Munich Personal RePEc Archive
The Limits to Common Resource
Management: The Bypassed Commons or Commons without Tragedy
Kebede, Yohannes
1993
Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/662/
MPRA Paper No. 662, posted 04 Nov 2006 UTC
! "
! # $ % &
' () !
! *
+ ,)#,--.#
#
% &
! /
/ 0 # 1 & $ % & 2
1 & / ! 3" 4 & 2
!
! "
"
# $ %& %
%
" # !
" '
"
,2 1
"
" " $ ()**+ , ())(%
- - " " "
. / " 0 &
1 "
1
2 " &
1 ! " " $
%
$ % 3 # "
1 $ %
0 " " # "
4 " 3 4 "
" 4 "
5 $0 ())(%
3 "
" $ " %
$ % "
" " , $())(%
" &
1 4
3 # " 3 "
" " $,
())( 67%
8 "
0 9 " 3 "
" "
" -
" "
(2 '
: 8
3 " " "
1 1
"
8
"
- $. 9 ()*;%
" #
4 " "
4 " $. ()** (<;%
3 " "
" " " " "
3 - - $, ())(+
();;+ 0 ())(% ' 4 3 "
4 " 8 " "
3 -
" " 4 " " "
4 " $ % .
3 ! "
"
' - !
" ,
" "
" !
" $ % 4 " $ % $= " ()*7%
"4
" " 0 " " "
"
" "
"
: ! -
" 8 " - "
8
3
" ,
" 8
" " " "
8 " $
"%
8
# 4 3 -
- '
- " 4 "
- " "
4 "
0 - " "
4 0 " "
" " 4 4 4 8
3
- " " 4 "
8 "
" "
3
" 1 1 "
"
! 8 "
" 3 4 "
" " -
" 4
" - "
" - "
" 3
"
"
.2 "
.2,2 0
3 "
"
" (><< " "
$ %
" -
"
" **? @ "
;<? )< ?
$ ()*A+ B " ()**+ C
()*6% ' 3
" " " 4 "
$ ()*A%
" , 0
" "
- , - $ D<<< %
" 0 "/ 4 - $(><< D<<< %
# "
- D ) D , 0 "
$ ()*)% , '
0 0 ' $B " ()*A+ = "
();;% , - 0
.2(2 5 6 7
E ()*7 -
8 ()*7 1 4
"1 " ! " -
- " $: ())A% 2
*<<
- 4
"
4
! " "
3
-
" 4
82 1
"
></
8 ,
" " 4
"
3 $= " ();;+ = ();D+ ()*A% 8
3 "
4
" 8
" "
" $= ();D% F " 3
$. ()**% 3
"
82,2 ' * &
2 3
" !
(* 7> 0 ( (< 0
" "
& " $ 3
% ! "
( "
$ (%
$ D%
,2 ! $ & 1
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
" 0 ,
: B ( B D B ( B D
444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
: $ 5(<%
2 * ; ; ;
2 ; 7 * ;
) * ; 7
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
, , - (6 A7 D6 D7
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
9 3 $ %
$. ()**% 3 "
0 , 6D 3 0
$ D%
(2 * ' * &
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
, 0
3 @
$" % 2 2 2 2
444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
> > 7 ; 7 6 ; > 6
(< > > 7 ; ; > > D ; ) >
(> 7 D ; 7 > * > A * ( 6
D< 7 * ; ( ; D ) ( > > * 6 (D
D> * ( * D * ) 6 > * * ) D
A< * > * > * 6 ) > 7 6 ) ( >
A> * ; * * * > ) ; 7 > ) 6 ;
6< ) * ) * * ) ;* 7 7 ) > 6
6> ) ( ) < * ) ) *( 7 * ) 7( A
4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
2 "
3 D> $ D% " $(* A< " %
! " ! "
!
4 "
" 0
,
" $ 0 %
92 ! 1
"
8
1 4 4 1
- 1 4 1 $ : ())A%
4 4
' "
$ %
- ();64())<
$: ())A%(
$ %
$ A%
"
"
9 -
- $= ()*)%
.2 " ' & & 0 !
#
' ! &
' * ! * !
0
$ % D ) D A ( D >
$ " % (7* ()6 (A< (6)
2 : ; ( ; > 7 D 7 )
: ; D * ( ; > * 6
&
9 (<> ;A (7; (6<
)A )* 7* ;7
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
, 0
, , 3
#
$
% - "
$0 ())(%
" ! "
+2 : $ # 1 ! ;
" -
$ ()**%
" " "
" !
9 " 4 "
! "
$ 6%
-
" " "
"
" -
$ 6%
82 $ * /
4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
8 , 0
4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
8 & >> D)
(D DA
5 AD 67
! / ( D
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
"
! - D 3
3 !
