Succession patterns of turf algal communities in a fringing coral reef
Volltext
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8) . . ! " # $ %&''.
(9) . . .
(10) . $( )* ++, - . / 01( )* ++ 2 -32 34 /.
(11) . ! 1 1 3 . " " 51 ! " # $ 6 . 2 4 * 7 -24 /+ ! 1 "" 4 ( . # -(8#7/ ( 7
(12) -
(13) (/1 $9 4 ( " ( +. .
(14) . . :. 6 !) ; " < . = > 1 :1 + $ . 6 ? $9" + +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ - /.
(15) . .
(16) . +
(17) . .
(18) . .
(19) 4 9. !". 0 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++' +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++? 4 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++@ * +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++'% # +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++'A '+ !B) " - / ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++CD %+ !B) " 3 "" 1 1
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23) -8/++++++++++++++++++++++++DA ?+ !B) $ E " -E/+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++'&C C+ !B) $ -4#$/ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++'?F @+ !B)" " 1 " -!7/++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++'CA A+ !B)$ -!/ 'A@ D+ !B) G " @ '@ 1 " 1 " -%&&F %&&H/-/ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++'D@ F+ !B) " 9 - ($/+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++'FC +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++%&% 1 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++%?C
(24) +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++%?A .
(25) . .
(26) 0 . #$$. 4 0 11 7 6 " 2 6 I E. * , J
(27) +4 1 # 1 6 I 7 + . 6 1
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
(32) "" J 6
(33) 6 6 + 1 ". ("" J + $ 5 . 1 6 1 6 " 3 , 1 7 I $ 7 " + 2 I , J 6 . . 0. . . . 6. . . 1 1 , 2 ,I K 6 " + $ 1 '&' 6 J A' 7 " 6 '@ * " '@ L ;. " 6 '& . + . .M - '%3 EJ= / J 6 1 .= J 9. "" - 1 ( /+ : 1 ?H ! 9 + 6 6 1 I 0 @&& ! 6 E
(34) 6 " "" #
(35)
(36)
(37)
(38) 1 6 I ! % C& + 7 . . . . . 13. 61 1 + 0 1 . E 6 M .6 2 2 6. '.
(39) 0 $ " 6 E
(40) =+ 1 $ 6 6 "9 ( 6 " 7 1 " 2 1 1 + 1 : I E
(41) 6 7 I 8 " J 1 7 L I# ; J= # +. . ( . . . . 1 6 1 1 . 1 + 2. I . 1 6 1 ++
(42) =6 . 1 6 ". 6 1 1 ! 0 1+:++ ""+ 6 I J 2 0 J + 4 I0 E 6 4 . I. 3N 9 " . 1 . . . 1 + 4 6 $ 1 3 61 # 0 , J +4 1 6 2 I 0 . 6 , 3O 6 1 +40 " 2 11 "9 ( 1 6 1 I7 1 +. %.
(43) . % . 4 " 1 1 " " 1 + ! 6 " 6 " +9 " "6
(44)
(45)
(46)
(47)
(48) ""+6 6 1 6 + " " +! " 6 "" 3 " " " + 4 1 6 " 1 " " " " 2 K + ! 1 '&' " 6 '@ " . " 6 '& " . * " 6 A' " 7 " '@ ;"< + ! 6 " 1 " 1 9. " -" / M " -'% /+ ! ?H 9 1 + ! " 6 1 1 " @&& 6 "6 1 "" "
(49)
(50)
(51) 1 " % C& +
(52) 6 . " 1 6 1 9" 9 9" 6 E 6 M 6 " 6 " 6 6 "+! " " 6 "9 " "" " +
(53) 6 ?.
(54) 6" 6 " + ! " 6 1 " " . " " + 2 1 6 ++ "6 1 6 1 1 " . . 9 6 ++ 6 1 . 6 " + ! " " " " 6 "N 9 "" +! 1 " " 6 1 + 8 " 1 " " +4 " " 6 "9 1 " +. C.
