Catalog of Solar Heliostats

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No. III - 1/00

Catalog of Solar Heliostats

June, 2000

IEA-Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems

Task III: Solar Technology and Applications

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Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.

Solare Energietechnik (DLR, EN-SE) D-51170 Köln

Telephone: (0)2203-601-2479 Telefax: (0)2203-66 900

E-mail: solare-energietechnik@dlr.de

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Editor : Thomas R. Mancini

Sandia National Labotatories Solar Thermal Technology Albuquerque, N.M 87185, USA

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FOREWORD

This document was prepared as part of the International Energy Agency’s Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems (IEA SolarPACES) Task III: Solar Technology Applications. The principal participants in assembling this material were: Peter Heller, Scott Jones, Manuel Romero, and Tom Mancini.

There were only two requirements for having a heliostat included in the catalog:

1) it must be available for purchase today; and

2) the detailed information must be provided by the manufacturer of the heliostat.

The information presented in this catalog was prepared by the manufacturers of the heliostats and has not been edited or changed in any way. Many of these heliostats have been tested at Solar PACES’ member test facilities and test reports on their performance may be available on request.

This document is for informational purposes only. The presence of a heliostat design in this catalog is not to be construed as an endorsement of the design or a validation of the reported performance by SolarPACES or any of the member countries.

December 23, 1999

Editor

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List of Figures

Fig. 1 Solar Power Tower --- 1

Fig. 2 Parts of a heliostat --- 2

Fig. 3 Front View of the Colon 70 Heliostat --- 5

Fig. 4 Back View of the Colon 70 Heliostat --- 5

Fig. 5 SAIC Faceted Stretched-Membrane Heliostat --- 7

Fig. 6 Front View of the PSI 120 Heliostat --- 9

Fig. 7 Back View of the PSI 120 Heliostat --- 9

Fig. 8 Finite Element Model of the Sanlucar Heliostat --- 11

Fig. 9 Front View of the Hellas 01 Heliostat --- 13

Fig. 10 Back View of the Hellas 01 Heliostat --- 13

Fig. 11 The ATS H150 Heliostat --- 16

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The following instructions were prepared by the Task III Working Group and distributed to the heliostat manufacturers.

Instructions for completing the form

Line 1. Provide the name and model number of the heliostat. If you have more than one model, please complete a separate form for each model.

Lines 2 -- 7. List the heliostat manufacturer and contact information for the responsible person. Please provide name, address, telephone and FAX numbers, email addresses and any other information that you feel is appropriate.

Line 8. This section is for the physical data describing the heliostat.

Line 9. How many heliostats of this model have been built? How many are operating in the field today?

Line 10. What is the date of this design?

Line 11. What is the area of the heliostat? What are its critical dimensions – i.e., length, width, height, etc.

Line 12. How many facets are on the heliostat and what are their sizes?

Line 13. Please describe the construction of the facets. How are they made? What are the materials Line 14. What is the size of glass lights used on the heliostat? What is its thickness and who is the glass

manufacturer? If glass is not the reflective surface, please describe the reflective surface.

Line 15. What is the measured reflectivity of the glass (or other reflective surface)? What instrument was used to measure the reflectivity?

Lines 16 - 17. Please describe the azimuth and elevation drives. What kind of drives are they? i.e., worm, etc.

Who makes the gear drives?

Line 18. What are the respective gear reduction ratios on the azimuth drive? On the elevation drive?

Line 19. Please describe your heliostat controller and control system. What hardware is used in these systems? What functional control does the software provide? What information is passed back and forth between the master controller and the local controller? Who owns the software?

Line 20. What type of support is provided for your heliostat and drives? Please describe the type of support and its dimensions.

Line 21. What is the total weight of the heliostat excluding the foundation?

Line 22. Other Information – please provide any additional information that you feel is necessary to describe your heliostat.

Line 23. In this section, we are asking you to document any test results for the heliostat. If test reports are available, please provide a complete reference in this section.

Line 24. Where were tests performed and by whom?

Lines 25 - 29. Please provide detailed descriptions of the tests and the test results.

Line 30. What is the total heliostat error as characterized by the 1σ value of the slope error distribution?

Line 31. This section addresses the cost of the heliostat. This does not include shipping cost but should include consideration for installation.

Line 32. What fraction of the total heliostat cost can be attributed to the facets? To the facet supports? To the elevation drive? To the azimuth drive? To the pedestal? To the controller? To installation?

Line 33 - 38. This question addresses the cost of the heliostat based on the annual production. Please use production levels for which you have mad detailed calculations.

39. Please provide an electronic photograph of your heliostat, if possible in color.

40. Can you identify and briefly describe the top 3 design or technical issues that need addressed in order to reduce the cost of your heliostat below the values shown above? We all recognize that a large order will result in reduced costs, but please focus your answers to this question on processes, materials, or component costs.

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Heliostats

WHAT ARE HELIOSTATS?

Heliostats provide the fuel for a power tower (sometimes referred to as a central receiver) power plant. Heliostats are named helio for sun and stat for the fact that the reflected solar image is maintained at a fixed position over the course of the day. They are nearly flat mirrors (some curvature is required to focus the sun’s image) that collect and concentrate the solar energy on a tower-mounted receiver located 100 to 1000 meters distant. Figure 1 is a photograph of the power tower at Solar Two in Barstow, CA.

Figure 1. The Solar Power Tower at Barstow, CA

To maintain the sun’s image on the solar receiver, heliostats must at all times track a point in the sky that is midway between the sun and the receiver. The solar energy is collected at the receiver and delivered to a storage system or used directly to generate steam and power a conventional turbine generator. In Figure 1, the receiver is the small cylinder at the top of the tower. On top of the receiver is a crane used for its installation and maintenance. The bright white areas immediately above and below the receiver are the insulated headers, and the large trapezoidal areas below the receiver are targets that are used to align the glass facets of the heliostats. The light areas in the sky on either side of the receiver are the stand-by positions where heliostats are focused before tracking onto the receiver. The structures on the ground around the tower are the heliostats.

