Tropentag 2017 International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development

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Tropentag 2017

International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development

Future Agriculture:

Socio-ecological transitions and bio-cultural shifts

Book of abstracts

Editor: Eric Tielkes

Reviewers/scientific committee: Folkard Asch, Mathias Becker, Wolfgang Bokelmann, Christian Borgemeister, Andreas Buerkert,

Georg Cadisch, Patrick van Damme, Peter Dannenberg, Manfred Denich, Uta Dickhöfer, Bettina Eichler-Löbermann,

Falko Feldmann, Bernhard Freyer, Thomas Heckelei, Brigitte Kaufmann, Kirsten Kienzler, Matthias Langensiepen, Joachim Müller, Elke Pawelzik, Eva Schlecht, Andreas Thiel,

Bernhard Tischbein, Stephan Winter

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Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek

Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detailierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar.

Tropentag 2017: Future Agriculture: Social-ecological transitions and bio-cultural shifts, Tielkes, E. (ed.) 1. Aufl. - Göttingen: Cuvillier, 2017

Telefax: 0551-54724-21 http://www.cuvillier.de

The authors of the articles are solely responsible for the content of their contribution.

Gedruckt auf umweltfreundlichem, säurefreiem Papier aus nachhaltiger Forstwirtschaft.

textbfISBN: 978-3-9801686-7-0 textbfeISBN: 978-3-9801686-7-0

Online-Version: http://www.tropentag.de/

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Preface

Tropentag is an annual international conference on food security, natural resource management and rural development. Tropentag 2017 is organised by the University of Bonn, Germany, jointly with the Council for Tropical and Subtropical Research (ATSAF e.V) in cooperation with the GIZ Advisory Service on Agricultural Re- search for Development (BEAF). This year’s Conference theme is “Future Agricul- ture: social-ecological transitions and bio-cultural shifts”.

Future agriculture is by definition an emerging phenomenon. It is continuously in the making, while present visions of the future turn into history. Vast stretches of land in developing countries are being put to new uses, with new forms of governance, new ownership patterns and new forms of production. Particularly agricultural systems are undergoing drastic changes, unfolding an enormous transformative power and affect- ing millions of people.

System-immanent attributes such as visions, aspirations, cultural specifics and production factor availability shape the response of land users to growing external pres- sures such as climate change, market demands, land degradation, emerging diseases and policies. In addition to such social-ecological transitions, substantial bio-cultural shifts occur and are imposed by centrally-planned establishments of large-scale intensification (or conservation) corridors and protection zones, or are associated with infrastructure development and urbanisation processes. A wide array of resulting response pathways and land use or production strategies emerge that may be beneficial for rural and urban populations, but can also lead to abandonment of land, migration and conflicts.

Three dominant land-use types are emerging, comprising the diversification or specialisation in low-input small-holder systems, the intensification of agricultural production on large and medium-sized farms, and conservation of natural resources in national parks, community-managed conservancies and game reserves. The three processes are sometimes competing and overlapping with each other, thereby creating regionally diverse configurations of land-use patterns.

1. Generating income or sustaining livelihood from small land holdings and often under conditions of poor resource base quality increasingly involves a shift towards diversification or in specialisation to high-value niche products. Such 3

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to markets or the willingness of consumers to pay premium prices for spe- cialty products. Diversification is exemplified by (certified) organic production systems. Specialisation may involve the production of spices / medicinal plants or of sticky pigmented rice. While requiring only small land holdings to ensure livelihood of the household, such strategies tend to be labour- and/or knowledge-intensive, entailing production risks through high dependencies on specific markets and value chains, and often requiring new forms of social organisation.

2. Spaces of irrigated food production and of agro-industrial products for export are mostly concentrated in high-potential areas with favourable resource bases, resulting in the establishment of capital-intensive agro-hubs with far-reaching consequences for local livelihoods. Agricultural intensification is often insti- gated by massive capital flows guided by international agreements and global value-chain development, but also responding to transformative processes at national and regional scales such as growth of urban centres, the rise of a new middle class with new patterns of consumption, and the introduction of modern technologies.

3. Conservation seems to take the opposite direction, because agricultural and pas- toral forms of land use are marginalized or even excluded from the conservation areas. Over the past years, parks and protection zones have mushroomed, im- plemented under the guidance of international organizations and programs. In addition, private land owners and local communities are establishing smaller community-managed conservancies. Zones of conservation are not only seen as attractions for tourists, but may act as carbon sinks and a response to climate change or biodiversity loss.

At a first glance, it may seem as if these three avenues of land-use change are heading in opposite directions. However, they all respond to global regulatory regimes and incentive structures, leading to a transformation of nature and social ecologies. As a consequence, such avenues of land-use change converge in massive transformations of local livelihoods. Some occur gradually over extended periods of time, entailing an ‘evolutionary’ social-ecological transformation. Others are more drastic and im- plemented rapidly and at large scale, resulting in ‘revolutionary’ biocultural shifts.

What are the implications of such developments and change processes for food security, resource base quality, rural well-being, and in general for ‘future agriculture’, and where are the challenges and research needs? Can intensification strategies with support from engineering, agricultural chemistry and modern breeding meet the ex-

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pectations and targets formulated in the sustainable development goals? What are the social and environmental trade-offs? Where and when are small-holder low-input strategies the way forward to reaching the goals? Where are the social-ecological niches for high- and low-input approaches and how can these apparently antagonistic strategies be reconciled for future rural well-being?

These questions and related topics will be addressed in plenary key note lectures and in presentations and poster contributions organised in 24 thematic sessions. Special emphasis in this year will be given to agroforestry systems with contributions of this year’s CGIAR feature partner, the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). A ‘new’ area of Tropentag 2017 is the expansion from the ‘classical’ tropical and subtropical envi- ronments to include land use changes and production challenges in Central Asia.

We hope that the scientific contributions in this book will help you to find answers to the important research and development questions and to the “future agriculture”

theme. We wish you an enjoyable and rewarding conference.

The organising committee of Tropentag 2017

Mathias Becker Christian Borgemeister Kai Behn

Eric Tielkes

Bonn, September 2017

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Message from Federal Minister Müller

Dear Participants of this year’s Tropentag,

Hunger is the greatest preventable scandal on our planet - preventable because the earth can produce enough food to feed everyone. We can overcome hunger and mal- nutrition if we want to - and if we make it a priority to do so.

By 2050 the world population will probably have grown to 10 billion people. To feed all these people adequately, productivity levels will have to increase by 60 per cent.

