, 235,
247, 252, 256 Allgemeine Geschichte, 68, 181 and patriotism, 186, 187, 276 Musikalischer Almanach, 181
Ueber Johann Sebastian Bachs Leben, Kunst und Kunstwerke, 167, 182
Fowler, Katherine S., 18 Frederick the Great, 253
Frescobaldi, Girolamo, 20, 157, 174 Friedel, Robert, 25
Frotscher, Gotthold, 38, 39 Geschichte des Orgelspiels, 38–39 Die Orgel in der Gegenwart, 271–73 Gauntlett, John Henry, 200, 201, 202, 203, 206,
207, 209–10, 213, 237 Gerber, Ernst Ludwig, 266
German System, 194, 198, 211, 213, 216, 237, 245
Gesner, Johann Matthias, 264–65 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 106, 204,
205, 206
Grand Tour, The, 17, 152–55, 158, 187, 204, 207
Gravitas, 98, 109, 112, 172, 177, 185, 189, 252, 270, 280
Gray & Davison, 211
Gröningen Organ Congress, 13–16 Hamilton, Adam, 222
Handel, George Frideric, 50, 101, 125, 150, 158, 166, 167, 177, 179, 182, 187, 195, 207, 278
Organ Concerto in Bflat(Op. 4, No. 2), 244 Organ Concerto in Bflat(Op. 7, No. 1), 176–79 Hansen, Edward, 18
Harrer, Gottlob, 168 Haslemere Festival, 244 Hasse, Johann Adolph
Cleofide, 163–64 Hassler, Hans Leo, 32
Häßler, Johann Wilhelm, 197, 198 contest with Mozart, 89 Heinemann, Lothar, 276
Deutschland, das Land der Musik, 273–76,274 Heinichen, Johann David, 163
Heinrich Julius, Duke of Braunschweig- Lüneburg, 13, 14, 27 Hess, Joachim
Dispositien der merkwaardigste Kerk-Orgelen, 170 Hesse, Adolf Friedrich, 228–36
Grosse Fantasie(Op. 73), 232 Prelude and Fugue in D minor(Op. 66),
232, 233
Hildebrandt, Johann Gottfried, 172
Hill, William, 211 Hiller, Ferdinand, 236 Hiller, Johann Adam, 266 Hoffmann, E. T. A., 224 Hoffnung, Gerard
“The Organ”, 238–40,240
Hofhaimer, Paul, 36, 39, 74, 75, 76, 87, 101 Harmoniae poeticae, 75
Holmes, Edward, 192, 193, 200, 205, 212, 213, 235
“The Actual Organists of Germany”, 221–22, 235
A Ramble among the Musicians of Germany, 189–91, 222
Homilius, Gottfried August, 168–69 Insular Movement, 194, 207, 237 Israel, Paul, 25
John VII, Pope, 35 Kastner, Marco, 249 Keeble, John, 179
Keyserlingk, Hermann Carl von, 267 Keyßler, Johann Georg, 229
Neueste Reisen, 153
Kindermann, Johann Erasmus, 87 Intonatio, 88
Kircher, Athanasius, 72, 73 Musurgia universalis, 280 Kissel, Eduard, 275
Kittel, Johann, 169, 181, 182, 228, 250, 252, 253
Der angehende praktische Organist, 181, 252, 253
Knecht, Justin Heinrich, 242, 248 Vollständige Orgelschule, 88–89,89 Kollmann, August Frederic Christopher, 203,
212, 246
An Essay on Practical Musical Composition, 198 Quarterly Musical Register, 199–200 Krebs, Johann Ludwig, 180
Praeludium in C, 120, 121 Krebs, Johann Tobias, 54 Kunzen, Johann Paul, 197 Lendon-Bennett, Mark
Organ Calisthenics,252
Leopold, Prince of Cöthen, 154, 155 Liddle, David, 104, 105
Locke, Matthew, 244 Longhurst, W. H., 240 Loos, Albert Van, 37
Louis Philippe, King of France, 232 Lunelli, Renato, 12, 74
Luther, Martin, 98 Mainwaring, John, 158 Mantegna, Andrea, 29 Marchand, Louis, 9, 164, 169
Marpurg, Friedrich Wilhelm, 116, 165, 179, 180, 183, 187, 198