(55) 4 . ! . &' ( . . - : %&&@/+ " 6 1 " - /6 6 6 " -PA&&& "/ 1 " . + ! . 3 " 1 "-3 / - :%&&@/+! 3 1 -. 9 /6 6 1 " " " " - : %&&@/+ ! 1 3 -Q +'HHC/ 61 -" + %&&F/+ 4 6 -. 6. / . " - 'HF?R %&&&/6 "
(56)
(57) -:%&&'/61 -# 'HDC/+ 1 6 - /6 + 6 " 6 . 6 1 "9 ". 1 -: 'HF'/+! -1 31 / 1 %HS 61 " 1 'FS -" + %&&F/+ 6 . 1 " -T @& / 1 " 6 1 " 1 " + 8 6 . 1 " " 1 + ! " " - 'HDF/ " 1 1 -" + %&&F/6 " -8 8'H@@/+. @.
(58) 4 . )* ' ( + $ ' . . " + 6++ 6" 6 6 " " " " - 'HF'R 9 # %&&D R Q 'HD@/+
(59) 6 " -. 9 /+ M 6 1 " " ;" < - 9 # %&&D R #. %&&'R ! ! %&&F/+ " "6 " 6 1 -7 'HF@/61" - -$ + %&&C/ -2 'HF&/ 9 -* + %&&DR ! + %&&'/+ 1 . " 1 1 -Q " #. %&&?R! ! %&&F/+: 16 - 'HHF/ " " -8 'HDFR 2 'HDDR2 +%&&'/+. &' ( . 8 6 " -" + %&&F/6 " "6 " 6 3 1 - 'HH@/+
(60) 6 " . " " . 6 " -#
(61) 'HHHR Q'HDF/+ 9 "6
(62) UD+A -Q %&&'/+" 6" 3 5 " 6 1 -: 3( + %&&D/+ ! 1 6 ++ " 6 " 6 6 1 1 6 -" + %&&F/+ 6 1 A.
(63) 4 - + %&&@R 3* + %&&HR : 'HHA/ . -* + %&&@/6 1 1 . -: 3( +%&&D/+! " 6 F&V -" +%&&F/ 1 3 - # %&&C/+
(64) 6 " 1 " - WD&C/ 1 1 9 - " +%&&F/+. *$' ( ' . 3 " "1 -: 3( + %&&D/+ ! " 1 1 - +%&&H/6" - 1 'HHDR: 3('HHHR +%&&'/ - + %&&D/+ 4 " 8% M 1 " -X + %&&HR ," + 'HHH/+
(65) 6 1 6 6 -2 %&&F/ - %&&HR +'HHA/+4 6 6 6++ -: +%&&?/
(66)
(67)
(68)
(69) * "" 'FC@-: +'HF@R45 +%&'&/6 " - +%&'& /+ 8 6 " 6 9 -Q %&'&/+! " " -1. + %&&CR ( + %&&?/+ . . 1 16 1 - 3* + %&&H/ -* %&&@/+
(70) 6. " -: 3( +%&&D/6 D.
(71) 4 " " -Q " #. %&&?6 ! ! %&&F/+. %' ' , '-. 4 6
(72)
(73)
(74) -# + %&&D/6 1 1 " 6 1 6 " - + %&&@R
(75) + %&''R : 'HF' /+ ; < " 6 1 1 ) 6 3" 6 1 1 9 1 -# 'HF&R8 8'H@@R" " 'HD%/+ " " " 6 " - " 2 %&&DR " 'HF@R " + %&&@R ,"" #, 'HH%R 2 'HDA/ " " 1 -# + %&&FR ! 'H&A/+ ! -: 'HH&R 8 . " %&&'R * + %&&D/ . -( K +%&&%/+! . -
(76) 'HFC/ -: 'HF?R 7 %&&?/ - 'HF?R
(77) 0 %&&@R : 'HFF/+ 6 - " / " 1 6++6 9 - + %&&DR 2 + 'HD@R 2 . " 'HHD/. 6 6 " - 'HFFR : : 'HFHR : 'HF?/+ ! " " " " -*%&&&R +'HHD/+" " 1 6 " " " 1 . 6 -#. %&&'/+ "" "6 " -. !//- 3* #. %&&%6%&&CR ! + %&&@/+ 8 6 6 " " 6 " ". F.
