Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Demand for Maternal health inputs in West Bengal-Inference from NFHS 3
Mandal, Biswajit
Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
September 2015
Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/68224/
MPRA Paper No. 68224, posted 06 Dec 2015 06:46 UTC
!" #$! %&!'
() *+ ,-./ , 0 ,1)23) + 40 *) 1 567 ,31 ) 3) 8 41,3
9 3 :),
; <= = >? @<A BCADEFG H <=I
.97J KL9MN K OPKQ
P4R, 0 1S43 1
TU
V WT3T S)W*
X Y T Z)1)W*
() *+,-./,0 ,1)23) +40*)1 5
7 ,3 1) 3)841 ,3693 :),
[\ ]^\_
M4Z4R/T34`abc]de\fg\ ^g^[ _]- _ gVh1 3ife_
V-S,)Z`j)*k,l) 1 4WT mn S,)ZiWTSojS,3:,Zm,Z j,35 i 4:p
r stuvwx u
y %z& ! #!{ |}~!#}%! '!~' !'# | { }|%&!# ! |!## ~ ##}'}}
! #!|}}} }%}~{!#}|#! #!}%#{ } |#& ~!%& { }|~!# |%!'!' # %# %!%
%&! % #!# # %z!'}%&#}%!'$&| } #~!#}% &#}#~! ## &~!%&
{ %#}% { }| | %! #!' !| !%& }#!' &'| "}%#'#~!# }# # !#}%#}
}% #|}'{ }|' #}% ! %# }{!'#% # } | }z%} #~!#}%| ' #!|
!'} |}&& # ! % } | & #!# # ' ! }{ | &% #!%&!|& }{ ' %z ! %&
& ! #}%!'''}{ }~%!| #} } !| ! ##! #|~!| !'%| ! #& ~!%&{}|}#
# ~! # |%!'!'#%#%~| }% &|{ |} ~#!% !' #!## %{ |!#| # |!'
{!' # '
}{
!'#| }{ }%!' }|| & !#}%!'! # #!%~ % #
}{
}~ %!#}
~! &}%#}}%#!%#%& |& |}'~&| %z| z%!%! %& ' & |### !~
#~ ! #} %{ }| ~! #}% ! %& #| # } ~% !%
}~ ~}%
{ }|
} % !'}
|! # &~!%&
{ }|
!' # !| ! } ! #& # |z%!% !'} %&!# ! ' %!z
# %~}# |!#}%} ~! %& !'#!| #'! #}%!}|
><=B?I > E GHB>¡EAB¢£>HE¤C<=E ¥E¦G<=?¢§<¤>= A¡>A G@< C¦
¨©ª¦ E? ?C¥C¦EGC<AI«¬ ¢« ¬® ¢¯ ¬¬¢
±² ³´ u vµ ¶ · x u¸µ´w ´¶u¹º» µ ´uº ¼u
>E G HC ??F¦HE@> =¤E?C¤>C ??F>G H EGCGHE?G <½>G E¾> A¦E= ><¥¡F¦H½>¥<= >>¤>AG H >½C =GH<¥
E¦HC B ¿ÀH C?E=D F¡>A GA> >B?A<¥F= GH> =ÁFE C¥C¦EGC<AE?¡E AFG=CGC<A<¥¡<G H >=¢?<¦C<Â>¦<A <¡C¦
¦<AB C GC<A <¥ GH> ¥E¡C ¢ ?<¦CE ? G EGF ? <¥ GH>¡<G H> = >G¦¿ =>¡E=¾E½ E¦¦<F AG¥<= GH > H> E G H <¥
½<GHG H>¥>GF?EABG H>¡<G H>=?C¡F GEA>< F? ¿À C¡> CAG> =¤>AGC< AG H =<FD H@= <@>=H > E GH¦E=>
@< C¦ ¦EA<A >A ?F = >EH >E G H½E½¢GH>¡EÃ <=@=>¦<A BCGC < A¥<=HF¡EA¦E@C G E ¥<=¡EGC<AEAB
?F ?GECA E½ > >¦<A<¡C¦ B >¤> < @¡>A G¿ «A GHC? =>DE=B ½<G H EAG >AEGE EAB @<? GAEG E ¦E=> E¦G E?
¦<¡@ >¡>A G E= C A AEG F = > GH<FDH GH >= > >ÄC? G? E G =EA? CGC<AE= DE@ HC¦H C ? ¦<¤>=> B ½ GH>
@= <¦>??<¥¦H C B ½C =G H ¿«A? G>EB<¥ H E¤C A D? F¥¥C¦C> A G D< <B@= >AEGE ¦E= >G H>A >½<= A½E½EA B
GH> ¡<G H >= H> =?> ¥ ¡E A <G ½> ¥=>> ¥= <¡ EA C¥>Â GH = > EG >ACAD @= <½ >¡ C¥ GH> ¡<G H> = <= H> =
¥E¡C ¥EC ?G <E= =EAD>¥<=E?¦C >AG C¥C¦B> C¤>=@=<¤C? C <A ¿ÅAGH>< GH> =HEABA >½<= A½E½C>?E= >
>ÄG=>¡> ? F ?¦>@GC½ >G < CA¥>¦GC< A EAB <GH>=H >E GH => EG> B @=<½ >¡?¢ ¥EC F => <¥F GC C Æ EG C < A? <¥
@= <@> =B > C¤>= ¦E= > ¡E >EB G< @> =CAEG E ¢ @<? G A EG E EAB ¦HC B ¡<=GE C G¿ ÀH>=>¥<=>@= >¦C?>
? @>E¾C AD > <½? > =¤> BC¥ ¥>=>AGCE C¡@E¦G CGH = >? @ >¦G G < H > E G H < FG¦<¡> EAB F GC C Æ EGC<A <¥
H> E G H CA@FG? ½E?>B <A ?<¦C<Â >¦<A<¡C¦ ?GEGF ?¿ Ç AB GH > ¤E=CEGC<A C A ?<¦C <Â >¦<A <¡C¦ ?GEGF? <¥
H <F?>H< B ? E¥ ¥>¦G? GH > ¤E=CE½ >? <¥ CAG> = >? G BC¥¥>= >A G ¿ È< C A GHC ? @ E@>= > >¡@H E?C Æ> GH>
G= EA ?C GC<AE @=<¦>?? ½>G> > A@= > A EG E EAB @<?G A EGE ¦E= >ɦHC B½C=GH ¿Ê>BC =>¦G< F=¥<¦F?<A
GH> B>G >=¡CAEAG? <¥ ½<GH @= >AEGE ¦E=> EAB H <?@C G E B> C¤>= ¦H E= E¦G>=CÆ>B ½ => ÁFC = >B
¦<FA ? > C AD¢ ¡EG >=A E ¦E=>¢?E¥>B> C¤> =¡>¦HEAC?¡¢ G =ECA> B B<¦G<=? EABH> E GH@= <¥>? ? C <AE ?¢
EA>A¤C= <A¡>A G¦<ABF¦C¤>G<B>¤> < @? F¥ ¥C¦C> AGC¡ ¡F ACG¥<=GH>A>½<= A Ë
¿
«A¡< ?G <¥GH>B >¤> <@C A D¦<FAG= C >?¢@= >BC¦GE½ ¢@ =>DAEA¦ ¦E= > EA B B > C¤>=¦E= > E= >A <G
>GCA?GC GF GC<AE CÆ>BEA BH >A¦> >EBG<@= >DAEA¦¦<¡@ C¦EGC<A?EA BHCD HÂ=C ?¾B> C¤>=¿«ABCE¢C A
D>A>= E C? A< >Ħ> @GC<A¿ «A GH> E?G ¦<F@ > <¥ B>¦EB >? E ¤E? G C G > =EGF => H E? >¡>=D> B C A EAB
E= <F A BGHC?C??F>¿«AG HC ?¦<AA>¦GC < AǦG <A Ì?@E@ >=ͬΠÏÐÑC?EAC A G>= >? GC A D@F½ C¦EGC<AC AGH EGCG
¥<¦F?>? <A H<A <A¡<A> GE= ¥E¦G <=? C¾> G=E¤> BC? G EA¦> >G¦ ¡E C¡@E¦G < A GH> B >¡EA B ¥<=
Ò¥=>>Ó EAB ÒA <AÂ¥=>>Ó ¡EG >=AE H>E GH ¦E= > ¿ Ç H < > <G <¥ @E@>=? E= > =CG G >A C A GH> ?E¡>
Ô
J 4U)0* 1U)np04T p11/4: 4140S)3,31 *T UR0 43,1,ZW,0 4,*1 /)*0 4*R T3*4+ , 0),jZ4)*p* 4:Z,1 40,*,0 4n0 4**T0UT0
W/)Z: -j)01 /T p1WTS4i
>G >G > G
E ÍÖ ÖÏ Ñ¢ Ø>¾<A A >A > GE ÍÖ ÖÑ¢ £C=¡>GE >GE ÍÖ¬ÙÑ¢ £>¦ ¾> =>GE ͬΠÎÙÑ¢ ;> C¾ >G E ÍÖÖÖ Ñ¢
£E½E < E >G E ÍÖ ÖÎÑ¢ Ú EDHF@ EGHͬÎÎ ÛÑ¢ÈH<=G >G E ÍÖÖ ×Ñ¢ ØE¾EG >ÍÖ¬× Ñ> G¦¿ ÀH >? >@ E@>=?