As a consequence, the agricultural systems in the tropics and the sub-tropics in particular will come under great pressure to adapt. This means that tropical rainforests are under particular threat of conversion to pasture or cropland.

We cannot continue along this path. Rather, we need to find a new model for sustainable agricultural production and rural development. The last great step change in agriculture, sometimes referred to as the “green revolution” was geared very heavily towards increasing production - too often at great cost to biodiversity, soil and forests.

What we really need are higher yields achieved by production methods that take into account the limits of our planet. People working in the agricultural sector must be- come problem solvers and come up with new production methods that conserve our planet’s resources and climate. In other words, production methods that are good for both mankind and nature.

Germany needs to lead the way. That is why the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development launched the ONEWORLD– NOHUNGERinitiative in 2014 and has since invested 1.5 billion euros a year in food, agriculture and rural development. Since its launch, the special initiative has developed into a broad- based nationwide alliance, with more than 75 participating members from science and academia, church organisations, civil society and the private sector.

I am pleased that the scientific community is active in this alliance. We need their input, since agricultural innovation will be the driving force behind advances in productivity and resource efficiency. We shall be able to transition to a modern, market- oriented yet resource-sparing agricultural system only if we have access to knowledge, markets, capital and production inputs and can draw on superior organisation and infrastructure.

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main topic of the 2017 Tropentag, which is being held here in Bonn, the German

‘capital’ of development policy, for the fourth time.

An expected 750 experts from 72 countries will make the Tropentag the biggest inter- disciplinary conference for development-focused research on tropical and sub-tropical agriculture, resource management and rural development.

I wish you all a successful conference, and look forward to this event producing ideas and outcomes that will point the way forward not only to sustainable agricultural production but also to ways of improving the long-term prospects for rural areas.

Dr. Gerd Müller

Federal Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development

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Plenary speeches 11

1. Plants and land use 15

1) Biodiversity and underutilised species 17

2) Land use and land use change 45

3) Crop biotic stresses (DPG Session) 69

4) Biomass, biofuel and bioeconomy 97

2. Plants and soil 117

1) Soil and soil fertlity 119

2) Fertilisers 147

3) Production systems 175

4) Crop genetic resources and abiotic stress 199

3. Resources and knowledge 223

1) Water and irrigation 225

2) Modelling 245

3) ICRAF session 267

4) Knowledge systems 291

4. Animals and food 319

1) Animal husbandry 321

2) Animal nutrition 347

3) Agricultural and food technology 381

4) Agrobiodiversity and nutrition diversity 407

5. Economics 431

1) Markets 433

2) Value chains 451

3) Risk and awareness 475

4) Institutions and livelihood 499

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1) Central Asia I 527

2) BMEL session 547

3) GIZ session: Scaling Out - Cooperation between Research and

Development 557

4) Central Asia II 561

Index of authors 567

Index of keywords 583

Index of abstract IDs 597

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Plenary speeches

ANTHONYSIMONS:

The Future of Agriculture: “Land-Use Change” or

“Land Changing Uses”? 12

BINAAGARWAL:

Rethinking the Way We Farm 13

MARTINKROPFF:

The Future of Agriculture: Which Way to Go? 14

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The Future of Agriculture: “Land-Use Change” or

“Land Changing Uses”?

ANTHONYSIMONS

World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Office of the Director General, Kenya

Throughout history when it comes to feeding humanity we have moved through four main phases. In the first phase, we had 140,000 years of being hunter-gatherers and we got pretty good at it such that we were able to colonise most of the planet. Ten thousand years ago in the second phase we became rudimentary cultivators and in several locations created large enough food surpluses to enable population clusters of non-cultivators to form. Not all cultivators produced surplus though and many just subsisted or perished. The third phase over the past 500 years, albeit happening at different rates in different places, saw agriculture emerge as a major commercial en- terprise and both provided livelihoods for rural dwellers as well as fed growing urban populations but this came at a high environmental and habitat use cost. And sadly in the developing world the subsisters and perishers still predominated. The “mod- ernisation of agriculture” being the most recent fourth phase has seen food being produced from a third of all terrestrial land (1.5 billion hectares of arable land and 2.8 billion hectares of rangeland and pastures). This phase includes everything from the Asian Green Revolution, to factory farming to satellite guided machinery, but again disgracefully is augmented by a majority of subsisters. So after 5000 generations of humanity it seems pretty clear that agricultural landscapes are too important to ‘only’

serve the function of food production. Agricultural landscapes must also serve environmental, social and economic functions as laid out in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Agricultural land needs to broaden its uses rather than changing more land to agriculture – not just for better functioning but also as we are running out of land. This presentation explores how trees - the longest lived lifeforms on Earth can deliver multiple benefits for the SDGs and to secure life on Earth. It sets out an agenda – including for research – on how we might secure these benefits while improving the way agriculture is carried out in both tropical and temperate settings. The presentation sets the ambition for transformation of agriculture and rural land management systems to be sustainable based on improving their productive resilience in an diversified and equitable manner.

Contact Address: Anthony Simons, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Office of the Director General, Off Un Avenue Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya, e-mail: t.simons@cgiar.org

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Tropentag 2017 – Invited Paper

Rethinking the Way We Farm

BINAAGARWAL

University of Manchester, Development Economics and Environment, United Kingdom We stand today at a cross-road. We have a crisis not just of agriculture but of the rural economy itself. Some 80 per cent of farmers in developing countries are small (cul- tivating 2 hectares or less) and increasingly female, as more men than women move to non-farm jobs. They face challenges in accessing land, other inputs, technology and markets, and live under a growing shadow of climate change on the one hand and inadequate growth of alternative job options on the other. In addition, decades of agricultural intensification and shifts to monocultures have left in their wake depleting soils, falling watertables, and disappearing crop diversity. Clearly we need to rethink the way we farm, not just technologically, but more fundamentally, insti- tutionally. The global debate on food security and the kinds of farming systems that could prove economically and ecologically sustainable has focused overwhelmingly on small family farms versus large commercial farms, with little attention to alternative models based on farmer cooperation. Drawing on examples especially from South Asia, this talk will examine the nature of the agrarian crises and potential alternative pathways.

Contact Address: Bina Agarwal, University of Manchester, Development Economics and Environment, Oxford Road, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom, e-mail: bina.agarwal@manchester.ac.uk

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The Future of Agriculture: Which Way to Go?