(78) 4 -Q " #. %&&? R ! ! %&&F/+ . .!/0 1 " 1 . ! -7 /-Q " #. %&&? /6 " 1 6 . . 6
(79) -, * %&&CR! +%&&D/+ 6 "+ ! 6 " " -1 + 'HFD/ -++ -! %&&A/+
(80) 6 " -P%& " Y'%/- 3* #. %&&%/ "" 1 " " 1 - 'HD?R: 'HA&/+.
(81) $$. " 1 1 6 + " + 1 H.
(82) 4 -" /6 ++ " 6 " 1 9 6 - /6++ "+4 6 1 6 1 6 " 1 - + %&&@R %&&AR * 1 'HH%/+ ( 6 " 1 " 6 1 -1 8Z!. + %&&&R . + %&&%R 0 + %&&F/+ ! 6 1 -++ 'HF?/6 " 6 + ! 6 . " " +. " . 9 9 + 9 " " . - / " 1 - " /+ ! M 1 " 6 ++ 6 1 " " 1 -" + %&&F/+ # " 9 9 -++" " 6" /6 1 "9 " " " 3" -++
(83) / "9 " " " 3 " -++
(84) /-E : + 'HH@/+ ! M " 9 " 6++ "-1 +'HFDR 'HF&/+8 6 3 " " +4 6 " - 'HDD/6 1 9" 1 " " ) '/ " 6 " " 1"1 " " 6 1 "+ %/! " 1 + 6 9 " + ?/ ! "+ 4 6 '&.
(85) 4 1" 1 6 " " " + 8 6 " - 'HHD/6" - + 'HHC/ -3 3 " 6 ! / - + 'HH'/ + $" " " " -# %&&&/+. ''.
(86) * . %$ 1) . ! * 1 1 . K 6 -'%S&'ZG'%S%?ZR. AFSCCZGAHS'&Z2/+ 6 9 1 E : +-'HAH6'HD%6'HD@6'HDF/ 2 -'HDA 66'HDD/+ 6 1 " 1 "6 -E5 +%&'&/+
(87) 6 5 . " 6 ""
(88)
(89)
(90)
(91) - + 'HFC/ "
(92)
(93)
(94)
(95) - %&&F/6 + 8 " . " 1 "1 " +! 1 " " " " "9 6 1 " " 1 -Q " #. %&&?6 ! ! %&&F/+
(96) 6 6 1 " " +! 6 . +
(97) 6 " " " 1. " 1 " +. '%.
(98) * . . ! 6 1 M 1 "" ) 2 $ '' $$3. o 2 " [ o : 1 1 [ 4 ' ' 3. o 2 " 1 [ o 2 " "" [ 2 *$' ' 3. o : 1 6 " E 6 [ o : 1 " [ o : 1 [ o : 1 1 1 " [ . 5** "$. ! 1 M 6 1 9" 1 ). /.
(99) ,
(100) &-. ! " 1 6 " " +! 19" 1 " " " 1 + o '+ ) " -1 / " # /. '?.
(101) * . 6. ) ' ' ,57-. 4 . " "
(102)
(103)
(104)
(105) 1 " 1 ""
(106)
(107)
(108) 1 " + o %+ ) " 3 "" 1 1 " -1 6 1 /. 8. 9 ,9-. " " 1 6 E " """ + ! 6 1 " + o ?+ ) $ E " -1 8 "" /.
(109) '$' 0 % * . ' :$. ! " 1 6 "" 1 ). ;. '$ ,!<-. " " 6 1 " 1 69" 1 1 " +. o C+ ) $ 'C.