¥<¦F? <A G H > ¦<= => EG >? <¥ B >¡EAB ¥<= ¡EG>= AE H> E GH ¦E=> EAB CG? @<? ?C½ > D<<B EA B ½EB
¦<A? >ÁF> A¦>?¥<=½<GHG H>¦HC BEABG H>¡< GH> = ¿«AEBBCGC<A¢CGHE?E ?<½>>A?H <AE?G <H<
EAB H CA? GCGFGC<AE B> C¤>= => BF¦>? GH>¦HEA¦><¥ ¦<¡@ C¦EGC<A?= > EG >B C GH ¦HC B ½C= GH¿ «A
HEG¥< <?GH>?>EAE ? >?BC=>¦G @<CAGG <G H >=> >¤EA¦><¥ H<?@CG E B> C¤> =ÍH> = > E¥G> =¯Ñ ¿
È<B>¡EAB ¥<=½<G H¡<B> = A@ = >A EG E ¦E= >ÍH >= >E¥G >=Ü;ÑEA B ¯E= >¤> =C¡@ < =GEAG¥E¦G <=?G<
H E¤> <AD E? GCAD C A¥ F >A¦> < A >¦<A<¡C¦ B>¤> < @¡>A G CA D>A > = E GH=<FD H HF¡EA ¦E@CG E
¥<=¡EG C<A¿
ÅAGH ><GH>=HEAB¢ØECG= EÍÖ Ö ×Ñ¢ØECG =EEABÜE ÍÖ ÖÏÑ¢£ < <¡>GE ÍÖ֬ѢÈFE ÍÖ֬Ѣ
ÇDH EÍÖÖ ÖÑ¢§=E½<?¾C>GE ÍÖ¬ ÙÑ¢ ÇB HC¾E=CÍ֬ѢÈH= <¥ ¥ÍÖ¬¬Ñ¢ÈE=¾E=>GE ÍÖ¬×E¢Ö¬×½Ñ¢
£HE=DE¤E>GE ÍÖ¬ ¬Ñ¢ÝE¤EA>> GHE¡>GE ÍÖÖÑ¢;HE¾=E½E=GCÍ֬ѢÚ<> GE ÍÖÖ®ÑE=>?<¡>
@E@ >=? G H EG @=C¡E=C <<¾ EG G H > C ?? F > <¥ ¡EG >= AE H>E GH ¦E= > F G CÆEGC<A CA È<F GH Ç? CEA
; <F AG =C >?¿Ç¡<ADGH >?>ØEC G =EÍÖÖ×Ñ¢ØECG=EEABÜE ÍÖ ÖÏÑ¢£ < <¡>GE ÍÖ֬Ѣ§= E½<?¾C>G
E ÍÖ¬ ÙÑ¢ ÈH =<¥ ¥ÍÖ¬¬Ñ¢ £HE=DE¤E >G E ÍÖ¬¬Ñ¢ ÝE¤EA>>GHE¡ >G E ÍÖÖÑ¢ ÈE=¾E= EAB E B> =
ÍÖ¬×E¢ Ö¬×½Ñ @ E=GC¦F E= B>E C G H «AB C EA ¦E?> ? ¿È<¡>
@E@> =?
¦<A? C B> = H< > «A BCE
E?GH >C =
E= > E <¥ ? GFB¢ ?<¡> <GH>= F?> = F=E <= F=½EA «ABCE <= E @E= G <¥ «ABCE¿ <>¤>=¢ A< A> <¥ GH>
@E@ >=?F? > BEGE <A Ê>? G
£>AD E ¢
E ?G EG >
<¥ ©E?G >=A «ABCE
G <
¦H>¦¾
GH>
H>E G H ¦E= >FG C CÆEGC<A
½>HE¤C<=
EAB G H>C=
B>G>=¡C A EAG?¿ È<
G<
¥C
F @ G H>
¦E¤> EG
H> = >
> ¥<¦F?
<A GH>
B>¡EAB ¥<=
¡EG>=AE H>E GH¦E= >C A @FG?C AÊ>? G£> ADE ¿
ÀH >= >? G<¥GH>@E @>= C? E= =EAD>B E?¥< <?¿ «AG =<BF¦GC<AC?¥< <>B½ E½=C >¥B>?¦=C @GC<A
<¥ GH > BEGEÂ ?<F=¦> EA B ¡>G H <B < <D¿ « « «=B ? >¦GC < A @ = >?>AG? =>? F G? <¥ <F= EA E ?C ? EA B
BC?¦F? ? C<A¿; <A¦ FBCA D¦<¡¡> AG?
E= >
@ E¦>B
CAGH>
E?G?>¦GC<A ¿
Þ² ßwuww ´¶àº u ¹ µ¶µáµâ ã
Ê> F? > BEGE ¥= <¡ E AEGC< A E = >@= >?>AG EG C¤> ?F =¤> C A «AB CE ÝäÈÂÙ ÍGHC= B = <FAB <¥
Ý EGC<AE ä E¡C >E GH ÈF=¤>¢ Ö Ö ÐÂÖÖÛÑ¿ ÀH > ?GF B E? ¦<ABF¦G>B C A G< @H E?>? ¥= <¡
Ý <¤>¡ ½>=ÖÖÐG<Ç FD F?GÖ ÖÛ¿«G¦<¤>=?H< >«ABCEEABGH>ÁF >? GC<A?E= >EBB = >? ?> BG <¡>A
ED > EAB EA B
¦<A? CB>= <A G H > >¤> =¡E= =C> B D = <F @ E? DC¤> A GH>?<¦CE ? G=F¦GF=>¡EG >=A E H>E G H C ??F>? E= >
E? ?<¦CEG> B C GH GH >?> <¡>A <A ¿ È<¢ CA E ? > A? >G H>?GFB ¦<A¦>A G =EG>? <A <A <¡>A <¥
¦HC B½>E=C ADED > ¿ä F =G H> =¡<= >¢CAGHC ?@E@>=>¦<A¥CA><F=EAE ? C ?<A ¥<=Ê>? G£>ADE ¿ æ
ÀH>
@=C¡E== > E?<A¥<=? F¦HE¦H <C¦>C ? E¦¾<¥? > =C<F?H>E GH= >?> E=¦H¥<=G HC ?@E= G<¥«ABCE¿ÝäÈÂÙ
D EG H> => BCA¥<=¡EGC<A¥<=½<GHÜ;EABGH>¦H<C¦><¥@ E¦><¥B > C¤>=¥< =G H><FA D>?G¦H C BH<
C?½<=ABF=CAD¥C¤>>E=?@=>¦> BCA DGH>?F=¤>¿È<>H E¤>E?E¡@ ><¥¬®Ù¡<GH>=?H <HE¤>
DC¤>A½C=G H<¥E½E½ B F=CADÖÖ¬ÂÖ Öп
ä = <¡B >?¦=C@GC¤>?GEGC? GC¦? > ¥CAB GHEG G<Â G HC=B <¥ GH> ¡<GH>=?½> <AD G <C ABF ¥E¡C C> ?
H >=>E? ØF? C¡ C ? ÙÙ¿Ùç EA B ;H =C ?G CEA? E= > <A ¬ç <¥ G <GE @<@F EGC<A ¿ À H<FD H > E G H
BC? G=C½F GC < AC? A <G ¤> = >ÄG=>¡>¢Ùç<¥ G <G E @ <@ F EGC<A¥E ?CA G H > @<<=>?G ¦EG >D<=¿ ÅA GH>
<G H>=HEAB ¡C B B >CA¦<¡>D=<F @EAB =C¦H>?GD =<F @E= ><¥ E ¡<?G?E¡>@= <@< = GC < A?¢¬Ïç¿
è
ÅFG
<¥ ¬®Ù ¡<GH>=? ®Ù¿Û ç ½> <A D? G < ¬ÐÂÙÖ > E=? ED> ¦<H <= Gé ¡EÄ C¡F¡ ÍÙÛ¿ÏÐç Ñ ¡<GH>=? E=>
>B F¦EG >BCAGH EGG H >E= >>C GH>=CAGH>¦EG>D<=<¥<=¦<¡@ >G>B?>¦<ABE= >¤> ¿ÅAGH>< GH> =
H EAB Ùп®Ï ç C?C C G>=EG > EAB ¬¿Ùç C ? CA GH> ¦EG>D < = <¥ @=C¡E= >¤> ¿ ÀHC? C A BC¦EG>? G H EG E
?C DAC¥C¦EAG @= <@<=GC<A <¥ GH> DC= ? ¡<¤> G< ?>¦< ABE= >¤> C¥ GH> ?GE=G >BF¦EG C <A¿ <>¤>=¢
ÏÙ¿Û¬ç ¡<G H>=?
E=> A<G >ADED > B CA
>¡@ <¡> AG >Ħ> @G <A H <F?> H < B ¦H<=>?¿
Ç@E= G
¥= <¡
GH>?> > E ? < H E¤> C A¥<=¡EGC<A =>DE= BCA D ¡< GH >=? Ì EFG<A <¡¿ Ê> ½= < EB ¦EG >D<=C Æ> GH>
EFG<A<¡
C? ?F >? CAG<
¥<F= CAB C¦EG <= ? I E¦¦>? ?
G <
CA¥<=¡EGC <A¢ = < >
CA G H>
H<F?>H < B B >¦C ?C<A
¡E¾CAD¢ H>GH>=
?H> C?
E <>B
G <
¡<¤>
<FG <=
> A Ã<? ¡<½C CG¢
EAB C¥
GH >
¡<G H>= ¦EA ¾>>@
? <¡>¡<A >E? CB>¥<=H>=<AF?> ¿¯> G EC ?<¥? F¡¡E=? GEGC? GC¦?E=>@= <¤C B>BCAÇ@ @> ABC ÄÇ¿
Ç?>HE¤>E=DF >B½>¥<=>¢¡EG>= A E H>E GHCA @ FG?E=>¤> =¦=CGC¦E @EG HE?CAB> G>=¡CAC A D
GH>H>E G H<¥GH >A>½<=A ½E½¢ EABGH>?>E= > E=D > B> G> =¡CA>B½ E?>G <¥?<¦C<Â>¦<A <¡C¦
¤E=C E½ >?