MARTINKROPFF

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico

The question remains whether we can increase food production by 2050 to meet the demand of growing populations and their changing dietary habits, while also developing economically and adapting to increasing pressure from climate change, depleting natural resources and com- petition for land.

For many, development is defined by the “demographic transition” from largely rural agrarian societies to a predominantly urban industrial society. That being said, there is still a massive disparity between high economic growth and progress in the fight for food and nutrition security. Agriculture needs to go through a major transformation to bridge this gap — and the good news is that in many ways it already is.

What needs to happen next?

Firstly, we need to shift our thinking from agriculture to agri-food systems and from fields to landscapes. In addition to farmers, consumers, processors and distributors play a pivotal role in the availability, quality, sustainability and safety of food products. Nutritional and food security is not just being driven by what happens on the farm, but by many other factors along the pathway from gene discovery to food on a plate. The key to a food-secure future is how we harmonise and align these different interests, understand trade-offs and work multidisciplinary.

Secondly, agriculture must be an exciting and economically viable business to attract and re- tain new generations. Rural infrastructure and services, business skills, farmer organisations, entrepreneurship and technology are key to making this happen. Addressing youth-specific as well as larger social inclusion issues via policies will be important. What kind of environment does agriculture need now to thrive in 30 years?

Linked to this is the need for a technological revolution in agriculture. Although many technologies are available, we need to move them beyond the research stage to end users. Advances in genomics and remote sensing, to name a few technological innovations, can be used to increase food production and ease pressure on natural resources.

Achieving this agricultural transformation requires a better integration of research domains and sharing research infrastructure and data, to better leverage global expertise and technologies, according to a recent CIMMYT-led article published in the journal Science. Creating the next generation of Global Crop Improvement Networks presents a new partnership opportunity for CGIAR and German researchers, development practitioners and policy-makers.

Germany has a long history of investing in Laendliche Entwicklung. This could lead the way in encouraging new collaborative paradigms, encompassing a broad range of stakeholders at different stages of the research-to-development cycle, to help build resilient agri-food systems.

Contact Address: Martin Kropff, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batán, Mexico, e-mail: m.kropff@cgiar.org

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Plants and land use

1) Biodiversity and underutilised species 17

2) Land use and land use change 45

3) Crop biotic stresses (DPG Session) 69

4) Biomass, biofuel and bioeconomy 97

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Biodiversity and underutilised species

Invited Paper

ELENAPOPOVA, CHARLOTTEE. LUSTY, LUIGIGUARINO: Building a Global System for ex situ Conservation of Crop

Diversity 20

Oral Presentations

KATHARINASTEIN, KATHRINSTENCHLY, DRISSACOULIBALY, ALAINPAULY, INGOLFSTEFFAN-DEWENTER, SOULEYMANE

KONATÉ, DETHARDT GOETZE, STEFAN POREMBSKI, KARL- EDUARDLINSENMAIR:

Bee Pollinator Communities and Human Disturbance in West African Savannahs – Implications for Crop Yield? 21 KAIBEHN, SAMUELMUTEBI, MIGUELALVAREZ:

Diversity of East African Wetland Vegetation: A Classifica- tion Based on Current and Historic Surveys 22 NEEMAMOGHA, COLLINSHANDA, MIGUELALVAREZ, BODO

MÖSELER, HELLENKAMIRI:

Plant Communities Changes in Relation to Land Uses and Soil Properties in Malinda Wetland, Tanzania 23 MIRJAMPULLEMAN, PABLOSILES, EDWINGARCIA, CARSTEN

MAROHN, MELANIEMASON, ORLANDOTELLEZ, ELBIS

CHAVARRIA, EMILYWEBSTER:

Agroforestry-Based Restoration and Enhanced Resilience of Agricultural Production through Adaptation of Smallholder

Farming Systems, Nicaragua 24

Posters

PEDRO DANIEL PARDO VILLEGAS, PATRICIA LANDAVERDE

GONZALEZ, SVENWAGNER:

Vegetation-Based Indicators for Assessing Ecosystem Services of Cacao Agroforestry Systems, Buffer Zone of Abiseo River

National Park, Peru 26

STEFANIECHRISTMANN, ATHANASIOSTSIVELIKAS, ABDEL-

LAHBENBYA:

Farmers Have Too Low Knowledge to Protect and Benefit from Native Pollinators – Insight from Morocco 27

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STEFANIE CHRISTMANN, MOULAY SHRIF SMAILI, ABDEL-

LAHBENBYA, TOSHPULOTRAJABOV, ATHANASIOSTSIVELIKAS: Farming with Alternative Pollinators Creates High Incentives for Farmers for Pollinator Friendly Agriculture 28 ISABELMADALENO:

Flora Grown and Traded in Panama City, in the 16^thCentury

and Nowadays 29

LINDAHILGERS, PHILIPBECKSCHÄFER, CHRISTOPHKLEINN: Enhancing Biodiversity – Identification of Conservation Corridors in a Plantation Dominated Landscape in the

Mekong Region 30

DÉBORAH OLIVEIRA, PATRÍCIA MELO, ARNE CIERJACKS, JARCILENEALMEIDA-CORTEZ:

Where Are the Young Umbuzeiros? How Managed Areas Influence the Recruitment of Spondias tuberosa Câm. (Ana-

cardiaceae) in Northeastern Brazil 31

EDUARDO ALBERTO LARA REIMERS, EDUARDO ANTONIO

LARARODRIGUEZ, JUANMANUELZEPEDA DELVALLE, ELOY

FERNÁNDEZCUSIMAMANI, ZBYNEKPOLESNY, LUKASPAWERA: Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in the

Zacatecas State, Mexico 32

ALEXANDR ROLLO, BOHDAN LOJKA, MARIE KALOUSOVÁ, BOHUMILMANDÁK, MARIAMARGARIDARIBEIRO:

Genetic Structure in Wild and Cultivated Populations of Inga edulis Mart. (Fabaceae) in Peruvian Amazon 33 STACYHAMMOND, IVAVIEHMANNOVÁ, JIRIZAMECNIK:

Slow-Growth in vitro Conservation of Ullucus tuberosus (Loz.),

an Andean Tuber Crop 34

MIGUELALVAREZ, CONSTANZELEEMHUIS, GEOFREYGABIRI, KAIBEHN, SONJABURGHOF:

Hydrological Gradients in a Tanzanian Floodplain: The Potential Use of Indicator Plants for Bio-Monitoring 35 SILKELICHTENBERG, ELISABETHHUBER-SANNWALD, JUAN