Studies have shown that a 100 MW power tower would require nearly one million square meters of glass heliostats, corresponding to approximately 10,000, 100-m² heliostats. The heliostats represent 40% to 50% of the cost of a power tower, so they

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must be relatively low cost in order for cost of power from the plant to compete with that of fossil fuels.

WHAT ARE THE COMPONENT PARTS OF A HELIOSTAT?

The major components of a heliostat are shown in Figure 2 and described briefly below.

These components are the mirror assemblies (typically glass and metal), the support structure, the pedestal and foundation, the tracking control system, and the drives.

The mirror surfaces of state-of-the-art heliostats are made with thin silvered glass, which may or may not have a low iron content for enhanced reflection.

Aluminum and silver polymer films have been under development for solar applications for some time, but these materials have not yet demonstrated the ability to survive the 20 to 25 years required for power plant applications. In order to provide the proper contour for the optical surface and for attachment to the support structure, the glass may be bonded or otherwise attached to a metal, honeycomb or slumped-glass substrate that has been “shaped” to the proper curvature.

The optical element support structure positions the mirrors accurately and carries the weight of the structure and wind loads through the drives to ground.

For a heliostat, it is important that the mirror facets be located relative to one another so that each of their images is focused on the receiver at the top of the tower. The major issues that the heliostat designer must confront are the two requirements, e.g.

maintaining mirror alignment and providing structural strength to carry wind loads through the structure to ground.

By far the most common type of ground support for solar concentrators is the poured- in-place tubular pedestal. This is not the only type of tracking structure that has been used for heliostats, however. Alidade-type structures with pintel bearings and polar tracking structures have also been used (refer to the ASM 150 m² heliostat design.

Tracking controls are the electronics and control algorithms that are used to provide the signals to the drive motors for maintaining the position of the concentrator relative to the sun. Heliostats must always track a point in the sky that is located midway between the receiver and the sun in order to reflect their images onto the receiver.

The concentrator drive causes the heliostat to track across the sky in two axes, azimuth and elevation, to maintain the sun’s image at a predetermined location on the tower.

The drive not only provide the tracking but it also must carry the weight of the concentrator and any wind loads to ground through the pedestal and foundation.

Tube Support Structure

Torque Back

Pedestal Drive

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What is the cost of a heliostat?

Power towers must have low capital and operations and maintenance costs in order to compete with the relatively low cost electrical power produced from the combustion of fossil fuels. The heliostats currently represent 40 – 50% of the capital cost of a central receiver power plant.. The relative fraction of the total cost of a heliostat of its major components is shown in Table 1. below.

Table 1. Concentrator Costs

In mass production, the cost of a 100 m² heliostat or dish is projected to be from

$12,000 to $15,000.

Guidance to readers of this catalog.

The heliostat designs presented in this document are at various stages of development.

Most of them are prototypes and, as such, have been tested but have not been deployed and operated for long periods of time. Also, designs and costs change quickly, so if you are interested in the most up to date information, we strongly recommend that you contact the manufacturers.

Component % of Cost

Az and El Drives 30 - 35 % Mirror Assemblies 25 - 30%

Structural Support 15 - 20%

Assembly and Install 10 - 15%

Pedestal and Foundation 10 - 15%

Controls 5 - 10%

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Colon 70 Heliostat

1. Name/Model Number of the Heliostat Colon 70

2. Manufacturer Inabensa, Instalaciones Abengoa, S.A.

3. Contact Rafael Osuna Gonzalez-Aguilar 4. Address C/ Manuel Velasco Pando 7

5. 41007 Sevilla

6. SPAIN

7. Telephone 34 954 93 60 00 FAX 34 954 93 60 15 Email rosuna@inabensa.abengoa.com 8. Physical Data

9. Number heliostats built 1 10. Date of current design 1997

11. Area (h, w) in meters H7.82m x W9.04m

12. Facet (size, number) Facets = H1.1m x W3m = 3.3 m2 Nº Facets = H7 x W3 =21 Reflective Surface = 21 x 3.3 m2= 69.3 m2

13. Facet Construction Mirror fixed to steel frame with steel nails on a facets jig table 14. Glass (size of lights) H1.1m x W3m x 4mm Pilkington / Cristaleria Española 15. Reflectivity 0.93 / 0.92 measured with a bidirectional reflectometer 16. Azimuthdrive Winsmith, worm-gear

17. Elevation drive Winsmith, worm-gear 18. Drive ratios (AZ/EL) Az 1:18000 & El 1:18000

19. Controller Type CIEMAT hardware/software & master/local controllers 20. Pedestal Type Steel tube 0.5 m ∅

21. Weight (w/o fndat) kg 4000 kg without foundations 22. Other Information

23. Performance

24. Where were tests done? Wind Tunnel. Test Facility Installation at Plataforma Solar de Almeria 25. Types of tests? Mechanical & Optical

26. Descriptions Simulations in Wind Tunnel. Real performance at Test Facility during two years

27. Wind perform Ok

28. Elev/Az perform Ok

29. Other test results Ok

30. Heliost slope error (mr) 2.8 mrad (beam) 1.4 mrad (normal) 31. Heliostat costs

32. Cost by component (facets, facets suppts., elev. Drive, azimuth drive, pedestal, control, etc.) in %

Mirror 5%

Frame 10%

Structure 25%

Drives 50%

Pedestal 5%

Control system 5%

33. Heliostat costs (build)

34. i.e 1/yr 380 $/m2

35. 100/yr 220 $/m2

36. 1000/yr 130 $/m2

37. /yr 38. /yr

39. Photograph of heliostat Please provide an electronic photograph of your heliostat.

40. Critical Cost Issues

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Figure 3. Front View of the Colon 70 Heliostat on test at the PSA in Almeria, Spain

Figure 4. Back structure of the Colon 70 heliostat with image shown on tower.