GHEG E=>
C?G > B
CA E
GE½ > ¥<=¡EG
CA Ç @@>A BCÄ Ç¿ ÀH>?> = > D= >? ?<=? E=>
<¥ ?<¡>
ê
J 4* 1. 43n,Z/,*,RTR pZ,1)T3
TU
c]6\f[ 6[\ g,*^e ] ]W43 *p*iQ )140 ,W50 ,14)*/ )n/401 / ,31/43 ,1 )T3,Z,+40,n46
[eie fëi\ ]icëTU1T1,ZRT RpZ,1)T3)*Z)+) 3nj4ZTk1/4R T+4015Z)34,3:,ZS T*1[ ^ëZ)+ 4)30p0 ,Z,0 4,iK*T U^eec
j)0 1/0 ,14) *][i ^k/ 40 4,*1 /4: 4,1/0 ,14)*gi ^6,3:)3U,31ST01,Z)1 5)*\\ i
ì
OT1 41/,1:4U) 3 ) 1)T3TUk4,Z1/)3 :4h,3:*1,3:, 0:TUZ)+ )3n, 0 4: )04W1Z5:0,k3U0T SOí î7 - \T0Pî7a P4ST n0 ,R/ )W
,3:î4,Z1/7p0 +45*dS41/T:TZT n)4* iJ4/,+ 4l p*1p*4:1/4:,1 ,WZ,** )U)4:j5Oí î7- \i
<A EA B EA B H> =>
½CAE=@=<½C G?I@ E¦><¥B > C¤> =ÍH<? @C GE <=A <G¢B> A<G >B½¯
ð
ÑEAB@= > AEGE ¦E= >ÍC¥GE¾>A<=
A <G¢ B> A<G> B½ Ü; Ñ¢ H>=>G H >¥CAE <FG¦<¡>¤E=CE½ >C?¯¿È< >?GC¡EG> B >ÁFEGC<A ?G E¾>GH>
¥< <CAD¥<=¡I
ñò óô
õ
öô
÷ ø
ù
öú
ù
öû
ù
ͬÑ
ü ý óþ
õ
öþ
÷ ø
ÿ
öú
ÿ
öû
ÿ
ÍÑ
Ý<G> G HEG EAB ? F½?¦= C@G? B>¥CA> >ÁFEGC<A? ¥<= @= >AEG E ¦E=> EAB H<? @C GE B > C¤>=¢
=>?@>¦GC¤> ¢EABô
õ
EABþ
õ
E=>GH >¦<A? GEAGG> =¡?¥<=GH>?E¡> ¿ô
÷
EABþ
÷
E=>G H>¦<>¥ ¥C¦C >A G?
¥<= BC¥ ¥>=>AG =>D = >??<=?¿ ø
ù
EA B ø
ÿ
¦<¤>= E @ <? ?C½ > ¦<¤E=CEG >? GHEG ¡E HE¤> @= >B C?@ <? CAD
>¥ ¥>¦G?<A¡EG > =AE H > E GHCA@F G?¿À H > =>¥<=>¢G H>½C AE=< FG¦<¡>?E=>= >@ =>? >A G> BE?
ñò ó
ÍÙÑ
ü ý ó
!"#$ ! "
Í×Ñ
ú
%
&ó'( C ? EA >= = <= G >=¡ ?F @@<?> B G< GE¾> E¦¦< FA G <¥ H>G> = <D>A>CG HC¦H C?
FA <½?> =¤>B ½ A EG F => C¿> ¿ BF> G < ¡<G H > = ¿ È< ú
%
)*&'+
% ,
(é +
% ,
C? GH> ¤E=C EA¦> <¥ FA<½?> =¤>B
¥E¦G<=?¢C¥EA¿ÇDECAû¦E@ GF= >?<GH >==>? C B F E ¤E=CEGC<AEAB¥< <? û
% )--ý
*&' (.
ó'¿
0
Ç ? < A<G > G HEG Ü; C? E ?< EA C¡@<=G EAG ¦<¤E=CEG> ¥< = ¯ B >¦C? C<A ¿ £>¦EF? > Ü; A <G <A
B>¥CA>? ¡> BC¦E E? ? C?G EA¦>EAB EG G> AGC<A¢ C G E ? < E¦G?E ¦<FA? > CA D@=E¦GC¦> BF=CAD @ =>D AEA¦¿
È< > >Ä @>¦G GHEG Ü; => EG >B ¡>BC¦E EB¤C¦> H > @? <¡>A G < B >¦CB> E½<FG G H> ?E¥>= EA B
¡<B>=A ¡<B> EAB @ E¦> <¥ B> C¤>=¿ ÀH >= >¥< = > GH> ?? G>¡ G F =A ? < F G G< ½> E = >¦F=? C¤> <A>
H >=>>HE¤>G <F?>Ã<C A G> ? GC¡EGC<AG>¦HACÁF> ¿ 7
6
îP)3WZp:4*R0 )+ ,1 4/T*R)1,Z6n T+403S431/T*R) 1,Z6O@C0p3/T*R) 1,Z6,3:WZ) 3)Wi
99 P)SR Z)4*93:4R43: 43 1,3:9: 43 1)W,ZZ5P ) *1 0)j p1 4:0 ,3:TS+,0),jZ4*i
ípZ Z* 41TUWT+ , 0 ),14*,3::41,)Z4:WT4U U)W) 43 1*, 0 4*/Tk3)3KRR43 :) h.
² ºt·áutw´¶ß¸ tx ·t t ¸µ´t
«AGHC? ?>D¡>AG>@= >?>AG = >D= >? ? C<A =>?F G? ¥<= G H <?> ¦<¤E=C EG >? <A H C¦H > EAG G<
¥<¦F? < A Í B >GEC ? ¦EA ½> ¥<FAB CA Ç@@> ABCÄ £Ñ¿ À < ? GE= G CGH > HE¤> >?GC¡EG>B G< ½C A E=
@= <½C G
> ÁF EGC<A?
¦<A? CB >=CAD ½<GH Ü;
EAB
¯
E? >Ä<D >A<F?¿ À H>A
> H E¤>
F?>B E
=EAB<¡
>¥ ¥>¦G>? GC¡EGC<A
G<
¦H>¦¾C¥FA<½?>=¤>B H>G> = <D>A >CG
C?
? CDAC¥C¦EA G
< =C G
>Ä @ EC A?
E
=>E?<AE½ >
@>=¦>A G ED> <¥ ¤E=CEGC<A CA GH> = >D =>? ?EAB ¿ Ü= >?> A¦> <¥ @<G >AG CE >AB<D> A>CG ¦E ? ¥<= Ã <CA G
>? GC¡EGC AD ½<GH ¯ EAB Ü; >ÁFEGC< A? HC¦H C ? B<A> F? C AD ; <ABC GC < A E ØC Ä >B Ü= <¦>??
ÍÚ << B¡EA¢ ÖÖ Î¢ Ö¬ ÙÑ ¿ Ý< > @=>?>AG G H > >¥ ¥>¦G? <¥ ¦<A¦>=A >B =>D = >? ?<=? ¥< = ½<GH
>Ä<D >A <F ? ÍØ<B> «Ñ EA B >AB<D>A<F ? ÍØ<B> « «Ñ > ?GC¡EGC< A? E <AD C GH GH > ¡E=DC AE >¥ ¥>¦G?¿
Ê>?GE=GC GHGH >>¥ ¥>¦G ?<AÜ; G H<FDHG H >¥C AE =>? @<A? >¤E=CE½ >C?¯¿Ê>B<?<CA <=B> =G<
E=DF>C A CA><¥G H>?>=¤C¦>? <FDHG¥<= ¿
²ßºw ´¶µ vvº´w uw á»w vº »
Ü=>?> A¦><¥?<¡>?<=G<¥>A B<D> A>CGC ?E ?< E@@E= >A G¥=<¡GH>BC¥ ¥> => A¦>C AG H>¤E F>
<¥ ¦<>¥ ¥C¦C> AG <¥ =>D => ? ?<=?¿« ¥ > < <¾EG GH>>?GC¡EG>B¦<Â>¥ ¥C¦C> AG ?¥<=BC¥ ¥> =>A G¦<¤E= CEG >? CG
H E? ½> >A <½?> =¤>B G H EG >Ä<D >A <F ? > ?GC¡EGC<A <¥ ¦<Â>¥ ¥C¦C>AG? E=> >C G H> = F AB >= >? GC¡EG> B <=
<¤>=>?GC¡EG >B ¿ È< G H > ¦<A¦>=A>B >¥ ¥>¦G ?H <F B ½> E??>? ? > B ¥= <¡ >AB<D >A <F ? >? GC¡EGC<A
=>? F G?Í?>>ÀE½ >Â¬Ñ ¿
ÀE½ >¬
Demand for Prenatal Care (PC)
Model-I Model-II
Effect on prenatal care
Marginal Effects of respective
covariates
Effect on prenatal care
Marginal Effects of respective
covariates
Place of residence 0.701 ** 0.0580 0.351 ** 0.0596
(2.61) (2.68)
Religion (ref. group Hindu)
Muslim -0.476 * -0.0424 -0.250 * -0.0425
(-2.50) (-2.46)
Christian -2.103 *** -0.2046 -1.209 *** -0.2057
(-3.69) (-3.42)
Standard of Living (ref. group Low)
Good 1.126 ** 0.0966 0.560 ** 0.0953
(2.92) (3.13)
Very good 1.355 * 0.1195 0.688 ** 0.1171
(2.41) (2.73)
Can keep money for own use 0.630 ** 0.0558 0.326 ** 0.0555
(3.01) (3.00)
Mother’s education (ref. group Illiterate)
Primary level 0.481 * 0.0438 0.259 * 0.0440
(2.16) (2.17)
Secondary level 0.753 ** 0.0700 0.408 ** 0.0695
(2.72) (2.93)
Birth order of the child -0.123 * -0.0140 -0.0840 * -0.0142
(-1.96) (-2.33)
/123 42/ 12 2 K L 5L L5L L L/8 2 9 /: /2 ;J5åJ /8J<2= 2<54 2 32= 2<>?
B=½EA<¡>AE=>E ¡<?GÛç¡<=> C¾> G HEA=F =E <¡>AG <?> >¾@=>AEGE ¦E=> ¿Ç ?Ü;
E=D>
B>@>AB? < A
? <¡> ? F @@
? CB >
¤E=CE½ >? ¤CÆ¿ E¤EC E½C C G <¥ B<¦G< =?¢ H <?@C G E ?¢ ¡<B >=A
¡>BC¦E ¥E¦C C GC >?¢ @H? C¦E @=<ÄC¡CGG<Ü;¢ EAB CA¥= E? G= F¦GF =E ¥E¦C CGC>?G <E¤EC ¡>BC¦E EB¤C¦>¢
@ E¦><¥= >?CB> A¦>G F= A? <F GG<½>E? G=<AD @= >BC¦G<=<¥Ü;½<GHÁFEA GC G EGC¤> EA B? GEGC ?GC¦E ¿
«AD> A> =E @><@ > C¤CAD C AF =½EAE= >E>A Ã <¡<?G<¥GH>¥E¦C C GC> ?>¡>A GC < A>B¢H>=>E?=F = E
<¡>A E= > B>@=C¤>B <¥?F¦H E¡> AC GC >?