ANTONIOREYES-AGÜERO, UDONEHREN:

The Use of Pau-Brasil (Paubrasilia echinata Lam.) for Making Violin Bows: A Social-Ecological System Analysis

Linking Environment and Art 36

ANDREARUEDIGER:

Securing Access to Seed – An Institutional Analysis of Infor- mal Seed Assistance in Eastern Ethiopia 37

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Biodiversity and underutilised species – Contents MDKAMALHOSSAIN, BARBARASTURM, ALEXANDERQUADT,

OLIVERHENSEL:

A Sustainable Natural Resource (Moringa oleifera) in Tropi- cal and Sub-Tropical Areas: An Intensive Literature Review 38 HARRIETGENDALL:

Remembering ‘Mauka’: Biocultural Diversity Conservation and the Case of the ‘lost’ Andean Crop Mirabilis expansa

(Ruíz & Pav.) Standley 39

DUNJA MIJATOVIC, MAEDEH SALIMI, HELGA GRUBERG

CAZÓN, REUBENMENDAKORSHABONG, ALEJANDROGONZ-

ÁLEZ ÁLVAREZ, SAJAL STHAPIT, STANLEY ZIRA, GHANI-

MATAZHDARI, SONTHANAMANEERATTANACHAIYONG, AL-

BERTOTARRAZARODRÍGUEZ, EPSHAPALIKHEY, LALWAKKUM-

BURE, NATALIAESTRADA-CARMONA, TOBYHODGKIN: Adaptive Management of Agrobiodiversity in Biocultural Land-

scapes: Experiences from the Field 40

KERSTIN FISCHER, JULIET JABATY, ALIMOU CAMARA, SANDRA DIEDERICH, THOMAS HOENEN, ANNE BALKEMA- BUSCHMANN, ANDREAS MÜLLER, ROLAND SULUKU, KRISTINAMARIASCHMIDT, CÉCILETROUPIN, BASHIRUKO-

ROMA, FELIXTINA JONSYN-ELLIS, NOEL TORDO, THOMAS

C. METTENLEITER, MARTINH. GROSCHUP:

Ebola Foresight: The Role of Livestock and Wildlife Species

in the Biology of Filoviruses 42

TERESAROJASLARA, DANIELMERDES:

Linking up Wildlife Conservation and Climate Change Mitigation: The Case of Orangutans in Indonesia 43

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Building a Global System for ex situ Conservation of Crop Diversity

ELENAPOPOVA, CHARLOTTEE. LUSTY, LUIGIGUARINO Global Crop Diversity Trust, Germany

The Global Crop Diversity Trust (the Crop Trust) is an independent international organisation established in 2004 by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the international agricultural research centres (IARCs) of the CGIAR (formerly the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) as a worldwide response to the problems of food insecurity, poverty and environmental degradation. Specif- ically, the Crop Trust is raising an endowment to provide long-term funding for the conservation of priority collections of crop diversity around the world. At a time when environmental and human demands are placing an unprecedented strain on agriculture the world over, it is critical to conserve plant genetic resources for food and agriculture to guarantee that farmers and plant breeders continue to have access to the raw materials they need to improve and adapt their crops – to provide food and income for us all in the future, while preserving the environment. The Crop Trust endowment provides that guarantee. The Crop Trust and the endowment it manages constitute an integral part of the financial strategy of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. The strategic ex situ conservation activities sup- ported by the Crop Trust from its endowment (and from additional project funding) on the basis of its Fund Disbursement Strategy on the one hand, and the priority in situ activities supported by the Treaty’s Benefit Sharing Fund on the other, are equally important, complementary efforts to conserve and sustainably use plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. The urgency of such efforts is increasing, not least because of pressure on food production systems from climate change.

Keywords: Agrobiodiversity, conservation, genebank

Contact Address: Luigi Guarino, Global Crop Diversity Trust, Platz der Vereinten Nationen, 53113 Bonn, Germany, e-mail: luigi.guarino@gmail.com

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Biodiversity and underutilised species — Oral Presentations

Bee Pollinator Communities and Human Disturbance in West African Savannahs – Implications for Crop Yield?

KATHARINASTEIN1, KATHRINSTENCHLY2, DRISSACOULIBALY3, ALAIN

PAULY4, INGOLFSTEFFAN-DEWENTER1, SOULEYMANEKONATÉ3, DETHARDT

GOETZE5, STEFANPOREMBSKI5, KARL-EDUARDLINSENMAIR1

1University of Wuerzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Institute of Bioscience, Dept. of Animal Ecol- ogy and Tropical Biology, Germany

2University of Kassel, Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics (OPATS), Germany

3University Nangui Abrogoua, Dept. of Res. in Ecology and Biodiversity, Ivory Coast

4Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Department of Entomology, Belgium

5University of Rostock, Inst. of Biological Sciences, Dept. of Botany and Botanical Garden, Germany

In many parts of the world pollinators and pollination services are threatened by land use changes involving degradation of semi-natural habitats or the conversion into agricultural land.

Such disturbances are often leading to lowered pollinator abundances or diversity thereby increasing risks to humans by e.g. lower crop yield. Our study is the first of its kind in West Africa to monitor bee community changes across gradients of human disturbance and the functional consequences thereof. Bee species richness, abundance and diversity was monitored by pan traps during 22 months covering two rainy and two dry seasons in 2014 until 2015.

Traps were installed in savannah plots of varying disturbance intensities (low, moderate, high) and in nearby cotton and sesame fields. Species richness was stable at all sites. Whereas bee abundance increased with intensified land use, bee diversity decreased significantly. Bee communities in the moderate and high disturbed sites comprise only subsets of the communities in the least disturbed site. Crop yield in cotton was positively associated with bee abundance regardless of disturbance intensity. No correlation was found in sesame. Particularly wild bees were relevant for crop productivity even when honey bees were abundant. Hence, the presence of specific species in a pollinator community drives the positive pollinator abundance – pollination service relationship, in particular for fruit set. Retention of diverse bee communities is important because species are likely to vary in sensitivity to different disturbances, making service provision more stable. A clear spillover of bees from savannah into cotton fields was observed during the rainy season when crops are mass flowering indicating that agricultural areas serve as important food resources for bee species in times when resources in the savannah are scarce. Even though our study did not reveal negative effects of disturbance on crop yield, the results nevertheless emphasise the importance of the conservation and restoration of diverse pollinator communities to maintain their pollination service and hence human benefits.