(110) * . =. + '' *$' ,+%
(111) -. 4 " 6 1 " 9" 6 1 1 3 " 1 1 " + o @+)" " 1 " >. '' $$ ,+-. ! " " + # " " " " " 1 +4 1 1" 6 1 13 9" + o A+)$ . ?. !' *': $$: *'$ ,%-. 4 " 61 " 1 " +. o D+ ) 3 " @ '@ 1 " 1 " -%&&F %&&H/. @. A ,&% -. ( " " 1 + 4 1 " -++ 6 6 / . 1 " 3 6 1 " 1 1 1 " -@ '@/+ o F+)" 9 . . '@.
(112) # . <' $. 4 " 1 M " 6 " 1 ). %*. +"$. &. &:. ). .. .' &':. .' &:. .. 1. . " " * " 7 " . "$' . &. &% . &. . 4&. . &. +. 5. 1. 1%. 1%7. 1%.
(113) &. +%
(114). 9. 9%. 97. 9" $ 6 1 9" 69" 9" 3" $9" - 6H+A%/ : 1 1 6 1 " 9" 9" *E 3
(115) $ $3" @6'@ %@1 " 9" - / * -C&&GD&& / * -?%&GD&& / * -%F&GD&& / * -C&&GD&& / 9" ! " 9" -%F&GC&& /RE 9" 3 -?%&GC&& / 3 -%F&G?%& /.
(116) . %5
(117) !<. %59%. BC. <)
(118).
(119).
(120) !<15.. 'A. $ 33 " " .
(121) # . . ! 1 1 . K 6 -'%S&'ZG'%S%?ZR. AFSCCZGAHS'&Z2/6 1 "" 9 D& E -. <<//+. . <</) + 1 " K +. K " , 'A?C+4 . " " 8 '& 6%&'&+! A' @G'C161 CCC M 6 " ?D@33 + + ! 3 1 1 8
(122) @@&" +*" 'D.
(123) # 1+! 1 1 6 6 1 1 1 1 11 + K -&G?V /+ 6 " 6 8 %&&F6 1 : 8 + ! ?& - 9 @@ / 1 . '@ ?@-2 'HDA/+ ! " 1 %D+@S 1 9 . %HS - N '+@S /+ ! " * " 1 R E : +-'HD%/ 2 -'HDA/+. "$' . !1 9" 1 6 0 -&/ * -*4 /6 1 1 -. <<6/+ ! " 0 -E : 'HAHRE : +'HD%RE : +'HD@RE : 'HDF/+! ) '/ " -&+@G&+? 1 1 /6 %/ 1 -&+? 11 '" /6?/ 1 -'G C/6 C/ -CGA /6 @/ " -AG'% /6 A/ . -'%G%D/6D/" - +%DGA@D . <<8/+. - 7: # ,7E-. ! 9" 6 0 -&/6 , * -'%S&DX6AHS @DX/ '&&1 * + 1 " '& " " " '&& +4 " 1 " @ 1 " '@ %@ 1 " +! " 1 -. <<8/+! 'F.
(124) # " * " * 'DAA6 *9 9 9 'F%' *+ $" 'DH%6 -@F" %@%6E : + 'HD@/+ ! " . 3 6 " "" 'D@F6 # 'DAD * 'F'A-E : +'HD@/+! " 1 1 6 "+ " 1 " -Q+E+ 9/ 2 9 8 'HDD - %&&F/ 1 " -E : +'HD@/ -. <<8/+. . <<60 K R / 6 1 " R/ -& *4 / 7 - 7#4/R '&" - " %&&A/+. 'H.
(125) # .
(126) .
(127) .
(128) .
(129)
(130)
(131)
(132) .
(133)
(134) . .
(135).
(136)
(137) .
(138)
(139) . .
(140) . . .
(141)
(142) .
(143)
(144) . .
(145)
(146)
(147)
(148)
(149)
(150) .
(151)
(152) . . <<80$9" &+7 "6 1 3 E : -'HDF/+. . - 1 7: ,1!