D
¿ ÇGG H > ?E¡>GC¡> >¤> <¥ >BF¦EGC < A EA B ?G EA B E= B <¥
C¤CAD¢ HC¦H E= > <GH>= ? CD AC¥C¦EAG ¦<¤E=CEG>?¢ E=> E ?< = > EGC¤> HC DH >= ¥<= F =½EA =>? CB>A G?¿
Ü= <½E½C CG<¥GE¾CADÜ;C?¬¬çHCDH>=¥< =G H<?>H<? >? G EAB E=B<¥ C¤CADC?¤>=D < <B¦<¡@ E= >B
G< < ? GEA BE=B <¥ C¤CAD ¿ ÊH C >¢ GH> ?E¡> C? Î ç HCDH> = ¥<= G H <?> <¡>A H< C¤> ¥E¡C C >?
H E¤C AD D<< B ?GEA BE=B <¥ C¤CAD Í?? C Ñ ¿ E
È? C @= <½E½ =>¥ >¦G? GH> B >D = >> <¥ EE=> A>? ? <¥ ¥E¡C
¡>¡½>=?EABG H >C==>?@ <A?C¤>A>? ?G<¡<B >=AE¡>ACGC >?¢½>CG?<¦CE ¢=> C DC <F?¢¡>BC¦E ¢¦F GF = E
>G¦¿
ÇDECA <<¾CADEGG H>@=<½E½C C G<¥?> >¾C ADÜ;E¦= <??BC¥ ¥>= >A G=> C DC<ACGH E?½>>A¥<F AB
GHEG ØF ? C¡? EAB ;H =C ? GCEA? E=> >?? C¾> G H EA CABF ? G< D>G Ü;¿ ;H=C ?GC EA? E=> Öç EAB
ØF? C¡?E= >×ç > ? ? C¾> ¿ ÀHC? E=DF¡>A G@ <CAG?EG?<¡>= > CDC<F?½> C >¥?¢¦F G F= E HC AB = EA¦>?¢
EAB BC ?G=C½FGC<A <¥ > BF¦EGC<A E EGGECA¡>A G E¡<AD ¡<GH>=? <¥ B C¥ ¥> => AG => CDC<A? H C¦H ¡E
=>? G=C¦GGH>¡¥=<¡E¤EC C A D¡<B> = AG= >EG¡>A GEAB EB¤C¦>¿Ç?¥E=E?; H =C? GC EA?E= >¦<A¦> = A>BC A
F
Q,W8
T U
,+,)Z,j)Z)1 5
TU
: ,1 ,T3*pR RZ5*) : 4+ , 0),jZ4*,**TW),14:k)1/R40 W,R)1,S4:)W,ZR0T U4**)T3 ,Z*a)3WZ p:)3n
R pjZ)W,3:R0)+ ,1 4d k4WT pZ:3T1W/4W81Tk/,14h1431*pRRZ5*):4+ , 0) ,jZ4*,W1p,Z Z5,U U4W1YGiO4+ 401/4Z4* *1/) *
8) 3 :TU,3,Z5 *) *) *)SR40 ,1 ) + 4,*1 /) *S,5/4ZRRT Z)W5S,8 40*1T: 4*)n3R0TR40R0Tn0 ,S*1T1 , 0n41*40+ )W4*U T01/T* 4
) 3n0 4,1 4* 13 4W4* *) 1 5 i
H
71,3 :,0:TUZ)+) 3na**Z)d* /TpZ:3T1j4WT3U p* 4:k) 1/k4,Z1/: ) *10)j p1)T3i7*Z)WT+40*ST04,*R4W1 *1/,3k4,Z1 /iíT0
: 41,)Z4:: ) *W p* *)T3 *T3**Z),3 :k4,Z1/04,: 40*,040 4U40 0 4:1TW/4W8Pî70 4RT01 *aIp1 *1 4) 36^e eMd i
@E=G Ê>?G ;H =C?GCEA? G< D = <F@¿
BC?¦<FAGGH >= < ><¥? GEAB E= B<¥ C¤C ADGHEG½> E=?? <¡>=>¥ >¦GC<A<¥>E G HBC ? G=C½FG C <AGHEG>
>Ä@ EC A >BE½<¤>¿
À H <FDH @ E=GA> = Ì?
>BF¦EGC<A
B<>? A < G
¡E¾> ¡F¦H BC¥ ¥> = >A¦>
C A
FG C C ÆC AD Ü;¢ ¡<G H> =Ì?
>B F¦EG C < A
C?
¤> =C¡@ <=GEA G ¿©Ä@>¦G > B ¢<¡> ACGH? >¦<ABE= >¤> <¥> BF¦EG C <A
C ?
E ¡<?G
Ï ç
¡< => C¾> G< B>¡EA B ¥<= Ü; G HEA C C G> =EG > <¡>A¿ ÀH> ?E¡> C? ×ç HCDH>= ¥<= @=C¡E=
>B F¦EG >B <¡>A CGH =>¥>=> A¦> G< <¡>A C GH A< > BF¦EGC<A¿ ©BF¦EGC <A C A¥ F>A¦>? GH>
B>¡EAB¥<=Ü;E?>BF¦EG >B<¡>A>A à <= > EGC¤> ¡< = >¥=>>B<¡<¥¡<¤>¡>AGG <? >>B<¦G<=?
<= G <¦<AGE¦GH > E GH<=¾>=? ¿À H>E= > E ? <¡<= > ¦<A?¦C<F? <¥GH>¦<¡@ C¦EGC<A? EAB =C ?¾C A>? ?
BF=C A D@= >DAEA¦EA BC A@<?GÂ AEGE @H E?>¿«A<=B >=G<D> G= CB<¥? F¦HFA¥<=>?> >A¦<¡@ C¦EG C<A?
<¡>AB>¡EAB¥< =Ü;¿
£C =GH<= B> =<¥GH>¦HC B= >B F¦>?GH>@=<½E½C CG<¥?>>¾C A DÜ;EB¤C ?>?¡E=DCA E EABC GC?
?C DAC¥C¦EAG EG Î Öç ¦<A¥C B>A¦> CAG> =¤E ¿ C D H>= ½C =G H <=B> = C¡@ C>? G H EG G H> ¦<A¦> =A >B ¡< GH> =
H E?D <G?<¡>@= >¤C<F ?>Ä @ >=C >A¦><¥@=>DAEA¦EA BB > C¤> =E?? H >H EB>CG H >=DC¤>A½C =G HG<EG
>E? G<A> ½E½ <=H EB GH >>Ä@>=C>A¦><¥ H<G < H EAB >H> =? > ¥ BF=C AD @=>DA EA¦¿ ÀH < FDHG HC?
>Ä@> =C >A¦> E E? ¡E A<G ½> E½ > G < @=>B C¦G E FAB >?C= >B ?CGFEGC <A B F=CAD @= >DAEA¦¢ ¢
D>A>= E > Ä@ >=C> A¦>B ¡<G H>=? G E¾> ¦E= > <¥ GH> @=<½ >¡? >¥ ¥C¦C >AG ¿ È< > Ä @>=C> A¦> E¦G? E
¦<A¥C B> A¦>½<<?G >= ¿À HC?C?@<? ? C½ H><½?> =¤>EA >D EGC¤>= > EGC<A½>G>>A½C = GH<=B> =<¥
GH>¦HC BEABB >¡EA B¥< =Ü;¿ÅAGH><GH >=HEAB¡<=>¦HC B = >A¡E >EBG<=>?< F =¦>¦= FA¦H<=
¡E>ABF@CGH >??E¤EC E½C CG<¥GC¡>¥<=Ü;½>¦EF? ><¥¡EA< GH> =¦<¡@> GC ADB >¡EAB?
«AG >= >?G CAD ¢¡<GH >=?E= >¡<= >CA¦ CA >BG <F?C AD Ü;C¥G H>¦EA¾>>@?<¡>¡<A>E? C B>
GHEG <F B ½> >A GC = > ¦<AG= < > B½H >=
O
¿À H> C¾> CH< <B C?Ð çHCDH>= ¦<¡@ E= > B G<GH <?> H<
B <A <G> A Ã<GHC ?EB¤EA GED > ¿Ü=<½E½ ¢<¡>AF?>?F¦H@<=GC<A<¥¥E¡C C A¦<¡>¥<=@F =¦HE? CAD
H> E G H CA @FG? ?F¦H E? Ü; ¿ ¯>@ >A BC A D <A GH>? > E=DF¡> AG? > ¡E HE¤> EA C¡@= >? ?C<A G H EG
<¡>A Ì? <¦¦F@ EG C< A EA B B >¡EA B ¥<= H>E GH CA @F G? E= > ? G=<AD ¦<= => EG > B¿ £FG >H E¤> A <G
P
M/)*+, 0),jZ4) *,R, 01T US T1/40 Q*,p1T3T S5)3 :)W,1T0 *iP41,)Z*TU,p1T3T S5+ , 0),jZ4*, 0 4U Tp3 :)31 / 4U pZZ* 41TU
WT+,0),14* R0T+ ) :4: ) 3 KRR43: ) hi J 4 /,+ 4 p*4: Y0 ) 3W)R,Z GT SR T3 43 1 K3,Z5*) * 1T U)3: Tp1 1 / 4 R0)3W)R,Z
WT SR T3431a*dUT04,W/*pj n0TpR*,3 :1/43p* 4:1 / 4S)31/40 4n0 4** )T3 i
?G=<AD GH >
>A GC=>CA¦<¡>C ?>CGH>=¡EAED > B ½G H>@E=G A> =Í<=HF?½EAB Ñ<=½<GH >=< B >= ¡>¡ ½>=<¥G H>
¥E¡C ¿
²ßºw ´¶µ v
RµtS¸uwáߺ á¸Tºvã Rß
«A ¡<?G <¥ GH > B>¤> < @C AD ¦<F AG=C>? C¾> «ABCE¢ H >=> ¦HC B½C =GH C ? >G G< ½> E=D >
CA? GC G FGC<AE C Æ>B ËU
¢¦H <C¦><¥ @ E¦><¥ B> C¤>=B>@>AB? < A E <G<¥ ?<¦C < >¦<A <¡C¦ ¥E¦G<=?G H EG
>BC ?¦F? ?> BCAGH>@=>¦>BCAD?>D¡>AG¿Ú >? F G?EAB>Ä@ EAEGC<A ?E=>E ¡<?GCB > AGC¦E C GHGHEG
<¥ Ü; CGH CGG >>Ħ> @GC<AGH EG ¡<G H>= Ì? ED > @< ?C GC¤> CA¥ F > A¦>?G H>B >¡EA B ¥<= ¯¿ Ú >?F G?