Keywords: Abundance, bees, Burkina Faso, diversity, floral resources, pollination, seasonal variation, spillover, sub-Saharan Africa

Contact Address: Katharina Stein, University of Wuerzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Institute of Bioscience, Dept. of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Josef-Martin-Weg 52, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany, e-mail: katharina.stein@uni-wuerzburg.de

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Diversity of East African Wetland Vegetation: A Classification Based on Current and Historic Surveys

KAIBEHN1, SAMUELMUTEBI2, MIGUELALVAREZ1 1University of Bonn, Inst. Crop Sci. and Res. Conserv. (INRES), Germany

2Makerere University, Department of Botany, Uganda

Wetlands in East Africa are important ecosystems for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service provisioning. Due to their suitability for crop production, the use of wetlands is getting increasingly intensified as food demand rises. In consequence, wetlands are at high risk of degradation, especially when land use changes include the establishment of drainage infrastructure. In order to project sustainable management strategies and conservation plans, it is crucial to understand structures and dynamics of wetlands. Plant communities reflect ecological conditions and degrees of disturbances and may hence be used as bio-indicators. While many published works have been focused on classification of East African wetland vegetation, consistent classification schemes for the region are still missing. We hence conducted detailed studies of vegetation in two different wetland ecosystems in East Africa. The first site is the low- land floodplain of the Kilombero river in Tanzania, which is characterised by Tropical Savannah climate and two distinct rainy and dry seasons. The second site is located in Central Uganda and consists of small inland valleys with a climate at the transition between Tropical Monsoon and Tropical Rainforest. While at both study sites patches of natural vegetation and long-term fallows can be found, cultivation of rice is the dom- inating form of land use. We sampled vegetation in nearly 400 plots, each 4 m²size.

They were chosen along gradients of land use intensity and flooding duration. A classification of the plots was conducted based on species composition using the Cocktail- Classification method. Formal definitions of plant communities were developed and compiled to an expert system and then applied in the classification of data stored in the vegetation-plot database “SWEA-Dataveg” (http://www.givd.info/ID/AF-00- 006). In the study area, 18 plant communities were identified, of which most belong to the phytosociological classes of Phragmito-Magno-Caricetea (marshes and reeds) and Oryzetea sativae (weed and pioneer vegetation). While the two study sites did not share any communities, 9 were recognised in the database with the developed definitions. Integration of these results and literature resulted in an overview of East African wetland vegetation with reference to ecological conditions, degree of disturbance and geographic distribution for each unit.

Keywords: Classification, East Africa, land use changes, plant communities, vegeta- tion ecology, wetland

Contact Address: Kai Behn, University of Bonn, Inst. Crop Sci. and Res. Conserv. (INRES), Nussallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany, e-mail: kaibehn@uni-bonn.de

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Biodiversity and underutilised species — Oral Presentations

Plant Communities Changes in Relation to Land Uses and Soil Properties in Malinda Wetland, Tanzania

NEEMAMOGHA1, COLLINSHANDA2, MIGUELALVAREZ3, BODOMÖSELER3, HELLENKAMIRI4

1University of Dar es Salaam, College of Education, Tanzania

2Technical University of Kenya (TUK), School of Biological and life sciences, Kenya

3University of Bonn, Inst. Crop Sci. and Res. Conserv. (INRES), Germany

4Karatina University, Crop Science, Kenya

In East Africa, demographic growth, inter-generational inheritance of land, increasing land scarcity in the highland areas, degradation of upland soils and inter-annual rain variability is increasing cropping pressure on seasonal and nearly permanent wetlands. This study was carried out between 2008 and 2016 in order to find the changes of plant communities in Malinda wetland due to intensity of land use which results into changes of soil properties which impacts the functions of wetland ecosystems and on potential productivity of the soils. A first survey and plant communities character- istics in the area was firstly done in 2008 and a rapid appraisal with key informants was carried out to determine the characteristic land uses and to collect information on land use history of the area. Four land use types were determine which include unused part with domination of wetland vegetation, fairly used area with minimal grazing during dry period of the year, high intensity used area dominated by horticulture and fallow land which has been left after use or is used for yearly grazing. According to prefer- ential sampling, 40 plots of size 10 m²representing the main types of land uses were selected. In those plots all species and their estimated abundance as percentage cover were recorded. In each plot soil samples of the layer 0–15 cm were taken for soil chemical analysis. The same sampling techniques and procedure were repeated in the year 2016. The vegetation was classified by using hierarchical clustering technique and the relationships between species composition (land uses and plant communities) and soil properties of the wetland. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was applied and the vegetation was classified into ten plant communities (clusters), five of them were weed communities of croplands while the remaining plant communities were from fallow, grazing land and unused part of wetland. There was no great difference in vegetation composition and plant communities obtained between the period of eight years. Both showed almost the same species composition and the plant communities were determined by soil exchangeable K, electric conductivity and pH according to ordination analysis.

Keywords: East Africa, land degradation, soil properties, use intensity, wetland

Contact Address: Neema Mogha, University of Dar es Salaam, College of Education, P.O. Box 2329, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, e-mail: moghang@yahoo.com

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Agroforestry-Based Restoration and Enhanced Resilience of Agricultural Production through Adaptation of Smallholder

Farming Systems, Nicaragua

MIRJAMPULLEMAN1, PABLOSILES2, EDWINGARCIA3, CARSTENMAROHN4, MELANIEMASON5,2, ORLANDOTELLEZ2, ELBISCHAVARRIA2,

EMILYWEBSTER6 1Wageningen University and Research, The Netherlands

2International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Nicaragua

3International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Honduras

4University of Hohenheim, Inst. of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg- Institute), Germany

5University of Copenhagen, Agricultural Development, Denmark

6University of California, Dept. of Plant and Environmental Sciences, United States of America

Rural communities in the Dry Corridor of Central America are highly vulnerable to the consequences of soil and land degradation, and climate change. Smallholder farmers traditionally produce grain crops on steep hillsides through slash-and-burn agriculture, increasingly combined with small-scale cattle farming. Only 3% of the original forest cover remains. The ARA (Agroforestry for Restoration of Agroe- cosystems) project aims to restore degraded land, enhance agroecosystem productivity, profitability and resilience, and generate ecosystem services through agroforestry systems. Between 2008 and 2013 a platform of 25 on-farm experiments, representing three different communities in the Dry Corridor of Nicaragua, was established. The platform has served different objectives: (i) participatory adaptation of agroforestry systems; (ii) research to understand and quantify the impacts of agroforestry-based interventions on ecosystem services, including crop production, and farmer revenues (iii) training of farmers and technicians and knowledge sharing to facilitate out scaling. Agroforestry systems included Quesungual, a maize-bean system intercropped with trees and established through selective clearing and pruning of regenerated trees.