"4 4 " $ % $ >% !
! " "
D - "
1 1 1 1 . "
" "
! " -
! 0 , 0
3 4
$ >%
" 4 4 4
92 < $ ! *
4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
8 , 0
4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ( .
3 >( 67
, 5 D) (>
(D (D
, * D7
D &
4 A; ;)
4 " G >> ((
42 * (<
A H
" *A );
' (; A
6 H ( A; >*
G >> A;
' ) >
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
" "
3
! " , 0
. "
0
- 4
"
" $ >%
2 - -
- " , -
! "
" # -
- 4
8 4 - "
- $ % 4 -
$ 7%
+2 ! % 7 & / 0
' & 7 ' & 7
* ! * !
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
, $ % ( <( ( D ( A ( ;
@ A > 6 7
$ 7
- 520 $ % 7< D< 6> ((
2 - $ % ( > 6( ( D A>
444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
, " - 3
" ! "
$ " % "
- !
! " $ ;% ! "
$ 0 % $ ;%
=2 ! & * & / 0
' ! *
$ % ) (A
B - 0 $ % A*)* (DD67
" $ % A ;
, B - (;6D6 (A7>(
" $ % > A
0 " $ ! "% AD ()
, " $ ! "% D6 6<
" 0 $ % (**; A6>D
444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 '
# ! $C ()*A%
4 " 4
# " 3
= 3 # -
$ *% 8
$ 4 %
$ %
" 4
$ *%
>2 * ! ; ?
! *
"@
! ; ? 2 % 2 %
444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
( " > A A D
D " A 7 A A
A A > A D
6 @ A 7 6 A
> 2 7 A 6 A
7 2 H( A > D A
; 2 H( A A A D
444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
=2 1 *
= " " -
!
! " "
-
" )
$ %
! " " !
"
" - #
- "
! 3 3
! "
3 "
$ % $ )% "
" "
"
-2 0 ; :
@ * /
* !
A A
0 0
2 @I7<
, G &
A D 6 (
> 7 A D
(* ; (; 7
" ;6 *> ;7 )(
3 0 &
B > (> (D D(
(> > (< (
(< 7 7 D
> ( A (
>> ;A ;( ;>
444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
" " "
();* ())< (<
"
$ % 3 .
3
$ , % $ (<%
,)2 0 ; /
&
* !
B
0 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
2 @I7<
, G &
> 7 D (
(> (D A D
D> (< (> >
" >> ;D ;; )D
3 0 &
B ( (< D> (6
7< (* >D (<
(< > ; A
> D D (
D6 7> (6 ;D
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
' # "
, "
! 4 3 " "
! , ) (< "
3
$ ((%
,,2 0 ; @
* !
B
* & * &
2 @I7<
, G &
7 > D 6
(D (< * ;
A> (> DD (<
" 6; ;< 7* ;)
3 0 &
B ( ) D (>
A6 (> D( >
* > A D
D ( D (
>> ;< ;D ;;
444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
. ) (< ((J
3 - " !
" !
.
" 4
" "
"
! 8 "
" "
>2
"
4 " " /
" #
$ %& % %
"
#
! .
" $ %
" 4
$ %
" - "
#
0 F ())( . "& 2
' 4 0 0 = @ = , "
= " , ();; 2 2 , 9
9 - 0 3 , 0 0 E "
= 0 ()*) 0 0 " , 3 2 9
9 E " 0 9 0
0
= ();D ! "& C 9
, )&(DA4>)
= " , ()** 2 " &
. 0 8 C . = C = $ % 2 0 "&
0 , ! 9
0 " @ > E " 2 0 @K (6A4(*D
()*A , "& , " "
0 5 0' 0 0
' ()** = & 8 2 " ,
0 2 : " = 8 9 . C
, , ' $ % ()** 8 : ," & 8
0 8 9 , " ,
@ (( 8 , E " 0 8 6(47;
()*) = , "& , 9 " 9 2 2 # E
B " B 0 ()*A 2 "
& 8 ();;4()*A 8 0 = @ 6
B " B ()** 3 ,
0 , " = . @ 9 2 9 0
. E "
B C = ();; . " ,
C ()*D ," 9
0 : . F : . B "
C @ 0 ()*A 0 # F " ,
2 , & , 8 - 8 8,0
2 2 @ 6 8
: K ())A 4 9 & 0
E 2 9 9 9
0 0 " B E "
C ())( 9 & 0 ,
' 9 2
()*A 9 8 A @ K & 2
, B ())( 2 " & 0 B " E
0 E " 2
()** @ ,
" B 8
. 9 C , , ' ()** 8 : ," &
8 0 8 9 , "
, @ (( 8 , E " 0 8
. 9 ()*; ' '3 &
'3 E " 2