E= >
BC ? @ E> B
C A
ÀE½ >¿
ÀE½ >Â
Demand for Hospital Delivery (HD)
Model-I Model-II
Effect on hospital delivery
Marginal Effects of respective
covariates
Effect on hospital delivery
Marginal Effects of respective
covariates
Prenatal Care 1.357 *** 0.1706 0.284
(4.94) (0.64)
Place of residence 1.801 *** 0.2464 1.044 *** 0.2521
(9.88) (10.15)
Age of the mother 0.000916 ** 0.0001 0.000501 ** 0.0001
(2.67) (2.63)
Religion (ref. group Hindu)
Muslim -1.006 *** -0.1362 -0.582 *** -0.1406
(-6.77) (-6.81)
Standard of Living (ref. group Low)
Good 1.161 *** 0.1667 0.731 *** 0.1764
(5.04) (5.46)
Very good 0.848 ** 0.1197 0.536 ** 0.1295
(3.03) (3.24)
Access to Information 0.00989 ** 0.0013 0.00588 ** 0.0014
(2.89) (2.99)
Say in household decision making 0.000823 0.000570
(0.19) (0.21)
Allowed to go 0.0174 * 0.0023 0.00905
(2.18) (1.84)
Can keep money for own use -0.170 -0.0750
(-1.12) (-0.86)
Complications during pregnancy -0.478 * -0.0640 -0.269
(-1.99) (-1.95)
Mother’s education (ref. group Illiterate)
V W
î404k4:T3T1: )*1)3np)*/,ST3nRpjZ)W/T*R) 1,Z* 6R0) + ,1 4/T*R)1,Z*6O@C61 0p* 1T0,35T1/40/ 4,Z1/) 3* 1)1p1)T3*i
YT*) 1)+ 4+ ,Zp4TUîPWT+40*,ZZ) 3 *1)1p1)T3*43 :T k4:k)1 /10 ,) 3 4:R0TU4**)T3,Z*i
Primary level 0.503 ** 0.0684 0.304 ** 0.0733
(2.75) (2.91)
Secondary level 0.976 *** 0.1374 0.595 *** 0.1437
(5.17) (5.38)
Birth order of the child -0.362 *** -0.0454 -0.195 *** -0.0471
(-4.32) (-4.44)
/123 42/ 12 2 K L 5L L5L L L/8 2 9 /: /2 ;J5åJ /8J<2= 2<54 2 32= 2<>?
ÀH<FDH ¡< GH >= Ì? ED> B<>? A <G =EC?> G H > @=<½E½C C G <¥ CA ? GCG FGC<AE ¦HC B½C =G H ½ E
?C DAC¥C¦EAG@= <@<=GC<AÍÖ ¿Ö¬çÑ¢GH>@<?CGC¤>>¥ ¥>¦G¦EA½>C A GFC GC¤> >Ä @ EC A >B¿Ü<?? C½ CGHED>
>C GH>= @ => DAEA¦ = > EG> B ¦<¡@ C¦EGC<A? > EBCAD G< @=>¡EGF = > B> C¤>= <= ¥EGE ¦<A?> ÁF>A¦>
BF=C A D B > C¤>= D<>? F @ < = G H > ½>¦<¡> ¡<=> ¦<A ?¦C<F? E½<FG @ = <½E½ > ¦<¡@ C¦EGC<A?
E? ?<¦CEG> B CGH ¦HC B½C=GH¢
EAB
H>A¦> GH> @=>¥> =
E
?E¥> = ¡< B> <¥ B> C¤>=
FA B>= GH>
?F@>=¤C? C<A <¥ G =ECA > B @>=?< AA > ¿ À HC? C? A<G G< ½> ¦< A¥F?>B CGH G H > BEAD>= ? CDA? B F=C AD
@=>DAEA¦ E? GH > = > E=> ?<¡> < GH> = @H?C< <D C¦E @= <½ >¡? G H EG ½>¦<¡> ?>¤> = > E? >Ä@>¦G >B
B EG > <¥ B> C¤>= E@@=<E¦H >? ¿ À HC ? C? ¦< ==<½<=EG>B ½ GH > ¤E F> <¥ >?G C¡EG >B ¦<>¥ ¥C¦C> AG ¥<=
¦<¡@ C¦EGC<ABF =CAD@=>D AEA¦ HC¦HC?A<G?CDAC¥C¦EAGEGEA >¤> ¿Ç =DF¡>AG<¥EE=> A>? ?E ?<
>EB?G<EA < GH> =?CDAC¥C¦EAG¦<¤E=CEG> ?ÉE¦ ¦>??G<CA¥<=¡EGC<A ¿Ç¦¦>? ?G <C A¥<=¡EGC<AC ?B>¥CA>B
E?H>GH> =G H ><¡EA= > EB?A>?@E@ >=¢ C? G >A?G<=EBC<EA BEG¦H >?G > >¤C? C <AEG > E?G<A¦>E
>>¾¿«GC?<½?> =¤> BG H EGC¥ E<¡EAHE?E¦¦>? ?G <? F¦HC A¥<=¡EGC¤>¦HEA A> ?¢ G H > C¾> CH <<B<¥
¦H <<?C ADGH>@ E¦><¥B > C¤> =E?H<?@CG E D <>?F@½Ö¿¬×ç ¿
XFC G> ¦<A? C?G>AG CGH G H > B>¡EAB ¥<= Ü;¢ ¯ E ? < D<>? F@ =>¡E=¾E½ ¥<= F=½EA <¡>A
ÍÐç Ñ¢ D<< B ?? C Í¬Ï çÑ¢ ¤>= D< <B ?? C ͬÙçÑ¢ <¡EA C G H @=C¡E= >BF¦EGC<A ÍÏ çÑ EAB C GH
?>¦<AB E= >BF¦EGC<A ͬ×ç Ñ¿ ÊH>= > E? ØF? C¡ <¡>A E=> ¬× ç >? ? C¾> G < D < ¥<= H <?@CG E
B> C¤> =¿
Y² »µ´xá·t¸µ´
«A
GH C? @E@>=
> EGG >¡@G >B
G<
B >G>=¡CA>
GH>
¥E¦G<= ? EABZ<= @EGHE?
GH EG
? CD A C¥C¦EA G
CA¥ F> A¦>
GH>
B>¡EAB¥< =¡EG>= AE H> E GH
CA @FG?É
@ =>AEG E ¦E=>
EAB
H <?@CG E B> C¤>=¿«A
B<CAD
? < > HE¤> G E¾>A = >?< =G <¥ G< ½C AE= @= <½CG ¥< = H>E GH CA@F G? EAB F? >B Ã <C A G >?GC¡EGC<A
G>¦HA C ÁF>¿ ÀH> @=C¡> =>E?<A ¥<= ¦H< <?C AD Ã<CAG >?GC¡EGC<A C? GH> @= >? >A¦> <¥ >AB<D>A>CG¿ «G
H E?½>> A¥<F A BC A<F=EAE ?C ?GH EG@ E¦><¥=>?C B >A¦>¢?G EA BE= B<¥ C¤CA D¢EAB>BF¦EGC <AE >¤> ?
<¥ <¡>A E= > GH<?> ¦<¤E=CEG >? GHEG = >¡E=¾E½ C A¦= > E?> GH> B>¡EA B ¥<= ½<GH GH> H > E G H
CA @ FG?¿ F? E G H EG
@= <¥> ?? C < AE ?¢ <=¾>=?¢ >B F¦EGC<AE EG G ECA¡>AG <¥ <¡>A H E¤> G< ½> >¡@HE?CÆ>B <A E?
?GEABE=B <¥ C¤CAD¢ @>= ?>¢ ¦EA A <G ½> =EC?> CA GH> ? H<=GÂ=F A CGH ?>¦G<=Â ? @>¦C¥C¦ ÍH> E G H <=
>B F¦EG C < AÑ @ EA? <A ¿ ÇG G H > ?E¡> GC¡> ? GEA B E= B <¥ C¤CAD E= D> B >@ >AB ? < A >¦<A<¡C¦¢
CA¥= E? G= F¦GF=E EAB >B F¦EGC<AE E¦HC >¤>¡>AG? ¿ È< @ < C¦ ¡E¾>=? ?H<F B ¥<¦F? <A @H? C¦E
CA¥= E? G= F¦GF= > B >¤> <@¡>AG G H EG => BF¦>? GH> HE ÆE= B? <¥ E¦¦>?? C A D EA B E¤EC CA D H> E G H ? >=¤C¦>
EAB>BF¦EGC< A¢>A¦<F=EDCADD C = ?G<@F =? F >>B F¦EGC<AEABG <¡E¾>? F= >G HEGGH>B= <@Â <FG= EG>?