Five land use systems were established/selected on the participating farms: Tradi- tional slash-and-burn maize-bean system (TCS), Quesungual Agroforestry (AFS), Secondary forest (SF), Naturalized pastures (NP) and Improved silvopastoral systems (SPS). Crop and forage production, soil fertility, soil erosion, C sequestration and biodiversity was monitored from 2013 to 2016. Results confirm that AFS and SPS can improve tree diversity conservation and carbon storage, while maintaining (maize) or increasing (bean) production. Collection of detailed soil, plant, microcli- mate and meteorological data allowed for the modelling of tree-crop interactions and land use scenarios to further evaluate impacts of Quesungual on ecosystem services.

Contact Address: Mirjam Pulleman, Wageningen University and Research, KM 17, Recta Cali-Palmira, CP 763537 Palmira, The Netherlands, e-mail: Mirjam.Pulleman@wur.nl

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Biodiversity and underutilised species — Oral Presentations A detailed study on adoption rates and factors at the community level showed steadily increasing levels of adoption (up to 39 % of households in 2016). Strong support through capacity building was identified as a key factor to further enhance adoption.

Despite increasing adoption rates and beneficial impacts of AFS and SPS on ecosystem services and production, further improvements in production systems are needed.

A synthesis of key lessons from the project and reflections on future directions and research priorities will be presented.

Keywords: Adoption, agricultural productivity, agroforestry, Central America, ecosys- tem services, land restoration, Nicaragua, resilience, soil fertility

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Vegetation-Based Indicators for Assessing Ecosystem Services of Cacao Agroforestry Systems, Buffer Zone of Abiseo River

National Park, Peru

PEDRODANIELPARDOVILLEGAS1, PATRICIALANDAVERDEGONZALEZ2, SVENWAGNER3

1Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Biology School/ Dept. of Ecology, Guatemala

2Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Division of Zoology, Germany

3Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection, Germany This research aimed to identify vegetation structural attributes capable of perform- ing as indicators for the assessment of support and provision services of the cacao agroforestry systems. This was done by setting up a comparison between the cacao agroforestry systems, the cacao plantation, and the natural forest in the buffer zone of the National Park ‘Rio Abiseo’, in the Peruvian amazon. The comparison was carried out under the assumption that structural attributes of the vegetation, such as the tree diversity (richness and evenness) and composition, forest structure (DBH, height, vertical layers, shrub and herbaceous cover, and diversity and composition of saplings) and coarse woody debris (snags, logs, and litter depth) can be indicative of supporting and provisioning services. The supporting services were focused on the provision of suitable habitat for the jaguar (Panthera onca) and the San Martin’s titi monkey (Callicebus oenanthe) while the provisioning services focused on the aver- age monthly income (USD per ha) from cacao production. The structural attributes were measured and compared in modified Whittaker plots (0,1 ha) set in the cacao agroforestry systems (19 plots), cacao plantations (21), and natural forests (20). A principal component analysis and a constrained correspondence analysis (with a per- mutation test) were used to compare different systems. These analyses allowed the identification of the presence of a shrub cover, the layer of trees between 16 and 20m tall, the presence of snags, the average tree height, and the layer of trees between 5 and 15m tall, as significant vegetation structural attributes for the assessment of the ecosystem services in the different systems. These attributes can guide the decision- making process in the buffer zone of the National Park to assure habitat provision, particularly for the endemic species of titi monkey of San Martin. At the same time, it can assure the sustainable production of cacao and the livelihoods of human communities that depend on the ecosystem services of the buffer zone of the National Park Rio Abiseo.

Keywords: Cacao agroforestry systems, ecosystem services, indicators, National Park Rio Abiseo, Peruvian amazon

Contact Address: Pedro Daniel Pardo Villegas, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Biol- ogy School/ Dept. of Ecology, 2a. Avenida 38-54 zona 8, 01008 Guatemala, Guatemala, e-mail:

pepardavil@gmail.com

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Biodiversity and underutilised species — Posters

Farmers Have Too Low Knowledge to Protect and Benefit from Native Pollinators – Insight from Morocco

STEFANIECHRISTMANN1, ATHANASIOSTSIVELIKAS1, ABDELLAHBENBYA2 1International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Morocco

2University Mohammed-V, Dept. of Biology, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biotech- nology, Morocco

In 2016 The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosys- tem Services (IPBES) showed that agricultural production is now twice as dependent on pollinators than five decades ago, but pollinator decline accelerates globally, in particular in agricultural lands. Farmers cannot protect, what they do not see or recognise or value. Knowledgeable farmers are crucial for pollinator protection. In 2016 the knowledge of 110 male and female smallholder farmers (0.4 – 2.5 ha) in the Rabat-Salé-Kenitra region (Morocco) has been assessed by a standardised question- naire. On average, farmers know only 1.4 pollinator species except honeybees. 23 out of 110 farmers had collaborated with beekeepers, but not for improved pollination of their crops. They had invited the beekeepers to bring hives, because according to local arrangements a farmer providing flowers gets a share of the honey as in kind payment. Despite availability in their agricultural lands no farmer is able to recognise nests of pollinators or predators. Though all farmers produced at least one pollinator dependent crop, only 19 % were aware that they need pollinators in their fields. They did not know for which crops pollination is essential, for which crop pollination has great, modest or little impact, they were e.g. much more concerned about pollination of tomato than of apple. As apple flowers in early spring, pollination by honeybees is often hampered by rain or cold days without sun. Farmers lacking knowledge might take wrong decisions in case of crop failure. All farmers enlarged fields reducing valuable pollinator habitats in field edges since the year 2000. Also the farmers increased the use of insecticides and fungicides on average by 54 % since 2000. There is very little literature on farmers’ knowledge on pollinators, but according to the samples the knowledge in Morocco is comparatively low. There was nearly no difference between literate and illiterate farmers. Therefore, obligatory lessons on pollinators is recommended for primary and secondary schools. Involvement of mass media would be useful.