Abhandlung von der Fuge, 183 Legende einiger Musikheiligen, 115 Martini, Johann Paul Aegidius
Ecole d’orgue, 248 Marx, Adolf Bernhard, 206 Mason, Lowell, 222
Mattheson, Johann, 14, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 61, 68, 69, 87, 125, 145, 157–58, 165, 166–67, 171, 172, 173, 176, 187, 195, 215, 278, 279
Grosse General-Bass Schule, 50
Der vollkommene Capellmeister, 129, 158, 278 Memo, Dionisio, 75
Mendelssohn, Fanny, 204, 207
Mendelssohn, Felix, 107, 197, 203–20, 228, 235, 241
Sonata in F minor(Op. 65, No. 1), 214–20 Volles Werk, 205
Mersenne, Marin Harmonie Universelle, 23 Messiaen, Olivier, 2 Misson, Maximilien
Noveau voyage d’Italie, 155 modernity, 23, 32, 34, 36, 62, 70, 75 Moscheles, Ignaz, 210
Moser, Hans Joachim, 39–40 Musik der deutschen Stämme, 40 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 201
contest with Häßler, 89 Fantasie(K. 608), 18–19 Muffat, Georg
Apparatus musico-organisticus, 113 Müller, Christian, 170, 176
Murer, Bernhard.SeeBernhard the German Müthel, Johann Gottfried, 255,256
Technische Übungen, 254–56 Nemeitz, Joachim Christoph
Nachlese besonderer Nachrichten von Italien, 154
Neukomm, Sigismund, 222, 236 Nicholas II, Czar of Russia, 238 Nicolai, Christoph Friedrich, 36 Nicolai, David, 33, 265 Niedt, Friedrich Erhard, 132, 133
Musicalische Handleitung, 14 Niehoff, Hendrik, 112 Organ
and empire, 200, 245
and monumentality, 1, 14, 24, 71, 73, 169, 189
and nationalism, 179, 180–88, 276 anthropomorphization of, 71–72 organists’trials, 166
Organmaster Shoe Company,251 Organ-playing
and dance, 1, 241, 243, 249
and four-limbed polyphony, 17, 24, 31, 42, 45, 47, 69, 73, 74, 75–86, 95–100, 106, 179, 186, 192, 199, 209, 264
and globalization, 5, 200, 245–46 and power, 32, 71, 72, 119, 130, 132, 166,
167, 170, 171, 175, 182, 186, 192, 210, 211, 230, 246, 252, 265, 271, 273, 275 and self-sufficiency, 17, 187, 193, 198, 264 and virtuosity, 1, 29, 41, 68, 83, 192, 200,
205, 248, 261, 273, 276 as spectacle, 1, 163, 177, 266, 267, 276 physicality of, 22, 30, 32, 42, 49, 100, 110,
150, 171, 189, 230, 232, 247, 266, 273 Organs
Anabel Taylor Chapel, Cornell University,6 and empire, 193
Apollonicon, London, 198
as tourist destinations, 77, 155, 169, 197, 223, 225
Birmingham Town Hall, 211, 223 Brandenburg Cathedral, 204 Buckingham Palace, London, 211 Canterbury Cathedral, 240
Castle Church, Gröningen.SeeGröningen Organ Congress
Christ Church, Newgate, London, 210, 223 Christ Church, Spitalfields, London, 245 Exeter Hall, London, 225,227 Frauenkirche, Dresden, 168, 265,
267–70,268,269
Halberstadt Cathedral, console, 14, 27,28, 29, 38, 83
Heiliggeistkirche, Potsdam, 153 Hofkapelle, Dresden, 171, 193 Jacobikirche, Hamburg, 14, 51, 90, 98,
170, 273
Johanniskirche, Lüneburg, 112
John Wanamaker Store, Philadelphia, 1, 5 Katharinenkirche, Hamburg, 94, 95, 97,
278–81,278, 279, 281 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, 177 Lorenzkirche, Nuremberg, 16