E¥G >=@ =C¡E= >¤> C?=>BF¦>BG<EA>D CDC½ > >¤> ¿
[\\ ]^_`a]b
c ddef ghicjklmmno pk n hq hrq s
MT1 ,Zîî*p0+45 4:) 3J .) *g[c fiCp1TU1/)*k4/ ,+4WT3 *) :40 4:T3Z51/T* 4/Tp* 4/TZ:k/404,1Z4,*1T34W/)Z:)*jT03) 3U) + 4
54, 0*R0 4W4: )3n1/4*p0+ 45 iíT0T p0,3 ,Z5*)*k4WT3*) :404:T3Z51/ 45Tp3n4*1W/ )Z: i7Tk443 : 4:pRk)1/]M^\/T p*4/TZ: *i
. ,* 4Z) 34 W/,0 ,W1 40)*1 )W*TU1/4* 4Z4W1 4:+ , 0),jZ4*UT0îT p* 4/T Z: *6 NT1/40* 6 ,3 :G / )Z:043U0T S J 4*1.43n,Z693 : ) ,` Oíî7 - \
a^ee_-^e e gd, 0 4n) + 43j4ZTk
t uv wx y
z{ |y}~
y y
u y} y u t
Y Z,W4T U0 4*) : 43W4 ]M^\
I p0 ,Z ]M^\ _MiM
20j,3 ]M^\ f ]i ^
I4Z)n)T3 ]M^\
î)3 :p ]M^\ g_ i \\
Np*Z)S ]M^\ \ \i\
G/0)* 1),3 ]M^\ e iMM
7)8/ ]M^\ e i ]]
.p: / :/ ) *1 ]M^\ e ie_
L ,)3 ]M^\ e i ^[
C1 / 40* ]M^\ e ie_
ZTk ]M^\ \^i ^
S4:)pS ]M^\ \e i [[
nT T: ]M^\ ^Mi\
( 405nT T: ]M^\ [ ic_
Y, 01 3 40*4:pW,1 )T3 ]M^\ ]i\ ]c f ]ieegM
OT ]M^\ ^Migc
Y0)S,05 ]M^\ ^e i^f
7 4WT3 :,05 ]M^\ \c i]]
î)n/40 ]M^\ ]e i _\
Y, 01 3 40*T W W pR,1)T3 ]M^\
OTk T0 8 ]M^\ e ic\
C1 / 40* ]M^\ e ie_
N ,3p,Z ]M^\ \Mig[
Kn0)W pZ1p0 46/ /X:TS4*1 )W ]M^\ ^[ i^]
Y0T U4* *)T3,Z6GZ40)W,Z6* 40 + )W46* ,Z4* ]M^\ \\ i]\
NT1/40*,n4a ) 354,0 *d ]M^\ ^_i _ff _ i \_
]_-\e ]M^\ M\i g
\ ]-fe ]M^\ ]_i\
f]-_e ]M^\ ]i]
NT1/40*4:pW,1)T3 ]M^\ ]i ]\][ eic[[ f
OT ]M^\ \_ iM[
Y0)S,05 ]M^\ ^]i^\
7 4WT3 :,05 ]M^\ \ gi [_
î)n/40 ]M^\ gi ]f
NT1/40*TW W pR,1 )T3 ]M^\
OTk T0 8 ]M^\ [\ ig]
C1 / 40* ]M^\
N ,3p,Z ]M^\ ]^i e ]
Kn0)W pZ1p0 46/ /
X
:TS4*1 )W ]M^\ Mi _
Y0T U4* *)T3,Z6GZ40)W,Z6*40 + )W46* ,Z4* ]M^\ _ iM[
.)01 /T0:40
T U
1/ 4W/ )Z: ]M^\
^i \ _ ]igeg^
Y043,1 ,ZW, 0 4 ]M^\ ei ^e [c eife_c
OT ]M^\ ]]igM
4* ]M^\ MMi \ ^
Y Z,W4T U: 4Z) +405 ]M^\ ei_ f_M e i fcM
C1 / 40* ]M^\ f_ if^
îT*R) 1 ,Z ]M^\ _ fi _M
GTSRZ)W,1)T3 *:p0) 3nR0 4n3,3W5
OT
]M^\ c ]i][
4* ]M^\ MiM\
¡¢£ ¤ ¥
KWW4* *1T)3U T0S,1)T3
I4,: ) 3n34k*R,R40
C1/40k) *4 ]M^\ Mfi _c
K1Z4,* 1T3W4 ]M^\ ]_ if]
Q)* 1 43)3n1T0,: )T
C1/40k) *4 ]M^\ gc ig]
K1Z4,* 1T3W4 ]M^\ \e i \c
J ,1W/ )3nM(
K1Z4,* 1T3W4 ]M^\ _ ]i e[
P4W) *)T3S,8) 3nk)1/) 31/4/Tp*4/T Z:
I4*RT3:43 1*/4,Z1/W, 04
C1/40
]M^\ ]ie f
7T S4T344Z* 4
]M^\ fie g
îp*j,3:oR,01340,Z T34
]M^\ \_ i \\
I4*R T3 :43 1,3:T1/40R40 *T3
]M^\
I4*RT3:431,3 :/p*j,3:oR,01340
]M^\ ^Mi c ]
I4*RT3:431,ZT3 4
]M^\ ^[ i cM
î îZ, 0n4R p0W/,* 4
C1/40 ]M^\ fi gg
7T S4T344Z* 4 ]M^\ ]^i]^
îp*j,3:oR,01340,Z T34 ]M^\ fgi [ f
I4*R T3 :43 1,3:T1/40R40 *T3
]M^\
I4*RT3:431,3 :/p*j,3:oR,01340 ]M^\ ^[ i \ ^
I4*RT3:431,ZT3 4
]M^\ gi f[
î î:,)Z5Rp0W/ ,*4
C1/40 ]M^\ fi ff
7T S4T344Z* 4 ]M^\ ]\ i [ ]
îp*j,3:oR,01340,Z T34
]M^\ \ gi [_
I4*R T3 :43 1,3:T1/40R40 *T3 ]M^\
I4*RT3:431,3 :/p*j,3:oR,01340
]M^\ ]MiM^
I4*RT3:431,ZT3 4
]M^\ ^\ i _c
() *) 11T3,1 ,ZU,S)Z5
C1/40
]M^\ \ i ^f
7T S4T344Z* 4 ]M^\ c i ^^
îp*j,3:oR,01340,Z T34
]M^\ \c i cc
I4*R T3 :43 1,3:T1/40R40 *T3
]M^\
I4*RT3:431,3 :/p*j,3:oR,01340
]M^\ \ ^i _\
I4*RT3:431,ZT3 4
]M^\ ]^i \ f
7R43: ) 3nR, 01340*) 3WT S4
C1/40 ]M^\ e icc
îp*j,3:/,*3T4, 03) 3n ]M^\ giM
7T S4T344Z* 4 ]M^\
îp*j,3:oR,01340,Z T34 ]M^\ \ fi [ ^
I4*R T3 :43 1,3:T1/40R40 *T3
]M^\
I4*RT3:431,3 :/p*j,3:oR,01340 ]M^\ f[ i c f
I4*RT3:431,ZT3 4
]M^\ gi gc
NT j)Z) 15
KZZTk4:1Tn T1TS, 0841
OT1,1,Z Z ]M^\ ^_ i e ]
J)1 /*T S4jT:5 ]M^\ \ ^iMg
KZT3 4 ]M^\ f^i]\
KZZTk4:1Tn T1T1/4/ 4,Z1 /U,W)Z)15
OT1,1,Z Z ]M^\ \ iMf
J)1 /*T S4jT:5 ]M^\ fgiM_
KZT3 4 ]M^\ fc i \ ]
KZZTk4:1Tn TTp1 *):41 / 4
+ )ZZ,n4o WTSS p3) 15
OT1,1,Z Z ]M^\ ] ]i\
J)1 /*T S4jT:5 ]M^\ _ ^i \c
KZT3 4 ]M^\ \ gi \ ]
NT3 45*41,*) : 4UT0Tk3p* 4
OT ]M^\ g]iff
4* ]M^\ \Mi _ g
List of covariates and coefficients for both prenatal care and hospital delivery regression Coefficient (Demand for health inputs, Prenatal Care)
Model-I Model-II Place of residence 0.701 **
(2.61)
0.351 **
(2.68) Age of the mother -0.000341
(-1.00)
-0.000125 (-0.66) Religion (ref. group
Hindu)
Muslim -0.476 * -0.250 *
(-2.50) (-2.46)
Christian -2.103 *** -1.209 ***
(-3.69) (-3.42) Standard of Living (ref.
group Low)
Medium 0.369 0.209
(1.74) (1.86)
Good 1.126 ** 0.560 **
(2.92) (3.13)
Very good 1.355 * 0.688 **
(2.41) (2.73) Partner’s Occupation
(ref. group No Work
Manual 1.307 0.716
(1.80) (1.80) Agriculture, Household,
Domestic
0.989 0.530 (1.36) (1.33) Professional, Clerical,
Service, sales
1.367 (1.84)
0.745 (1.86) Mother’s Occupation
(ref. group No Work)
Manual 0.0452 0.0126
(0.17) (0.08) Agriculture, Household,
Domestic
0.00241 (0.01)
0.0165 (0.11) Professional, Clerical,
Service, sales
-0.407 (-1.01)
-0.182 (-0.86) Access to Information 0.00304 0.00154
(0.60) (0.61) Say in household
decision making
-0.0116 (-1.79)
-0.00656 (-1.89) Allowed to go -0.00987 -0.00533
(-0.98) (-0.92) Can keep money for own
use
0.630 **
(3.01)
0.326 **
(3.00) Complications during
pregnancy
-0.0904 (-0.37)
-0.0688 (-0.49)
Mother’s education (ref.
group Illiterate)
Primary level 0.481 *
(2.16)
0.259 * (2.17) Secondary level 0.753 **
(2.72)
0.408 **
(2.93) Partner’s education (ref.
group Illiterate)
Primary level -0.133 -0.0793
(-0.62) (-0.68) Secondary level -0.238 -0.145
(-1.05) (-1.19)
Higher level -0.547 -0.265
(-0.96) (-0.94) Birth order of the child -0.123 * -0.0840 *
(-1.96) (-2.33)
Constant 0.0789 0.143
(0.10) (0.33) t statistics in parentheses
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Coefficient (Demand for health inputs, Hospital Delivery)
Model-I Model-II
Prenatal Care 1.357 *** 0.284
(4.94) (0.64) Place of residence 1.801 *** 1.044 ***
(9.88) (10.15) Age of the mother 0.000916 ** 0.000501 **
(2.67) (2.63) Religion (ref. group
Hindu)
Muslim -1.006 *** -0.582 ***
(-6.77) (-6.81)
Christian -0.503 -0.439
(-0.54) (-0.88) Standard of Living (ref.