(153) &-. ! 1 '&& 1 * -*4 / '&& & -. <<//+ ! * D1 " +. "$' $ ( + " &F. ! 31 1 9" -+' <<// 7#4 K 6 + +' <</0 81 9" 9" K - /+ ". 1 . % * "$. &$$. &GE/. 8''G%F %&&D. % . H. x 4 *E
(154) $ $3" x " .
(155) 1 - 7#4/. %&.
(156) # ". 1 . % * "$. &GE6. # ?G%@ %&&F. % . HD. #+! 6 +. x - /
(157) 9" x ! " -!7/ x E9" * 4 @-E/. &GE8. % . HD.
(158) %G"' #+! 6 %&&H. #+6 +6 Q+, 6 + 6 +. x - / x E9" * 44 %-E/ x 9" - ($/ x 9" -!/. &$$. 8 'A8 %&&F : 8 " " 3". +'<<60 "$' $I' 81 9 + 9" " + - / 6 1 -H+A%/ 9" '6?GA " +.
(159) :. . .
(160) .
(161) . . 2 " . . = $. . 'H+&?+&FG&?+&C+&F 'H+&?+&FG'A+&C+&F 'H+&?+&FG%H+&C+&H 'H+&?+&FG'C+&@+'& '%+&@+&FG''+&%+&H 'D+&?+&FG'%+&%+&H '@+'&+&DG'%+&%+&H &H+&C+&FG&D+&@+&F. -'@/\' -%F/\' -C'/\' -@C/\' -%DC/\' -???/\' -CFC/ -%F/. &. &. &. &. &. &. &. &. &D+&@+&FG'?+&%+&H 'D+&?+&FG'?+&%+&H &H+&C+&FG&A+&@+&F. -%F'/\' -??%/ -%F/. &. &. &. %A+&?+&FG&@+&@+&F. -%DH/\'. !&)'@+'&+&DG/?E8E@ !')'@+'&+&DG&H+&C+&F !%)%H+'&+&DG&D+&@+&F. -'@?/ -'DA/ -'FH/. &. &. &. !&)%H+'&+&DG'D+&?+&H !')%H+'&+&DG&H+&C+&F !%)%H+'&+&DG&A+&@+&F. -'@?/ -'DA/ -%&?/. &. &. &. /@E6EJG''+&?+&H '%+&@+&FG%'+&%+&H. -%%/ -%F@/. &. &. /JE8E@G&?+&C+&F 'H+&?+&FG'A+&C+&F 'H+&?+&FG%H+&C+&H 'H+&?+&FG'C+&@+'&. -'@/ -%F/ -C'/ -@C/. &. &. &. &. . . /= $. 6= $. . 2 " . = $. . . . /= $. . .
(162) . &. 2 " . . 6 $. !. 2 " . . =D /= $. 6>E6EJG%&+&?+&H %H+'&+'&G%&+&?+&H. -%%/ -@&A/. &. &. . . 6 $. 'C+&@+&FG6?E6EJG&A+&?+&H -%HA/. &. = $. . \ " '] " . %'.
(163) # . < *$' . 4 6 1 " ++1 " 61 6 1 +. 2 $. 2 " 1 " 9" 6 " -! %6 : 6 8 6 6 / -. <<;/ %6@6'@ %@1 " +. . <<;0 !%6 : +. 2 $. 2 @ '@ " 1 M Q # -'HH?/+. . - W?6. <<=/6 " -
(164) 3!"/1 "1 . . 9. . . . 9" 3" 9 + 6 1 " M 1 1 + " 1 1 1 " " + 1 "6 A&S 1 + 9 6 +
(165) +6 1 . <<=0 9" '@1 " +. 1 +! +
(166) +"" . 1 1 1 31 +. %%.