Marienkirche, Lübeck, vii, 14, 119, 122,123, 124, 125, 129, 197, 204, 270, 271,272 Memorial Art Gallery, Rochester, New York,8 Michaeliskirche, Hamburg, 14, 172,173, 174,
175, 193, 203, 205
Norrlanda, Historiska Museet, Stockholm, 39 Royal Albert Hall, London, 245
Sage Chapel, Cornell University,7 San Salvatore, Venice, 38
Santa Maria Maggiore, Trent, 76, 77,78, 82, 155, 156, 158, 265
Scone Palace, Scotland, toe pedals,196 Sophienkirche, Dresden, 164, 189,190, 222,
223, 224, 225 St. Bavo, Haarlem, 170 St. Denis, Paris, 105, 231 St. Eustache, Paris, 230–34 St. George’s Hall, Liverpool, 236–38
St. Gervais, Paris, 170
St. Jacques and St. Christophe, Houdan, France,11
St. James, Bermondsey, London, 202,202, 203, 207
St. John Lateran, Rome, 170
St. Katherine’s, Regent’s Park, London, 212 St. Mark’s, Venice, 29, 31, 32, 75, 76, 156, 158 St. Mary-Le-Savoy, London, 196–97 St. Michael’s, Prague, 230, 234
St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, 197, 207, 208, 209, 216
St. Peter and St. Paul, Görlitz, 156, 265 St. Stephen’s, Coleman Street, London, 201 St. Stephen’s, Vienna, 230
Stiftskirche, Stuttgart, 30 Sydney Town Hall, 245 Toledo Cathedral, 10 Trinidad Cathedral, 213 Valencia Cathedral, 192 Wenzelskirche, Naumburg, 250 Westminster Abbey, 191, 196, 207 York Minster, 193
Ornithoparchus, Andreas Musice activae micrologus, 41 Owens, Jessie Ann, 102, 103
Pachelbel, Johann, 113, 126–27, 137, 153, 169 Hexachordum Apollinis, 126
Praeludium in D minor, 127 Paganini, Niccolò, 225, 241, 242, 243 Pasquini, Bernardo, 157
Paumann, Conrad, 36, 43, 101 Pearce, Charles, 243
The Evolution of the Pedal Organ, 245–46 pedal compass, 1, 7, 9, 12, 30, 32, 38, 44, 48, 49,
82, 85, 86, 121, 129, 158, 176, 177, 193, 194, 195, 197, 202, 203, 204, 207–10, 211, 212, 216, 225, 229, 230, 231, 233, 234, 237, 241, 245, 262
Pedaling
double pedal, 9, 49, 73, 74, 87, 90–100, 125, 130, 140, 161, 163, 191, 208, 256 double trills, 266
independence of feet from hands, 1, 4, 9, 12, 24, 31, 34, 40–70, 88, 89, 97, 113, 144, 162, 165, 166, 167, 168, 181, 182, 191, 194, 199, 205, 215, 221, 229, 238, 264, 271
pedal solo, 2, 17, 41, 93, 107, 121, 125, 140, 150, 261, 266, 281
with heels, 62, 75, 81, 82, 83, 134, 232, 247, 248, 256
with left foot alone, 1, 2, 166, 229, 231 Pedals
invention of.SeeBernhard the German Perez, Don Pascual, 192
Petri, Johann Samuel, 33, 62, 242, 256 Anleitung zur praktischen Musik, 33, 62,
64,257
Pfeiffer, J. E. B., 171
Pippin, King of the Franks, 13, 34 Praetorius, Hieronymus, 90, 98
Praetorius, Michael, 13, 34–37, 38, 39, 42, 44, 45, 68, 71, 73, 83, 186, 191 De Organographia, 14, 26–32 Prince Albert, 211
Printz, Wolfgang Caspar Historische Beschreibung, 33, 156 Satyrischer Componist, 155–56 Punch, 238,239
Purcell, Henry, 244
Quantz, Johann Joachim, 165–66, 167, 187, 215 Versuch, 152–53, 157
Raison, André
Premier Livre d’Orgue, 137
Reincken, Johann Adam, 34, 53, 91, 94, 95, 97, 110, 112, 115, 153, 277, 278, 281 An Wasserflüssen Babylon, 94, 113, 277 Richter, Ferdinand Tobias, 126