group Low)
Medium 0.0962 0.0785
(0.55) (0.77)
Good 1.161 *** 0.731 ***
(5.04) (5.46)
Very good 0.848 ** 0.536 **
(3.03) (3.24) Partner’s Occupation
(ref. group No Work
Manual 0.842 0.573
(1.08) (1.36) Agriculture, Household,
Domestic
0.769 (0.98)
0.510 (1.20) Professional, Clerical,
Service, sales
0.999 (1.28)
0.641 (1.52) Mother’s Occupation
(ref. group No Work)
Manual -0.128 -0.0673
(-0.54) (-0.52) Agriculture, Household,
Domestic
-0.345 (-1.35)
-0.215 (-1.46) Professional, Clerical,
Service, sales
0.110 (0.33)
0.0527 (0.28) Access to Information 0.00989 ** 0.00588 **
(2.89) (2.99) Say in household
decision making
0.000823 (0.19)
0.000570 (0.21)
Allowed to go 0.0174 * 0.00905
(2.18) (1.84) Can keep money for
own use
-0.170 (-1.12)
-0.0750 (-0.86) Complications during -0.478 * -0.269
pregnancy (-1.99) (-1.95)
Mother’s education (ref. group Illiterate)
Primary level 0.503 ** 0.304 **
(2.75) (2.91) Secondary level 0.976 *** 0.595 ***
(5.17) (5.38) Partner’s education (ref.
group Illiterate)
Primary level 0.175 0.0835
(0.91) (0.77)
Secondary level 0.103 0.0392
(0.55) (0.36)
Higher level 0.786 0.402
(1.78) (1.61) Birth order of the child -0.362 *** -0.195 ***
(-4.32) (-4.44)
Constant -2.759 ** -1.283 *
(-3.25) (-2.37) t statistics in parentheses
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
ººvº ´xº t
§ ¨ ©ª «¬ ® ¯® ° ±² ³ ´ µ® ¶ ª«·ª«¸©¹º» ¼ ¹¨ ©ªº½ ¾ « ©¿¸ À¸ · ¹ «À ¼ ªº ·¸ À ¾¨ ¹ Á ½¸º ¾¨ ¸½Ã ½ª· ¸ ¸· ľ º¾¨ ¹Á
¸ ¾À¸ «¨ ¸®ÅÆÇÈ É ÊË ÌÍ ÎÉ ÏÐÉÎ ÑÒ ÑÓ ÍÎÔ Ó ÉÌÉÕ Ö¬×ذٵ ¬´ ²´ ®
§ À¿¾Ú¹º ¾¬Û®Ü®°Ýޱݵ®
§
·¸ © ¿ªÀ ªÁªß¾¨ ¹ Áº ¸  ¾¸à
ª ¼À ¸ · ¹«À¹ «¹ Á » ½¾ ½Ã§«
¸á¹ · ÄÁ¸
ª¼¿¸¹ Á©¿¨¹ º¸
½¸ ºÂ¾ ¨ ¸ ½®ÔÓÉÌÉÕ Ñ ÓÈ É ÊË ÌÍÎÉ ÏâÇ ã ÇÎ ÉäÕ Ç ÌÒå ææ ÊÇ æ¬ç ج± ±²è±ÙÞ®
§ß¿¹ ¬Û®°Ý Þ Þ Þµ®é ¿¸À¸ ©¸º · ¾ «¹«©½ª ¼¾ «¼ ¹«©· ªº ©¹Á ¾© »¾«¯¹Ú¾ ½©¹«®êÉ ÓÑÍÎêÓÑÇ Ì ÓÇëìÇíÑÓ ÑÌ Ç¬îç°Ýµ ¬
± ² ²è Ý Þï®
ð¹ñ¹ Áª Á¹ ¬ Û® ¬ ò ó¹ ©ô½¾¬ §® °ÝÞ Þ²µ® õ¸©¸ º· ¾ «¹ «©½ ª ¼ ô½¸ ª ¼ · ¹ ©¸º«¹ Á ¿¸¹Á© ¿ ½¸ºÂ¾¨ ¸½ ¾ « ¶ ¾ß¸º ¾¹è
Áª ªÚ¾«ßñ¸»ª«À¾«À¾ ¾Àô¹ Á¹« À¿ªô½¸ ¿ªÁÀ¼¹ ¨ ©ªº½®öì÷Ð Ë ÇøÌÍ ÌÓ ÖÍ Ìí÷Æ ÑÎíùÑË Ò Æ¬ú ° ±µ¬ûÙ®
ð¸¨Ú¸ º ¬Û®¬¯¸ ©¸º½¬õ®ü® ¬ýº ¹»¬Ü®ü® ¬ýôÁ ©¾¹«¹ ¬þ®¬òðÁ ¹¨Ú¬Ü®ÿ®° ± ²²Ùµ ®é¿¸À¸ ©¸º ·¾ «¹ «© ½ª¼ô½¸
ª ¼· ¹ ©¸º«¹ Á¹«À¨¿¾ÁÀ¿¸¹ Á © ¿½¸ºÂ¾¨ ¸½¾«7¸©º ªþ¸ñ ô¬©¿¸¯ ¿¾Á¾ Ä Ä¾«¸½®ìÍíÇÍã Í ÑÎÍùÎÇÑÌâêäÍ ÓÇÉÌ
& 'çç( 'ç( ' îÅ'×)
* +)
Ø,-./ìÅ01
𿹺߹ ¹ ¬ §® ¬ýô«©ôĹÁÁ¾ ¬ §® 7® ¬ ò 8ªÚ½ ¿¾ «¬ 7®°ÝÞ± ±µ ® ü ¸ ¹ Á© ¿ ¨ ¹º¸ ô©¾Á ¾9¹ ©¾ ª «¬ ½ª¨ ¾ ª¸¨ ª«ª · ¾¨
¼ ¹ ¨ ©ªº½¹«À¨¿¾ÁÀ¿¸ ¹ Á© ¿¾«:«À¾¹®È ÉÊË ÌÍ ÎÉ ÏùÑÉæ ÉÓÑÍÎæ Ó ÑÇ Ì ÓǬ *Ø°;µ ¬³Þ±®
ðÁªª ·¬ Û® Û® ¬ <» ľ =¬ õ® ¬ ò ýôÄ© ¹¬ 7® õ® °Ý Þ Þ±µ ® õ¾· ¸ « ½¾ ª« ½ ª¼ ષ¸«> ½ ¹ô©ª«ª· » ¹«À ©¿¸
¾ «¼ Áô¸«¨ ¸ª«·¹ ©¸º«¹ Á¿¸¹ Á© ¿¨ ¹º ¸ô©¾Á¾ 9 ¹ ©¾ ª «¾ «¹«ªº©¿:«À ¾¹«¨¾© »®âÇÕÉøË Í äÆ Ö¬Ø×° ±µ ¬;³è³ ï®
ô©¾ Á¾ 9¹ ©¾ ª «¾«éôºÚ¸»®êÉÓ ÑÍ ÎêÓÑÇ Ì ÓÇëìÇíÑÓÑÌǬî '°±Ýµ ¬± ³ ²³è± ïÞ ;®
þ¿¹Úº ¹ñ¹º ©¾¬ §® °Ýޱݵ® õ¸©¸º ·¾«¹«© ½ ª¼ ¨ ¿¾ÁÀ · ª ºñ¾ À¾©» ¹«À ¼ ¹ ¨ ©ªº½ ߪ¸ º«¾ «ß ô©¾Á¾9¹© ¾ ª « ª ¼
¨ ¿¾ÁÀ¿¸¹ Á©¿¨ ¹º¸Ã¸ ¾ À¸ «¨ ¸¼ºª·ºôº ¹Á:«À¾¹®2ä äÎ ÑÇíÔÓÉÌÉÕÑÓæ¬ * *° ±µ ¬Ý³è Ù³®
ÿ«½ªº ¬ é ® ¬ ò
þªªÄ¸º ¬
Û® °ÝÞÞûµ® @¸º¨ ª · ¾ «ß ñ¹ºº ¾¸ º½
©ª ¿¸ ¹ Á© ¿ ½¸º ¾¨ ¸ ¹ ¨¨ ¸ ½½Ã
¾ «¼ Áô¸«¨ ¾ «ß
©¿¸
À ¸· ¹ «À½¾ À¸®
3Ç ÍÎ ÒÆä ÉÎ ÑÓÖÍ ÌíäÎÍ ÌÌÑÌø ¬çú°Ýµ¬;²è³ ²®