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SAIC Multi-Facet Stretched Membrane Heliostat

1. Name/Model Number of the Heliostat Multi-Facet Stretched Membrane Heliostat 2. Manufacturer SAIC Energy Products Division

3. Contact Barry Butler

4. Address SAIC

5. 9455 Towne Centre Dr.

6. San Diego, CA 92121

7. Telephone (858)826-6004 ^FAX (858)826-6335 ^Email Barry.L.Butler@cpmx.saic.com 8. Physical Data

9. Number heliostats built 4

10. Date of current design September 1998

11. Area (h, w) in meters 19.3m wide x 13.0m high; Reflective area: 170.72 sq.m 12. Facet (size, number) 22 round mirror facets, each 3.2 m in diameter

13. Facet Construction Stretched membrane: stainless steel rings with welded s.s. membranes;

mirrors adhesively applied to membranes

14. Glass (size of lights) Standard is 3/32” float glass, back-silvered; largest tile ~1.2mx1.5m;

Optionally, (about $4000 additional cost) 1 mm low-iron glass with 95.3%

reflectance

15. Reflectivity 89.6% new

16. Azimuthdrive Flenders (worm drive with spur gear reduction) 17. Elevation drive Flenders (worm drive with spur gear reduction)

18. Drive ratios (AZ/EL) 18615:1 in drive, 5.5:1 input motor speed reducer; overall: 102382.5:1 19. Controller Type Microprocessor controller, RS-485 network, on/off AC motor control 20. Pedestal Type Flanged 30” diameter steel pipe attached at foundation with bolts; heliostat

structure consists of a horizontal torque tube with vertical trusses to which facets are attached at 3 points each.

21. Weight (w/o fndat) kg 10,000 kg (22,000 lb)

22. Other Information Mirrors may be focused for short focal-length applications; Structure can be partially populated with facets to create a smaller system (e.g., 14 facets or 18 facets, instead of 22).

24. Where were tests done? NREL and Sandia National Labs

25. Types of tests? Tracking, Optics, Wind Effects, Reliability

26. Descriptions Beam Characterization System tests over multiple days; Evaluation of tracking errors vs. time; Evaluation of tracking errors due to wind

27. Wind perform Operate up to 15 mph; survive 90 mph in stow, 50 mph gust while tracking 28. Elev/Az perform 0.03-0.04 degree std. Deviation from desired tracking point over time 29. Other test results Achieved over 2100 hours of automated operation on two systems with

overall availability >90%; Demonstrated operation of two networked systems with ~1000 m communication distance to central computer; test results in NREL/SR-550-25837 and

30. Heliost slope error (mr) 1.5 31. Heliostat costs

One unit: Facets 41%, Supports 40%, Drive System 11%, Pedestal 5.7%, Controls 2.3%

2000 Units/year: Facets 26%, Supports 46%, Drive System 20%, Pedestal 6.6%, Controls 1.4%

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34. i.e 1/yr $137,000 total -- $100,000 Materials + $27,000 Installation + $10,000 engineering (1998 US$)

35. 100/yr

36. 2000/yr $28,500 total -- $21,500 Materials + $4,950 Installation + $915 OH/indirect/capital cost amortization (1998 US$)

37. /yr 38. /yr

39. Photograph of heliostat

40. Critical Cost Issues Drive systems are expensive and not easily available

Figure 5. SAIC Heliostat on test at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, CO, USA.

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PSI 120 Heliostat

1. Name/Model Number of the Heliostat PSI 120

2. Manufacturer Inabensa, Instalaciones Abengoa, S.A.

5. 41007 Sevilla

6. SPAIN

7. Telephone +34 954 93 60 00 FAX +34 954 93 60 15 Email rosuna@inabensa.abengoa.com

8. Physical Data

9. Number heliostats built 1 10. Date of current design 1996

12. Facet (size, number) Facets = H1.1m x W3m = 3.3 m2 Nº Facets = (H9 x W4) +1 =37 Reflective Surface = 37 x 3.3 m2= 122.1 m2

13. Facet Construction Mirror fixed to steel frame with steel nails on a facets jig table 14. Glass (size of lights) H1.1m x W3m x 4mm Pilkington / Cristalería Española 15. Reflectivity 0.93 / 0.92 measured with a reflectometer

16. Azimuthdrive Pujol Muntalá, worm-gear 17. Elevation drive Pujol Muntalá, worm-gear 18. Drive ratios (AZ/EL) Az 1:36000 & El 1:36000

19. Controller Type Paul Scherrer Institut hardware/software & master/local controllers 20. Pedestal Type Steel tube 0.6 m ∅

21. Weight (w/o fndat) kg 6500 kg without foundation 22. Other Information

24. Where were tests done? Wind Tunnel & Test Facility installation 25. Types of tests? Mechanical & Optical

26. Descriptions Simulations in Wind Tunnel. Real performance at PSITest Facility during two years

27. Wind perform Ok

28. Elev/Az perform Ok

29. Other test results Ok

30. Heliost slope error (mr) 3.0 mrad beam (flat facets) 31. Heliostat costs

Mirror 5%

Frame 10%

Structure 25%

Drives 50%

Pedestal 5%

Control system 5%

34. i.e 1/yr 475 $/m2

35. 100/yr 230 $/m2

36. 1000/yr 150 $/m2

37. /yr 38. /yr

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Figure 6. Front view of the PSI 120 heliostat.

Figure 7. Back view of the PSI 120 heliostat.