Keywords: Formal education, habitat, honeybees, IPBES, wild pollinators

Contact Address: Stefanie Christmann, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), c/o ICARDA BP 6299 Rabat Institutes, 10112 Rabat, Morocco, e-mail:

s.christmann@cgiar.org

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Farming with Alternative Pollinators Creates High Incentives for Farmers for Pollinator Friendly Agriculture

STEFANIECHRISTMANN1, MOULAYSHRIFSMAILI2, ABDELLAHBENBYA3, TOSHPULOTRAJABOV4, ATHANASIOSTSIVELIKAS1

1International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Morocco

2Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire d’Entomologie, Morocco

3University Mohammed-V, Dept. of Biology, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biotech- nology, Morocco

4Samarkand State University, Uzbekistan

Currently, environmental research on pollinator decline does not trigger broad protection of pollinators in particular in agricultural landscapes. Prevailing environmental recommendations, e.g. seeding wildflower strips in and between fields, don’t take farmers’ interests into account. Farmers prefer income from the entire area and they regard wildflowers as weeds potentially spreading their seeds all over the field.

Whereas the new agricultural Farming with Alternative Pollinators (FAP) approach uses marketable plants for habitat enhancement and avoids spread of weeds. FAP triggers farmers’ motivation to enhance habitats in fields based on evidence of increased income. FAP measures the impact of enhanced habitats (25 % of the field) on the diversity of pollinators and predators and on the total net income in comparison to control fields having the main crop on 100 % of the field. Pilot projects in Uzbekistan with cucumber and sour cherry as main crops and in Morocco with cucumber as main crop proved high increase of yields of the main crop and higher income per surface based on higher diversity and abundance of pollinators and predators in FAP-fields.

In total income from FAP fields was more than double in comparison to control. The incentive of large income gain makes FAP scalable. FAP obviates the need to reward farmers for pollinator-friendly practices. As insect species highly differ in Central Asia and North Africa the approach proved replicability. Trials on more crops are recommended. In case they demonstrate substantial income increases as well, FAP might have high potential to protect pollinators and simultaneously enhance food security. Currently, the increase of horticulture production is mainly based on increase of area, whereas FAP increases the productivity per ha. Thus FAP might reduce the loss of forests and rangelands for establishment of additional fields and orchards. FAP is applicable also in low income countries, which cannot afford subsidies as e.g. the European Union pays.

Keywords: Habitat zone, intrinsic motivation, marketable plants, self-sustaining

Contact Address: Stefanie Christmann, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), c/o ICARDA BP 6299 Rabat Institutes, 10112 Rabat, Morocco, e-mail:

s.christmann@cgiar.org

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Flora Grown and Traded in Panama City, in the 16

^th

Century and Nowadays

ISABELMADALENO

The University of Lisbon, National Museum of Natural History and Science, Portugal Panama City is located in the Pacific coast of the isthmus that united North and South America somewhere between 15 and 3 million years ago. The capital city of Panama is a tropical modern urban centre that registers about 1,750 mm of rain per year, which favours the growth of food, medicinal herbs, fruit trees and ornamental species in gar- dens and pots. In early 2017, the University of Lisbon conducted a scientific mission to Panama to survey the local flora, in order to compare this flora with the plant species mentioned in the 16^thcentury manuscript of Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo (1526), following a long time project initiated in Brazil in 1997 by the Portuguese Tropical Research Institute. The main objective of the research was to assess the availability of local food, spice and medicines in the early years of European colonisation and to evaluate the contribution of the Portuguese and the Spanish peoples to the evolution of flora consumption and therapeutic application. The current survey included two categories of informants: i) three (3) gardeners devoted to food and medicines cultivation inside the urban area; ii) forty-seven (47) formal and informal traders found in markets, supermarkets, or pharmacies. The results showed that 171 different plant species are offered to the public today against 55 mentioned by the chronicles in early colonisation days. More than half of the species have medicinal uses in our days and about one third are consumed as food. The final research aim is to build a database that permits to study the evolution of Latin American flora and their uses throughout times.

Keywords: Flora, food, Latin America, medicines, Panama, spices

Contact Address: Isabel Madaleno, The University of Lisbon, National Museum of Natural History and Science, Rua Andrade, 8-2ºE, 1170-015 Lisbon, Portugal, e-mail: isabel-madaleno@museus.ulisboa.pt

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Enhancing Biodiversity – Identification of Conservation Corridors in a Plantation Dominated Landscape in the Mekong Region

LINDAHILGERS, PHILIPBECKSCHÄFER, CHRISTOPHKLEINN University of Goettingen, Chair of Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, Germany The rapid expansion of rubber tree plantations (Hevea brasiliensis) and cash crops across southern subtropical China puts high pressure on natural forests and their biodiversity. Xishuangbanna Prefecture in the South of Yunnan Province is particularly affected as here rubber monoculture plantations currently cover about 440,000 ha and have replaced large shares of traditional land use systems and natural rainforests over the past 40 years. Today, contiguous blocks of mature natural forest are confined to the prefecture’s nature reserves which are, however, isolated. Further, the ongoing transformation of the lands surrounding the reserves and the encroachment of plantations into them, continues to increase the separation of reserve dwelling plant and animal populations, impeding movements and interactions between them. In order to reconnect isolated populations, it is necessary to establish wildlife corridors that prepare the grounds for the dispersion of organisms. We identified potential wildlife corridors for three functional groups of species: (a) large mammals, (b) primates and (c) birds. Group specific resistance values that quantify the species’ likelihood to migrate through certain land cover were derived from a literature review and an up- to-date land cover map was employed for corridor mapping using least-cost models.

The identified least cost paths clearly displayed the high degree of isolation of all reserves since none of the routes connected two reserves on the shortest way. In- stead, the model primarily proposed detours integrating fragmented forest remnants into the corridors. Conservation corridors for large mammals corresponded mostly with those for primates, solely the corridors for birds differed. The corridors for primates had most similarities with both other groups and were therefore suggested to be appropriate for the greatest variety of species. Our results illustrate the high degree of isolation of nature reserves in Xishuangbanna and confirm the urgent need of reconnecting them through corridors in order to protect, preserve and enhance the remaining biodiversity and counteract the ecological threats from the expansion of rubber plantations.

Keywords: Cost-based corridor, land transformation, landscape connectivity, land- scape resistance values, least-cost path, Linkage Mapper, rubber plantation, Xishuang- banna

Contact Address: Linda Hilgers, University of Goettingen, Chair of Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, Büsgenweg 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, e-mail: linda.hilgers@stud.uni-goettingen.de

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Where Are the Young Umbuzeiros? How Managed Areas Influence the Recruitment of Spondias tuberosa Câm.