(167) # . <$ ' ' $. 4 1 1 ) o
(168) ) 1 6 o ) " 6 1 + 4 1 + * 7 -*76 C&&GD&& / " *
(169) 9 -**
(170) /W^ 9G% 9 G'6 1 " - " / " 1 " 1 '% +4 E -%F&GC&& / 2 -2/W " 6 9 " 16 R ) 4 -46 2G%/ W " 1 +
(171) ) ' ^ 9 G% 9 G' W &+CA 2G% -I 'HH&/+ 4 " 1 611 ) o 43 87!# -43'&&&63 6 6/M""1 4 87'H& - / 'H% - 1 / M - /6 1 * 7 -*76 C&&G D&&/ o 7#$. E3E-! 68 6( /6 " 1 . M 1 1 1 %F&GD&& + 1 " 1 &+@ '@1 " . 9" " + $ 6 1 " " 1 &+@ 1 " +. % '' , *'-. 4 1 1 1 6 1 1 -/ 1 + ! " " " " " 1 6 M " " " +4 9" 1 1 " 1 1 . %?.
(172) # -$/6 1 " " 1 1 -# 'HHC/+.
(173) 1 -,'HHC/) o ,-G'/W _$-%/N$-'/`9-'G%/G' 1 $-'/ $-%/ " " ' %+ .
(174) '$I' ':$ ,19& .& I-.
(175) '$ . ! 1 " 6 96 "6 6 3 " ". " . - 1. 'HHCR + 'HHCR . <<>) -H+A9H+A/+.
(176) + %&&DR ( . %&&&R : 'HDD/+ 4 " " " - %&&H/6 - 6 H+A %/ 1 -. <<>/+ ! " " " 1 -
(177) +%&&FR2 +%&&CR0 +%&&D/+! 1 1 . 3 3. " "-E a61 /6 9 1 9" 3"+ 9 " - 2 %&&C/6 " -
(178) +'HF%/ " " " +4 1 " " 5 6 1 1 1 1 3"6 " -*E /3" 1-
(179) $ $/3"+. %C.
(180) # . 1':*:' ' ,19&- I. ! *E 3" 1 -D@ 9 %& / *E " + $ *E " 9 *E "+ = /= $ 1 " 6 9 " 1 9 %&G%C 1 6%& -. <<@/+ 6= $ 1 " 6 *E " 1 " 6 9 -. <<@/+ $ *E " 3"6 " " 1 1 " " " -.. <<@/+. .& I. ! .& I 1 " 1 "" 9 '@& 9 '@& 6 %& + 1 . 9 1+!19" +3 "1" = /= $1 " +$ " "" 9 %& -. <<@(/"8 3"-?*E %
(181) $ $/19" 6 '&& -YA&*E YC&
(182) $ $/+. 19& ". ! "" M 6 3" 1 + ! 3" 1 *E 9 -C& 9 C& /6 1 1 "3 -. <<J(/+! 9 - / ; <+ 4 6 E " "9 " - (
(183) %C@F6 6 7J 6 ( /6 " " +! 91 6 "". "3 9" 3"-. <<J (/+. %@.
(184) # . "$' $.
(185) $' . -$ W 9" /6 1 " + $ $ 1 " " 1 1 + ! 9 " 6$11 "" . " M " -T'@ / . 91 1 +.
(186) $' $ . 4 " 6 1 $ ) " 1 " 6. <<?/+! $ 1 " "1) 1 " -" % G "6. <<=/ -" '6. <<=/+ "6
(187)
(188) 1 -" '6. <<=/6 1 " " ' !
(189) "#$ +
(190) " ?-. <<?/1 " " CV " +. . . <<?0 81 " )'G " 6% ?G" +. %A.
(191) # . . . <<@081 9" 3" 1 " -@6'@ %@/ 0 R G/*E " G/
(192) "+. %D.
(193) # . . <<J0 *E 96 G) " *E 9RG)*E 9 3"+. %F.