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Sanlucar 90 Heliostat

1. Name/Model Number of the Heliostat Sanlucar 90 2. Manufacturer Inabensa, Instalaciones Abengoa, S.A.

5. 41007 Sevilla

6. SPAIN

7. Telephone +34 954 93 60 00 FAX +34 954 93 60 15 Email rosuna@inabensa.abengoa.com

8. Physical Data

9. Number heliostats built Prototype in Construction (Expected by October 1999) 10. Date of current design 1999

12. Facet (size, number) Facets = H1.35m x W3.21m = 4.33 m2 Nº Facets = H7 x W3 =21 Reflective Surface = 21 x 4.33 m2= 91.0 m2

13. Facet Construction Mirror fixed to steel frame with steel nails on a facets jig table 14. Glass (size of lights) H1.35m x W3.21m x 3mm Cristaleria Española

15. Reflectivity 0.92 measured with a reflectometer 16. Azimuthdrive Winsmith, worm-gear / hydraulic 17. Elevation drive Winsmith, worm-gear / hydraulic 18. Drive ratios (AZ/EL) Az 1:18000 & El 1:18000

19. Controller Type CIEMAT hardware/software & master/local controllers 20. Pedestal Type Concrete 0.5 m ∅

21. Weight (w/o fndat) kg 3500 kg without foundations 22. Other Information

24. Where were tests done? Planned in Wind Tunnel & in Test Facility Installation 25. Types of tests? Mechanical & Optical

26. Descriptions Simulations in Wind Tunnel. Real performance at Test Facility 27. Wind perform

28. Elev/Az perform 29. Other test results

30. Heliost slope error (mr) Expected lower than 2.8 mrad 31. Heliostat costs

Mirror 5%

Frame 10%

Structure 25%

Drives 50%

Pedestal 5%

Control system 5%

34. i.e 1/yr 360 $/m2

35. 100/yr 210 $/m2

36. 1000/yr 130 $/m2

37. /yr 38. /yr

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Figure 8. Support structure for the Sanlucar heliostat.

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HELLAS 01 Heliostat

1. Name/Model Number of the Heliostat HELLAS ø1 2. Manufacturer GHER S. A

3. Contact MR. PEDRO GRIMALDI

4. Address AV. DEL PUERTO 1-6-E

5. 1006 CADIZ

6. SPAIN

7. Telephone +34-956-289311 ^FAX +34-956-282202 ^Email 8. Physical Data

9. Number heliostats built TWO 10. Date of current design 1999

11. Area (h, w) in meters 3,2 X 6 m (19,2 m²) 12. Facet (size, number) 3,2 X 2 (9,4 m²) ; 3

13. Facet Construction GLAS MIRROR OVER FRAME 14. Glass (size of lights) 3,2 X 2 m

15. Reflectivity 94 %

16. Azimuthdrive LINEAR ACTUATOR

17. Elevation drive LINEAR ACTUATOR

18. Drive ratios (AZ/EL) N/A / N/A

19. Controller Type MICROPROCESSOR, SELF-SUFFICIENT

20. Pedestal Type CONCRETE PILLAR, INTEGRATED WITH FOUNDATION.

21. Weight (w/o fndat) kg 790 Kg.

22. Other Information 23. Performance

24. Where were tests done? PLATAFORMA SOLAR ALMERIA

25. Types of tests? OPTICAL, MECHANICAL, ENERGY CONSUMPTION.

26. Descriptions BEAM QUALITY AND TRACKING CHARACTERISATION.

27. Wind perform O.K

28. Elev/Az perform O.K

29. Other test results

30. Heliost slope error (mr) 1.2 (normal) 31. Heliostat costs

33. Heliostat costs (build) We are presently working on the reduction & determination of final costs.

34. i.e 1/yr

35. 100/yr

36. /yr 37. /yr 38. /yr

40. Critical Cost Issues STRUCTURE.

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Figure 9. Front view of the HELLAS 01 heliostat.

Figure 10. Back view of the Hellas 01 heliostat.

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ATS H100

1. Name/Model Number of the Heliostat H100

2. Manufacturer Advanced Thermal Systems, Inc.

3. Contact David Gorman

4. Address 5031 W. Red Rock Drive

5. Larkspur, CO 80118

6.

7. Telephone (303) 681-9480 ^FAX (303) 681-2668 ^Email DNGORMAN@COMPUSERVE.COM 8. Physical Data

9. Number heliostats built 2 Heliostats 756 Mirror Enhanced PV Trackers 10. Date of current design 1983

11. Area (h, w) in meters 95

12. Facet (size, number) 4ft x 16ft, 16

13. Facet Construction Silvered glass second surface mirrors bonded to formed sheet metal back 14. Glass (size of lights) 4ft x 4ft

15. Reflectivity 0.94

16. Azimuth drive Two-stage worm Optional: Eccentric planetary 17. Elevation drive Two-stage worm Optional: Combination worm/ballscrew 18. Drive ratios (AZ/EL) 18,400/18,400 Optional: 16,560/

19. Controller Type Open-loop, by central computer with individual microprocessor packages 20. Pedestal Type 24 inch diameter flanged pipe

21. Weight (w/o fndat) kg 3500 22. Other Information

24. Where were tests done? Taft, CA USA by Arco Solar Inc.

25. Types of tests? Structural loading (by Arco)

26. Descriptions Structural: Using hydraulic cylinders to obtain az, el and cross-el loadings 27. Wind perform Tracking capability up to 27 mph, survivable up to 90 mph

28. Elev/Az perform Should be similar to H150 29. Other test results

30. Heliost slope error (mr) Should be similar to H150 31. Heliostat costs

Mirror modules: 25%

Gear-drive assy: 30%

Support Structure: 15%

Controls: 5%

Other: 5%

G&A & profit: 20%

34. 1,000/yr $18,300 each 35. /yr

36. /yr 37. /yr 38. /yr

39. Photograph of heliostat Please provide an electronic photograph of your heliostat.

40. Critical Cost Issues Gear drive assembly, glass

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ATS H150

1. Name/Model Number of the Heliostat H150

2. Manufacturer Advanced Thermal Systems, Inc.

3. Contact David Gorman

4. Address 5031 W. Red Rock Drive

5. Larkspur, CO 80118

6.