ÿ«½ªº ¬ é ® ¬
ò ܪ«ª¿¬
®
°Ý Þ Þ´ µ®
ÿ¼ ¼¸ ¨ ©¾Â¸
¼¾ «¹«¨ ¾«ß
ª¼ ·¹ ©¸ º«¹ Á ¿¸¹ Á©¿ ½¸º ¾ ¨ ¸ ½Ã ¹
º ¸Â¾¸à
ª¼ ©¿¸
Á¾ ©¸º ¹©ôº ¸®3Ç Í ÎÒÆÐ ÉÎÑÓÖ¬
,î ° ± µ ¬ û²è´ï®
ü ¹ Á¾· ¬¶® ¬ 𪿹º ¹ ¬§®A® ¬òÜ ô¹«¬B®°ÝÞ±± µ®ü ¸¹Á© ¿»·ª © ¿¸ º½¬ ¿¸ ¹ Á© ¿»¨ ¿¾ÁÀº ¸« à Àª ¸½·¹ ©¸ º«¹Á
À ¸· ¹ «À ¼ ª º ¹«© ¸«¹ ©¹ Á ¨ ¹º ¸ ·¹©©¸º¼ ªº ¨¿¾ÁÀ ¿¸ ¹ Á©¿ ¾ «
¶ ¸ Ĺ ÁC® 3Ç ÍÎÒÆ äÉÎ ÑÓÖ Í Ìí äÎÍ Ì Ì ÑÌø¬ &+°Ùµ ¬
ÝûÝè Ý´;®
A¸ºñ¸ º ¬ A® ® ¬ À¸ ý º ¹¼ ©èª¿«½ª «¬ ® ÿ ® ¬ ð¿ô© ©¹ ¬ D ®§®¬@Úª «ß¬ ¯® ¬ Û© ¹ºº½¬ §® ¬ò8¹à«¬ ® ÿ ®°Ý Þ Þ³µ ®
þ ª «©¾ «ôô·ª ¼¨ ¹º ¸¼ ªº·¹ ©¸ º«¹ Á¬«¸àñªº« ¬¹«À¨ ¿¾Á À¿¸ ¹ Á© ¿Ã¼ º ª·½Áªß¹«©ª½¸ºÂ¾ ¨ ¸À¸Á¾Â¸º»®Å Æ Ç
4Í Ì ÓÇ Ò¬Ø, '° ² ´²´ µ ¬±Ù´ ïè±Ù ;²®
7¹¾ ©º ¹ ¬¯®°ÝÞÞû µ®¯¹ º¸«©¹ Áñ¹ ºß¹¾ «¾ «ß¬¿¸¹Á © ¿¾«Äô© ½¹«À¨¿¾ÁÀ·ªº ©¹ Á¾©»¾«:« À¾¹®È ÉÊË Ì Í ÎÉÏÆ Ç ÍÎ ÒÆ
Ç Ó ÉÌ ÉÕ ÑÓæ¬&ذݵ¬Ý´ ²è ݲ±®
7¹¾ ©º ¹ ¬¯® ¬ò¯¹Á ¬Û®°ÝÞÞ³ µ®Ô Í ËÎÖÓ ÆÑÎíùÑËÒÆ53Ç ÍÎ ÒÆÑÌ äÊ Òæ Í ÌíÓÆÑ ÎíÕÉË ÒÍÎ ÑÒÖ) 6Ç ÓÇ ÌÒ Ç ã ÑíÇ ÌÓ ÇÏË ÉÕ
öÍÌøÎÍíÇ æ Æ°¶ ª®Ýïû ±µ®:D§õ¾ ½¨ô½ ½¾ ª «¯¹Ä¸ º½®
7¹º½¿¹ÁÁ¬ 7® °ÝÞ± û µ® ü¸¹Á©¿ ¾«Äô© ½ ¹«À ¾ «¼ ¹ «© ½ôºÂ¾  ¹Áà ¸Â¾À¸«¨ ¸ ¼º ª· D ¾·ñ¹ñภ¬ ·¾ ·¸ ª ¬
E«¾  ¸º½¾ © »¹ ©§Áñ¹« »èÛE¶ ? ¬§ Áñ¹ « »¬¶ ? ¬EÛ§®
¶ ¹ ©¾ª«¹ Á ó¹ · ¾Á » ü ¸¹ Á©¿ Û ôºÂ¸ » °¶óüÛè Ùµ ¬ ÝÞÞ´FÞ ;® °Ý Þ Þ³ µ® :«À¾ ¹® :«© ¸º «¹ ©¾ª«¹Á :«½©¾©ô© ¸ ¼ ªº
¯ªÄôÁ ¹© ¾ª «Û¨ ¾¸«¨ ¸ ½ °: :¯Ûµ¹« À7¹¨º ª:«©¸º«¹ ©¾ª«¹ Á®
¶ ¹ ¹ «¸ ¸©¿¹ · ¬ A®¬ ò õ¿¹ º · ¹Á¾ «ß¹ · ¬ § ® °ÝÞ Þݵ® E ©¾ Á¾9 ¹ ©¾ª« ª¼ · ¹ ©¸º«¹Á ¿¸ ¹ Á© ¿ ¨ ¹ º ¸ ½¸ºÂ ¾¨ ¸ ½¾ «
Ûªô©¿¸º«:«À ¾¹®êÉ ÓÑÍÎêÓÑÇ ÌÓ Ç
ë
ìÇíÑ ÓÑÌ Ç¬î î ° ±Þµ¬±ï û ²è± ï;²®
ܹ߿ôĹ © ¿ » ¬Û®° ± ²²;µ®ÿ Àô¨ ¹ ©¾ ª «¹«À© ¿¸ô½¸ª¼·¹© ¸º«¹ Á¿¸ ¹ Á© ¿¨ ¹º ¸¾ «é ¿¹ ¾Á ¹ «À®êÉÓ ÑÍÎêÓ ÑÇ Ì ÓÇ
ë
ìÇíÑÓ ÑÌǬ*Ø° û µ ¬û´ ²èû ³± ®
ܪ ªÀ· ¹«¬ õ® °ÝÞ Þ²µ® ÿ½©¾· ¹ ©¾ «ß ¼ôÁ Á» ªñ½¸º ¸À º ¸¨ôº½¾ ¸ ·¾á¸Àèĺ ª¨ ¸½ ½ ·ªÀ ¸ Á ½ ྩ ¿
¨ · Ä®÷Ç Ì ÒÇËÏÉË/ÎÉùÍ Îâ ÇãÇ ÎÉäÕ Ç Ì Ò ÉËÑÌøÐÍ ä Ç Ë¬ç+׬±è´³®
ܪ ªÀ· ¹«¬ õ® °Ý Þ±Ùµ® þ7¯ à ۩¹ ©¹ · ªÀôÁ¸ ©ª ¾ · ÄÁ ¸· ¸«© ¨ ª «À¾ ©¾ª«¹ Á ° º¸¨ôº½¾Â¸µ ·¾á¸À ĺ ª¨ ¸½ ½
¸ ½©¾· ¹ ©ªº®êÒÍÒ Ñæ ÒÑÓÍÎæ ÉÏÒ Í Ë ÇÓÉÕ äÉÌÇ Ì Òæ®
ܪ»¬ A® ¬ ò þ¿¹ôÀ¿ôº¾¬ § ® °ÝÞ Þï µ® :«¼Áô¸ «¨ ¸ ª¼ ½ª ¨ ¾ª¸¨ ª«ª · ¾¨ ½©¹ ©ô½¬ ภ¹ Á©¿ ¹ «À ¼ ¾ «¹ «¨ ¾¹Á
¸· Īฺ ·¸«© ª «ß¸ « À¸º À ¾ ¼¼ ¸º ¸«¨ ¸½¾ « ¿¸ ¹ Á© ¿¹«À¿¸¹ Á©¿¨ ¹º¸ô©¾Á¾9¹ ©¾ ª «¾ « Á¹ ©¸ºÁ ¾¼ ¸Ã¸ ¾À ¸«¨¸
¼ º ª ·:«À¾¹®êÉÓ ÑÍ Îæ ÓÑÇ Ì ÓÇëÕÇíÑÓ ÑÌ Ç¬++° ²µ ¬± ² ´ ±è±²;Ý®
Û¹ ºÚ¹º ¬õ® ¬òü ¹ ÁÀ¹º ¬Û®A®°ÝÞ± û ¹µ®Ûª ¨ ¾ª ¸¨ ª «ª· ¾ ¨õ¸ ©¸º · ¾ «¹«©½ª ¼þ¿¾ ÁÀ7¹ Á «ô©º ¾ ©¾ª«¾ «:« À ¾¹ Ã
ÿ¾À ¸«¨ ¸¼ º ª·¶óüÛ è :::®2ãÍÑ ÎÍùÎÇÍ Òê ê6 & * &'& úØ®
Û¹ ºÚ¹º ¬õ® ¬ò
ü¹ ÁÀ ¹º ¬ Û®
A®
°ÝÞ± ûñµ®
@ ¸º ¹ÁÁ
:«¸ Gô¹ Á ¾©»
H¸º½¸½<¸¹ Á© ¿
ð¹ ½¸À:«¸Gô¹Á ¾© »
¾ «þ ¿¾Á À
7¹Á«ô©º ¾©¾ª«Ã
§«ÿ · ľº¾¨ ¹ Á
:ÁÁô½©º¹ ©¾ ª «
¼ ªº
:«À ¾¹®2ã Í ÑÎÍùÎÇÍ Ò
ê ê6 & * & '&ú+ ®
Û¿ª º © ¬ Û®
ÿ ® ¬
ò D¿¹«ß¬ ó® °ÝÞ Þû µ®
E½¸ ª¼ · ¹© ¸º «¹ Á ¿¸¹ Á ©¿ ½¸ºÂ¾ ¨¸½ ¾ «
ºôº ¹ Á þ ¿¾ «¹®ÐÉä ÊÎÍ ÒÑÉÌ
æ Ò ÊíÑÇ æ¬î×° ±µ ¬Ùè± ²®
Û¿ºª¼ ¼ ¬7®Ü® ¬ýº ¾¼ ¼ ¾ ©¿ ½¬¯®8®¬Û ô¨¿¾ «Àº ¹ «¬þ® ¬¶ ¹ß¹ Á Á¹ ¬ð® ¬H ¹ 9¾º ¬Û® ¬ò𸠫©Á¸» ¬7®ÿ ®°Ý Þ± ± µ®õª¸ ½
· ¹ ©¸ º«¹ Á
¹ô©ª «ª· »¾ «¼ Áô¸ «¨ ¸¼ ¸ ¸À¾«ß
ĺ ¹¨ ©¾¨ ¸½¹«À¾ «¼ ¹«©
ߺ ªà© ¿
¾ «
ºôº¹Á:«À¾¹C®êÉ ÓÑÍÎêÓÑÇ Ì ÓÇ
ëìÇíÑÓ ÑÌǬ,ذٵ ¬ûû ³èû ´´ ®
Ûô ๠Á¬ ® H ® °ÝÞÞ± µ® 鿸 ·¹ ¾ « À¸©¸ º· ¾ «¹ «© ½ ª¼ ¾ «¼ ¹«© · ª º ©¹ Á¾©» ¾ « ¶¸ ĹÁ®êÉÓ ÑÍÎ æÓ ÑÇ ÌÓÇ ë
Õ ÇíÑÓÑÌǬîØ° ±Ýµ ¬±;;³è±;ï± ®