(194) # . &$$: . ! " 1 6 1 ) '+ ! 9 " 6 -6Q/ %+ " ?+ " C+ * " @+ * . / +" $D ' * *: ,
(195) D B-. 4 " 1 6 4 1 " "" 1 1 "" " + 9" -
(196) + %&&F6 "3 / " " 1 " 1 9. " -" / M " -'% R /+8 1 ?H 9 + ! ?? 9 1 6 ) o A 9 &':) % 6
(197) 6 "
(198)
(199) 6 "
(200)
(201) 6
(202) 6
(203) o C 9 1: ) $ " 6 6
(204)
(205)
(206) 6. +. * " o 'D 9 :)
(207) 6
(208)
(209) 6
(210)
(211) 6 "
(212) 6 "
(213) 6 "
(214) 6 6 &
(215)
(216) 6
(217)
(218) #"
(219) 6
(220) 6
(221) 6 6 '
(222) 6 (
(223) )
(224)
(225) *
(226)
(227) o A 9 &: )
(228) . 6 +
(229)
(230) 6. +
(231)
(232) 6"
(233) 68 . %H.
(234) # 9 6 1 6 61 " " " " + M 61 ) o % 9 $)
(235)
(236) o ? 9 )" 6 6
(237) 6 1 " 61 ) o ' 9 7 '':)1 + ! " $ 6 " 9 -P&+@ / 1 " -'%96 0 EA/ 1 -'&N'& 6 ' b " /+ $ 1 1 -A&c62 6,/ 1 +! " $-%@b/1 +8 6 -C b/ 1 $+ * 9 9 @V 1 " @V " -'V6 %V6 ?V6 CV6 @V6 @G'&V6 '&G'@V6'@G%&V6+ H@G'&&V/+ ?3 6 9 ""6 1 '. *P'&&V1 " 9 +
(238) -'CG@C / " 1 6 1 . -P@C / 9 1 + +" -/61 9 6 *-QZ/61 1 M 9 6 1 " 9 +. 6
(239) ! . &* '' $'. ! " 6 1 " CV + 6 5 1 "" 1 +
(240) 6 1"" +. ?&.
(241) # . 1 K '. 851 1 " +* 5 "" 6 1 " 1 HAV$ +# 1 " " 1 " D&V , !# " + 4 6 1 "6 1 " 1 ?V '&G'@ 6 9 1 " 'V : 1 1 -! 'HF@/+. <H$ . 4 " 6 1"" +! 1 6 1 " -! D'&&/+ * 6 1 " D@V 6 19" '&&V ' +! 1 ") o *3 ) '-')'R! D'&&d$ '&&V/ @G'& o 4 ) %-'&! d'&&: 4/ @G'& o * ) %d: 44 " " 1 A&S . " + " 1 1 . '@c +. ! $. # " 1 @ A?& -9 "6 06 : 6 ( /6 " + 1 5 + " 1 - 'HHHR : 'HDAR : %&&CR 'H'?R 1 # %&&FR
(242) 'HFDR, 'HDD6'HHCR %&&&R7 'HF'RE : 'HF%/+
(243) 6" " 1 1 -9 6 4 '6 06 ( / 9 " -06 ( /+9 E C+D+'+ 1 -06( /1 + ?'.
ÄHNLICHE DOKUMENTE
Die Universität Bremen ist Gastgeber dieses Weltereignisses und die Freie Hansestadt Bremen unterstützt das ICRS 2020 in allen Belangen.. Im Hinblick auf die gegenwärtige
While in Austria in recent years more women are entering the management of farms and in many regions daughters are increa- singly becoming farm successors, in Japan the
Indeed, the 1998/99 global coral bleaching event, and the unprecedented bleaching event of 2014–2017 caused mass mortality of corals even at the most remote and best pro- tected
A combination of research approaches across the Pacific Island region indicated that as local impacts increase, benthic communities can shift from diverse hard coral- dominated
In the second chapter, a laboratory experiment highlights the effects of ocean acidification and increased organic carbon content on the physiology
Although coral reef degradation and climate change are global problems, local coral reef management can protect reefs by maintaining their resilience and
The predictable seasonal changes in water parameters and the occurrence of relatively simple, easily accessible coral reef communities make the Gulf of Papagayo an ideal natural
The literature on plant ecology contains several informal models of how plant commu- nity dynamics may proceed in space and time; we have identified in particular the mosaic cycle,