7. Telephone (303) 681-9480 ^FAX (303) 681-2668 ^Email DNGORMAN@COMPUSERVE.COM 8. Physical Data

9. Number heliostats built 2 Heliostats 44 PV Trackers (No mirrors) 10. Date of current design 1984

11. Area (h, w) in meters 148

12. Facet (size, number) 4ft x 20ft, 20

13. Facet Construction Silvered glass second surface mirrors bonded to formed sheet metal back 14. Glass (size of lights) 4ft x 4ft

16. Azimuthdrive Two-stage worm Optional: Eccentric planetary

17. Elevation drive Two-stage worm Optional: Combination worm/ballscrew 18. Drive ratios (AZ/EL) 18,400/18,400 Optional: 16,560/

19. Controller Type Open-loop, by central computer with individual microprocessor packages 20. Pedestal Type 24 inch diameter flanged pipe

21. Weight (w/o fndat) kg 5000 22. Other Information

24. Where were tests done? Taft, CA USA by Arco Solar Inc., and Albuqureque, NM USA by Sandia Labs

25. Types of tests? Structural loading (by Arco), Tracking & beam quality (by Sandia)

26. Descriptions Structural: Using hydraulic cylinders to obtain az, el and cross-el loadings Tracking Performance: Using video BCS to obtain tracking error data

Beam Quality: Using BCS to obtain beam flux distribution data

27. Wind perform Tracking capability up to 27 mph, survivable up to 90 mph 28. Elev/Az perform See Sandia Report SAND92-1381

29. Other test results See Sandia Report SAND92-1381 30. Heliost slope error (mr) See Sandia Report SAND92-1381 31. Heliostat costs

Mirror modules: 25%

Gear-drive assy: 30%

Support structure: 15%

Controls: 5%

Other: 5%

G&A & profit.: 20%

33. Heliostat costs (build) 34. i.e 1/yr

35. /yr

36. 1,000 /yr $22,900 each 37. /yr

38. /yr

40. Critical Cost Issues Gear drive assembly, glass

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Figure 11. Advanced Thermal Systems H150 heliostat on test at Sandia’s NSTTF.

A photograph of the H100 was not available but it identical in construction to the H150, except smaller.

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AMS H150

1. Name/Model Number of the Heliostat ASM-150

2. Manufacturer Babcock Borsig Power Environment 3. Contact Mr. Manfred Schmitz-Goeb

4. Address D 51641 Gummersbach

5.

6. Germany

7. Telephone +49.(0)2261.85.2067 ^FAX 49.(0)2261.85.2067 ^Email maschmit@steinmueller.

de 8. Physical Data

9. Number heliostats built 1 built, 1 operated 10. Date of current design 1995

11. Area (h, w) in meters Circular heliostat ( r≅7m, A=150m² ) 12. Facet (size, number) Single element

13. Facet Construction Metal stretched membrane 14. Glass (size of lights) Thin glass mirror 0.9mm

16. Azimuthdrive Electric driven turn table with absolute position encoder 17. Elevation drive Electric driven spoke wheel with absolute position encoder 18. Drive ratios (AZ/EL) (AZ) 270° / (EL) 180°

19. Controller Type Pulse-width modulated 4-quadrant servo controller using measured sun vector as input; resolution of 40000 increments/360° per axis

20. Pedestal Type Platform or concrete ring and central core 21. Weight (w/o fndat) kg <22kg/m²

22. Other Information Focal length adjustable from 100-600m 23. Performance

24. Where were tests done? Plataforma Solar de Almeria (PSA) 25. Types of tests? Extensive performance test program

26. Descriptions Analysis of beam quality, tracking accuracy, flux distribution, parasitic losses

27. Wind perform Norm. operation: ≤18km/h, red. operation: ≤60km/h, stow pos.: ≤145km/h 28. Elev/Az perform Tracking quality: 0.6 mrad

29. Other test results Ptot=126.5kW, φ^peak=8.3kW/², 90%-radius = 2.59m, concentration factor = 8.3, typical daily electric power consumption (8h tracking day ): 650 Wh/d

30. Heliost slope error (mr) Symmetrical circular beam quality σBQ=1.72 ± 0.1mrad 31. Heliostat costs

33. Heliostat costs (build) 34. i.e 1/yr

35. 100/yr

36. /yr 37. /yr 38. /yr

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39. Photograph of heliostat

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SOLARPACES TECHNICAL REPORTS

SSPS TR-1/79 - Martin Marietta Corp.; Heliostat Field and Data Acquisition Subsystem for CRS, December 1979

SSPS TR-2/79 - McDonnell Douglas Corp.; CRS-Heliostat Field, Interface Control and Data Acquisition System, December 1979

SSPS TR-1/80 - Sandia and DFVLR; Collector Qualification Tests for the IEA 500 kWe Distributed Collector System, July 1980

SSPS TR-2/80 - Belgonucleaire; Analysis of Special Hydraulical Effects in the SHTS Piping System, November 1980

SSPS TR-3/80 - Interatom; Redesign of the CRS - Almeria Receiver Aperture and Comparison of Interatom and MMC Reference Heliostat Field Performance Calculations, November 1980

SSPS TR-1/81 - Belgonucleaire; Tabernas Meteo Data Analysis Based on Evaluated Data Prepared by the SSPS-O.A., June 1981

SSPS TR-2/81 - Belgonucleaire; DCS Instrumentation Review, June 1981 SSPS TR-3/81 - Belgonucleaire; CRS Instrumentation Review, June 1981

SSPS TR-4/81 - A. F. Baker, Sandia; IEA Small Solar Power Systems (SSPS), Project Review (January 1981), July 1981

SSPS TR-5/81 - DFVLR; Device for the Measurement of Heat Flux Distributions (HFD) near the Receiver Aperture Plane of the Almeria CRS Solar Power Stations, November 1981

SSPS TR-6/81 - DFVLR; Determination of the Spectral Reflectivity and the Bidirectional Reflectance Characteristics of Some White Surfaces, December 1981

SSPS TR-1/82 - SSPS Workshop on Functional and Performance Characteristics of Solar Thermal Pilot Plants, April 1982

Part 1: A. Kalt - Results of the DCS-Plant Session Part 2: M. Becker - Results of the Tower Facilities Session