Rinck, Johann Christian Heinrich, 169, 211, 213, 228, 229, 237
Ritter, August, 37
Zur Geschichte des Orgelspiels, 36–38 Rosenplüt, Hans
Lobgedicht auf Nürnberg, 16 Russell, William, 200 Sabellicus, Marcus, 39, 76
Enneades, 29, 31, 36 Sanutus, Marius, 35 Scarlatti, Domenico, 158–59 Schapff, Jörg, 76
Scheibe, Johann Adolph, 265 Scheidt, Samuel, 90
Modus ludendi, 74 Tabulatura nova, 73
Schlick, Arnolt, 17, 36, 37, 62, 68, 69, 70, 75, 86, 87, 88, 92, 94, 98, 101, 102, 121, 125, 162, 187, 191, 197, 242
Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten, 40–49, 79,250
Tabulaturen Etlicher lobgesang, 42–49, 43, 76, 77, 103, 104, 216, 249
WORKS
Ascendo ad patrem meum, 77, 79–86,82, 89, 90, 92, 100, 101, 103, 105, 249 Benedictus, 46, 47
Gaude Dei genitrix, 77–79 Maria zart, 46, 47 Pete quid vis, 44 Salve regina, 43, 46, 48 Schlick, Arnolt, the Younger, 104 Schneider, Johann Friedrich, 222
Schneider, Johann Gottlob, 189–91, 203, 211, 221–28
Dank- und Jubelpräludium, 225, 226 Schnitger, Arp, 112, 273
Schubart, Christian Friedrich Daniel, 167, 183 short octave, 230
Shrider, Christopher, 195
Silbermann, Gottfried, 5, 164, 168, 171, 191, 204, 224, 225–28, 267, 273, 275, 276
Skeats, Highmore junior, 240 Smart, George, 193, 204, 207, 210, 236 Speer, Albert, 273, 274, 275, 276 Spitta, Philipp, 113, 177 Sponsel, Johann Ulrich, 38
Orgelhistorie, 34–36 Stanley, John, 101, 179 Steigleder, Johann Ulrich
Vater unser im Himmelreich, 87 Stewart, Robert, 241
Stirling, Elizabeth, 211–13 Sweelinck, Jan Pieterszoon, 24, 170 Telemann, Georg Philipp, 159, 164, 169 Thalben-Ball, George, 242
Variations on a Theme by Paganini, 241, 242 Thalberg, Sigismond, 236
Thistlethwaite, Nicholas, 194, 197, 211 toe pedals, 196, 197
Tunder, Franz, 90
Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, 125, 126 Van Vaelbeke, Louis, 37–40
Vater, Christian, 170 Vergil, Polydore, 34
De inventoribus rerum, 25–29 Vierne, Louis, 101
Final, Sixth Organ Symphony, 18, 21 Vischer, Friedrich, 272
Vivaldi, Antonio, 101, 159–64
Concerto in A minor(RV 522), 160 Vogler, Georg Joseph (“Abt”), 166, 183 Vogler, Johann Caspar, 265
Völkertafel, 256, 258
Vollbeding, Johann Christoph, 34 Wagner, Joachim, 204
Walcha, Helmut, 103
Walker, Joseph William, 225, 227 walking, 107–16, 117, 148, 150 Walmisley, Thomas Attwood, 237 Walther, Johann Gottfried, 54, 94, 129
Toccata con Fuga in C, 93 Webbe, Egerton
Prelude and Fugue in A, 212 Weckman, Matthias, 90, 91, 92, 94,
98, 99
Es ist das Heil uns kommen her, 91
Wesley, Samuel, 193, 194, 195, 196, 199, 200, 201, 202, 210, 213, 237
Wesley, Samuel Sebastian, 200, 201, 237 Variations on God Save the King, 200, 201 Wharton, Henry, 35
Widor, Charles-François, 234 Widor, Charles-Marie, 234 Williams, Peter, 122 Willis, Henry, 236 Wizard of Oz, 279 Wolff, Christoph, 119 Wren, Christopher, 198 Zedler, Johann Heinrich
Universal-Lexicon, 114–15, 147
Zelter, Carl Friedrich, 106, 186, 204, 205–206, 205
Zimmermann, Caspar, 77
