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Transition Metal Catalyzed Polymerization in Aqueous Systems

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First publ. in: Late Transition Metal Polymerization Catalysis / ed. by B. Rieger... Weinheim, Wiley-VCH, 2003, pp. 231-278

Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS) URL: http://www.ub.uni-konstanz.de/kops/volltexte/2008/6560/

URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-65607

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