SSPS TR-2/82 - G. von Tobel, Ch. Schelders and M. Real, E.I.R.; Concentrated Solar Flux Measurements at the IEA-SSPS Solar Central Receiver Power Plant, Tabernas- Almeria, April 1982

SSPS TR-3/82 - G. Lemperle, DFVLR; Effect of Sunshape on Flux Distribution and Intercept Factor of the Solar Tower Power Plant at Almeria, September 1982

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DCS-Midterm Workshop Proceedings (December 9+10, 1982), February 1983

SSPS TR-2/83 - G. Lensch, K. Brudi and P. Lippert, Fachhochschule Wedel; FH-PTL Wedel Reflectometer, Type 02-1 No. 3, Final Report and Report on the Test Program, March 1983

SSPS TR-3/83 - AGIP Nucleare and FRANCO TOSI; The Advanced Sodium Receiver (ASR) - Topic Reports, May 1983

SSPS TR-4/83 - M. Becker, DFVLR (editor);

SSPS-CRS Midterm Workshop, Tabernas, April 19+20, 1983, June 1983

SSPS TR-5/83 - W. Bucher, DFVLR (editor); Investigations and Findings Concerning the Sodium Tank Leakages, July 1983

SSPS TR-6/83 - Th. van Steenberghe, ITET; First Year Average Performance of the SSPS-DCS Plant, July 1983

SSPS TR-7/83 - H. Jacobs, ITET; Thermal Losses of the Sodium Storage Vessels of the Central Receiver System, November 1983

SSPS TR-1/84 - C. S. Selvage (ITET); Executive Summary - IEA SSPS-CRS Workshop (April 1983), March 1984

SSPS TR-2/84 - C. S. Selvage and J. G. Martin, (ITET); SSPS-DCS Proceedings of the International Workshop "The First Term", Tabernas, December 6-8, 1983, May 1984 SSPS TR-3/84 - J. P. Fabry, H. Richel, H. Lamotte, M. Vereb and P. Brusselaers;

SESAM-DCS, A Computer Code for Solar System Modelling, March 1984 Part 1: Analysis Report

Part 2: How to use

SSPS TR-4/84 - R. Carmona and J. G. Martin; The Control of Large Collector Arrays:

The SSPS Experience, June 1984

SSPS TR-5/84 - P. Wattiez, J. G. Martin and M. Andersson; SSPS-DCS Plant Performance "The Stair Step", June 1984

SSPS TR-6/84 - B. Wong Swanson, Univ. of Arizona; Availability and Operation Frequency of Solar Thermal Systems, December 1984

SSPS TR-7/84 - A. Brinner, DFVLR; IEA SSPS-CRS Calibration Report, Calibration of Relevant Measuring Sensors, December 1984

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1985), June 1985

SSPS TR-2/85 - G. Lemperle, DFVLR; ASR-Thermodynamics, Results of a Numerical Simulation and Surface Temperature Measurements, October 1985

SSPS TR-1/86 - M. Sanchez, R. Carmona and E. Zarza; Behavior of DCS Fields in a Wide Temperature Range. Present Status of Test Campaigns and Preliminary Results, May 1986

SSPS TR-2/86 - M. Geyer, DFVLR (editor); Proceedings of the First IEA-SSPS Task IV Status Meeting on High Temperature Thermal Storage, Tabernas, July 3-4, 1986, Sept. 1986

SSPS TR-3/86 - R. Carmona, F. Rosa, H. Jacobs and M. Sanchez; Evaluation of Advanced Sodium Receiver Losses During Operation, December 1986

SSPS TR-1/87 - M. Sanchez, R. Carmona, E. Zarza; Behavior of DCS Fields in a Wide Temperature Range, March 1987

SSPS TR-2/87 - M. Becker, M. Böhmer, DFVLR (editors); Proceedings of the Third Meeting of SSPS - TASK III - Working Group on "High Temperature Receiver - Technology", Albuquerque, N.M., USA, March 3+4, 1987, June 1987

SSPS TR-3/87 - Motor Columbus Consulting Engineers Inc., Baden, Switzerland;

Lessons from the SSPS-CRS Sodium Fire Incident; June 1987

SSPS TR-4/87 - Proceedings of the 2nd IEA-SSPS TASK IV Status Meeting on "High Temperature Thermal Storage", at SERI, August 24/25, 1987 (edited by M. Geyer), Nov.

1987

SSPS TR-5/87 - M. Geyer, K. Werner, F. Dinter; Evaluation of the Dual Medium Storage Tank (DMST) at the IEA-SSPS Project in Almeria (Spain), November 1987

SSPS TR-1/88 - M. Becker, M. Böhmer, DLR (editors) Proceedings of the Fourth Meeting of SSPS - TASK III - Working Group on "High Temperature Receiver - Technology", Denver, Co., USA, June 20, 1988, September 1988

SSPS TR-1/89 - F. Rosa, A. Valverde, J.M. Aranda, J. Aranda; Solar Furnace at the CESA-1 Tower: Construction and Applications to the HERMES Tests, March 1989 SSPS TR-2/89 - Report of the Wire Pack Volumetric Receiver Tests Performed at the Plataforma Solar de Almeria, Spain in 1987 and 1988 (SSPS TASK VII - First Experiment), July 1989

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(Interatom) (authors); Volumetric Receiver Evaluation, Preparatory Material and Evaluation Report of Experts Meeting, in Cologne, January 1989, December 1989

SSPS TR-1/90 - M. Becker, M. Böhmer (DLR) (editors); Volumetric Metal Foil Receiver CATREC, Development and Tests, December 1990

SSPS TR-2/90 - M. Becker, M. Böhmer, W. Meinecke (editors); Proceedings of the Fifth Meeting of SSPS TASK III Working Group on "High Temperature Receiver Technology", Davos/CH, September 3rd-4th, 1990, December 1990

SSPS TR-3/90 - M. Böhmer, W. Meinecke (editors); Proceedings of the First Meeting of SSPS TASK VIII Working Group on "Concentrator/Generator Systems for Small Solar Thermal Power Units", Davos/CH, September 3rd, 1990, December 1990

SSPS TR-1/91 - M. Becker, M. Böhmer, S. Cordes (editors); DLR/CeramTec Volumetric Ceramic Foil Receiver, June 1991

SSPS TR-2/91 - M. Böhmer, W. Meinecke (editors); Proceedings of the Volumetric Receiver Workshop, February 13 -15, 1991, Köln, March 1991

SSPS TR-3/91 - M. Böhmer, U. Langnickel (editors); Proceedings of the Workshop on Methane Reforming, June 11 -13, 1991, Köln, September 1991

SSPS TR-4/91 - M. Becker, M. Böhmer (editors); Proceedings of the Sixth Meeting of SSPS Task III Working Group on "High Temperature Receiver Technology" and the Third Meeting of SSPS Task IV Working Group on "High Temperature Thermal Storage", August 16th, 1991, Denver, CO/USA, November 1991

SSPS TR-5/91 - M. Böhmer, M. Becker (editors); Proceedings of the Second Meeting of SSPS TASK VIII Working Group on "Concentrator/Generator Systems for Small Solar Thermal Power Units", August 16th, 1991, Denver, CO/USA, November 1991

SSPS TR-6/91 - R. Tamme, M. Geyer (editors); IEA - SSPS Task IV Report on High Temperature Thermal Storage, Activities 1988 - 1990, October 1991

SSPS TR-1/92 - W. Meinecke, M. Becker, M. Böhmer (editors); Proceedings of the First Meeting of SolarPACES - Task 3 - Working Group on "Solar Technology and Applications", Almería (E), September 23th, 1992

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September 7 - 9, 1993, Almería/Spain

SolarPACES TR-III-2/94 - A. Neumann; Flux Densities in the Focal Region of the PSA Solar Furnace (Report of a Measurement Campaign Performed from March 7 - 25, 1994)

SolarPACES TR-III-3/94 - M. Becker, M. Böhmer, R. Pitz-Paal (editors), Minutes of the Third Task-III-Meeting within IEA-SolarPACES on "Solar Technology and Applications", June 22 and 23 1994, Köln

SolarPACES TR-III-4/94 - S. Cordes, M. Böhmer, R. Monterreal Espinosa, Test and Evaluation of the Schlaich, Bergermann und Partner Heliostat Prototype Concentrator, Final Report

SolarPACES TR-III-5/94 - M. Becker, M, Böhmer, A. Neumann (editors), Proceedings of the Fourth Task-III-Meeting within IEA-SolarPACES on "Solar Technology and Applications", Moscow, September 24th, 1994-

SolarPACES TR-III-1/95 - W. Meinecke, M. Becker, M. Böhmer (editors), Proceedings of the Fifth Meeting within SolarPACES - Task III - Working Group on "Solar Technology and Applications", PSI, Villigen, March 8th, 1995

SolarPACES TR-III-2/95 - A. Neumann (editor), Proceedings of the High Flux and Temperature Measurement Workshop, DLR, Cologne, March 2 - 3, 1995

SolarPACES TR-III-3/95 - M. Sánchez, E. Zarza, A Guide to Computer Programs Developed for Solar Thermal Technologies, Plataforma Solar de Almería, June 1995 SolarPACES TR-III-4/95 - G. García Navajas, Technical Development of a New Stand- Alone Heliostat Field Control, Plataforma Solar de Almería, June 1995

SolarPACES TR-III-5/95 - M. Sánchez (editor), The Solar Thermal Test Facilities Report (in preparation)

SolarPACES TR-III-6/95 - W. Meinecke, M. Böhmer, M. Becker (editors), Proceedings of the Sixth Meeting within SolarPACES Task III - Working Group Meeting on "Solar Technology and Applications", Golden (USA), September 28th, 1995 and Stuttgart (D), October 10th, 1995

SolarPACES TR-III-7/95 - J. Hansen (editor) The ANUTECH 400-m² Dish and Its Initial Applications (in preparation)

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of the Seventh Meeting within SolarPACES Task III - Working Group Meeting on "Solar Technology and Applications", PSA, Almería (E), April 15th, 1996

SolarPACES TR-III-2/96 - R. Pitz-Paal, Evaluation of the Catrec II Receiver Test, May, 1996

SolarPACES TR-III-3/96 - V. Scheglov et al, Investigation of the Action of Concentrated Solar Radiation on Material Surface Properties Using Polarization Measurements, October 1996

SolarPACES TR-III-4/96 - R. Pitz-Paal, B. Hoffschmidt, M. Böhmer, M. Becker (editors) Proceedings of the Eighth Task III-Meeting within IEA SolarPACES on "Solar Technology and Applications", Köln, October 15th, 1996

SolarPACES TR-III-5/96 - A. Neumann (editor), Proceedings of the 3rd High Flux and Temperature Measurement Workshop, DLR, Cologne, October 16th, 1996

SolarPACES TR-III-1/97 - W. Meinecke, M. Becker, M. Böhmer (editors), Proceedings of the Ninth Task III-Meeting within IEA SolarPACES on "Solar Technology and Applications", CNRS-IMP, Odeillo, April 8th and 9th, 1997

SolarPACES TR-III-2/97 - A. Neumann, U. Groer (editors), Proceedings of the 4th High Flux and Temperature Measurement Workshop, Odeillo, April 11, 1997

SolarPACES TR-III-3/97 - A. Roy (chief editor), W. Meinecke and M. Blanco Muriel (co- editors), Introductory Guidelines for Preparing Reports on Solar Thermal Power Systems, DLR, Cologne, July 1997

SolarPACES TR-III-4/97 - M. Böhmer (editor) SolarPACES Task III, Solar Technology and Applications, Project Plans, September 1997

SolarPACES TR-III-5/97 - Klaus Hennecke (editor), Advanced Hybrid Plant Concepts, DLR, Cologne, 1997

SolarPACES TR-III-6/97 - M. Becker, K. Hennecke (editors) - Proceedings of the 10^th Task III Meeting within IEA SolarPACES on "Solar Technology and Applications", Sandia, Albuquerque, September 15, 1997

SolarPACES TR-III-1/98 - M. Becker, R. Pitz-Paal (editors) - Proceedings of the 11^th Task III Meeting within IEA SolarPACES on "Solar Technology and Applications", Aguadulce, March 4^th, 1998

SolarPACES TR-III-2/98 - M. Böhmer (editor) SolarPACES Task III, Solar Technology and Applications, Project Plans, October,1998

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Using the TRNSYS Software', IVTAN, October, 1998

SolarPACES TR-III-4/98 - R. Pitz-Paal, S. Jones, A TRNSYS Model Library for Solar Thermal Electric Components (STEC) - A Reference Manual, Release 1.0, 10/15/1998, DLR, October, 1998.

SolarPACES TR-III-1/99 – M. Becker, R. Pitz-Paal, Proceedings of the 12^th Task III Meeting within IEA SolarPACES on “Solar Technology and Applications”, Cuernavaca, Mexico, October 29^th, 1998

SolarPACES TR-III-2/99 – M. Becker, J. Kaluza, Proceedings of the 13^th Task III Meeting within IEA SolarPACES on “Solar Technology and Applications”, Kibbutz Shefayim, Israel, July 3rd, 1999

SolarPACES TR-III-1/00 – T. Mancini, Catalog of Solar Heliostats, June 2000

SolarPACES TR-III-2/00 – K. Hennecke, Proceedings of the 14^th Task III Meeting within IEA SolarPACES on “Solar Technology and Applications”, Sydney University, Australia, March, 1999

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AUS St. Kaneff, ANU, Canberra

K. Lovegrove, ANU, Canberra

W. Meike, NTU, Darwin

W. Stein, Pacific Power Service, Sydney

BRA R. Brito, National Dept. of Energy Development, Brasilia E.S. Camêlo Cavalcanti, CEPEL, Rio de Janeiro

CH H. W. Fricker, Rickenbach

P. Haueter, PSI, Villigen

P. Kesselring, Urdorf

A. Steinfeld, PSI, Villigen

D M. Abele, DLR, Stuttgart

H. Bastek, KFA-BEO, Jülich

M. Becker, DLR, Köln

R. Buck, DLR, Stuttgart

F.-D. Doenitz, Schott-Rohrglas, Mitterteich

G. Eisenbeiß, DLR, Köln

Th. Fend, DLR, Köln

K.-H. Funken, DLR, Köln

M. Geyer, DLR, Almería

W. Grasse, SolarPACES, Gifhorn

K. Hennecke, DLR, Köln

P. Heller, DLR, Almería

B. Hoffschmidt, DLR, Köln

J. Kaluza, DLR, Köln

R. Kistner, DLR, Almería

H. Müller-Steinhagen, DLR, Stuttgart

P. Nava, Flabeg Solar, Köln

A. Neumann, DLR, Köln

R. Pitz-Paal, DLR, Köln

J. Rheinländer, ZSW, Stuttgart

M. Schmitz-Goeb, Steinmüller, Gummersbach

R. Tamme, DLR, Stuttgart

E M. Blanco Muriel, PSA, Almería

M.-L. Delgado, CIEMAT-IER, Madrid

R. Monterreal Espinosa, PSA, Almeria

R. Osuna, Inabensa, Sevilla

M. Romero Álvarez, CIEMAT-IER, Madrid

M. Sánchez González, CIEMAT-IER, Madrid

A. Valverde Cantón, PSA, Almería

E. Zarza Moya, PSA, Almería

(PSA Reference Room (3 x) PSA, Almería (A. Sarre)

ET M. Abdel Rahman, NREA, Cairo

A. El-Zalabany, NREA, Cairo

A M. Fayek, NREA, Cairo

S. Zannoun, NREA, Cairo

EU M. Sánchez Jiménez, EU, Brussels

Ph. Schild, EU, Brussels

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F A. Ferrière, IMP-CNRS, Odeillo

G. Flamant, IMP-CNRS, Odeillo

G. Olalde, IMP-CNRS, Odeillo

O. Suzanne, IMP-CNRS, Odeillo

IEA H.-J. Neef, IEA, Paris

J. Tilley, IEA, Paris

IL M. Epstein, WIS, Rehovot

D. Faiman, Ben-Gurion Univ., Beer-Sheva

J. Karni, WIS, Rehovot

A. Kribus, WIS, Rehovot

D. Liebermann, WIS, Rehovot

A. Roy, Ben-Gurion Univ., Beer-Sheva

D. Sagie, ROTEM, Beer-Sheva

A. Yogev WIS, Rehovot

MEX R. Almanza, UNAM, Mexico

C. Estrada, Centro de Investigacion en Energia, Temixco, Morelos

M. Huacuz Villamar, Instituto de Investicaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Moreles

C. Ramos, Instituto de Investicaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Moreles

RUS V.I. Iampolski, SPA Astrophysica, Moscow

Y. Loktionov, INPW, Obninsk

S. Malyshenko, IVTAN, Moscow

O. Popel, IVTAN, Moscow

E. Shpilrain, IVTAN, Moscow

E. Tverianovich, VIESH, Moscow

UK A. Gaye, Solargen, Cambridge

R. Judd, British Gas Technology, Leicestershire

N. Ranzetta, British Gas Technology, Leicestershire

USA G. Burch, DOE, Washington

R. Davenport, SAIC, San Diego

S.D. Frier, KJC, Boron

S. Jones, Sandia, Albuquerque

G. Jorgensen, NREL, Denver

D. Kearney, Kearney and Associates, Del Mar

G. Kolb, Sandia, Albuquerque

A. Lewandowski, NREL, Denver

T. Mancini, Sandia, Albuquerque

H. Price, NREL, Denver

C. Tyner, Sandia, Albuquerque

T.A. Williams, NREL, Denver

ZA L. van Heerden, ESKOM, South Africa

Catalog of Solar Heliostats

No. III - 1/00