(Anacardiaceae) in Northeastern Brazil

DÉBORAHOLIVEIRA1, PATRÍCIAMELO1, ARNECIERJACKS2, JARCILENE

ALMEIDA-CORTEZ1 1Federal University of Pernambuco, Dept. of Botany, Brazil

2University of Hamburg, Biodiversity of Useful Plant, Germany

Spondias tuberosa Arr. Cam. is an endemic fruit-bearing tree of the Brazilian semi- arid region with great socio-economic and environmental importance. This species is a source of sustenance for local people and small farmers, especially during the dry season. S. tuberosa also provides food for wild and domesticated animals, playing an important role to environment. However, there is a lack of seedling recruitment in their natural environment, which has been attributed to seed predation, low seed germination and establishment, and the irregularity of rainfall in the region. Further- more, land use change and overexploitation have been hypothesized to cause a risk of extinction in this species. In this study, we aimed to assess the population trends, seed production and predation, as well as the germination in greenhouse, of S. tuberosa from agricultural (AGR) and protected (PA) areas in a seasonal tropical dry forest of northeastern Brazil. We selected 25 adult individuals and from each tree we measured the diameter. Under the canopy, we counted and collected the seeds of the current season. In a greenhouse, these seeds were germinated and had their growth accompanied.

Our results showed that in AGR all the diameter size-class were represented while in PA the first two size-class showed a lack of individuals. The production of seeds was not different between these two areas although the number of seed m^-2was higher in AGR. Trees located in AGR usually occurred isolated, which may explain the fact that the rate of seed predation was more intense in these areas. Seed size also was bigger in AGR and the seedlings from these seeds were more vigorous than the ones from PA. We found seedlings exclusively in agricultural areas, probably due to abundance of water and soil nutrients and to absence of wild or domesticated animals. Our results clearly show that somehow the species depends on human action for its regeneration.

Thus, researchers and stakeholders (local people) should combine efforts to develop strategies for species conservation.

Keywords: Brazilian seasonal tropical dry forest, population dynamics, regeneration

Contact Address: Déborah Oliveira, Federal University of Pernambuco, Dept. of Botany, 50740- 330 Recife, Brazil, e-mail: deborahalani@gmail.com

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Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in the Zacatecas State, Mexico

EDUARDOALBERTOLARAREIMERS1, EDUARDOANTONIOLARA

RODRIGUEZ2, JUANMANUELZEPEDA DELVALLE3, ELOYFERNÁNDEZ

CUSIMAMANI1, ZBYNEKPOLESNY1, LUKASPAWERA1

1Czech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech Republic

2Autonomus University of Zacatecas, Department of Agronomy, Mexico

3Autonomus University of Chapingo, Regional Rural Development, Mexico

The medicinal plants used by communities across all of people in Mexico have an important role in the local health care system. The use of wide plant diversity contributes to the socio- ecological resilience and cultural diversity of each community but there are still regions without documented plant use. The aim of this study was to record, analyze and identify the medicinal plant knowledge of the local people in the state of Zacatecas, Mexico. A total of 132 semi-structured interviews were conducted. The informants were aged between 20–86 years and the gender proportion was 44 % male and 56 % female. Medicinal plants were identified taxonomically, and data were analyzed and compared using Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Family Importance Value (FIV), Cultural Importance Index (CI), and Informant Con- sensus Factor (ICF). Results show that 96% of respondents actively use plants. A total of 168 medicinal species belonging to 151 genera and 69 botanical families were documented. The family Asteraceae (20 species; FIV=15.15) represented the highest number of species. The majority of herbal remedies are used orally and predominantly in the form of infusion (52 %). The most culturally important species was Matricaria chamomilla L., followed by Arnica montana L. and Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Diseases of the reproductive system reached the highest consensus ratio (ICF=0.81). The highest number of Uses Report (N=389; 25 % of all UR) as well as plant species (68) were determined for diseases of the digestive and gastrointestinal system. This is the first explorative and analytic study conducted dealing with the relative importance of medicinal plants based on quantitative tools in the semi-arid region of Zacatecas, México. The results revealed a high diversity of medicinal plant species and their uses in local traditional medicine. The new generation in the sample studied maintains ancestral knowledge of the use of medicinal plants. The practice of traditional herbal medicine is also applied as a complementary treatment for common and chronic diseases. This practice is co-evolving with the modern health system due to lack of accessibility and perceived low effectiveness of conventional medicine.

Keywords: Arnica montana, ethnomedicine, human health disorders, Matricaria chamonilla, medicinal plants, traditional medicine

Contact Address: Eduardo Alberto Lara Reimers, Czech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Kolej Efg Kamycka1281 Praha 6, 16521 Suchdol, Czech Republic, e-mail:

agroforestal33@gmail.com

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Genetic Structure in Wild and Cultivated Populations of Inga edulis Mart. (Fabaceae) in Peruvian Amazon

ALEXANDRROLLO1,2, BOHDAN LOJKA1, MARIEKALOUSOVÁ2,1, BOHUMIL

MANDÁK3, MARIAMARGARIDARIBEIRO4

1Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Fac. Tropical AgriSciences, Dept. of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Czech Republic

2Students for the Living Amazon o.p.s., Czech Republic

3Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Fac. of Environm. Sciences, Czech Republic

4Escola Superior Agrária do Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Barnco, Dept. of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Portugal

Inga edulis Mart. has been improved through history by human selection focusing on the edible fruit, and, also, to provide shade for other crops. We aimed at comparing wild and cultivated I. edulis populations’ genetic structure spanning the Peruvian Amazon. We evaluated a total of 259 trees, 197 cultivated and 62 wild, sampled from 27 populations. For each individual a voucher specimen was kept. The total genomic DNA was extracted for each sample and genotyped with four microsatellite primers.

We identified 71 alleles, with an average of 17.8 alleles per locus. For the 27 populations with at least 5 samples, the average number of alleles was 5.7, the average allelic richness 4.4, the observed heterozygosity 0.59, and the expected heterozygosity 0.69. The heterozygote deficit was non-significant, but the inbreeding coefficient was 0.153. Twelve populations were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These populations were distributed randomly across the I.

edulis sampled range and across cultivated and wild populations. We compared the wild vs. the cultivated populations, and significant deviation from the null expectation emerged. The allelic richness and the observed heterozygosity were lower in the group of cultivated populations. The level of differentiation among populations was significantly higher in the cultivated compared to the wild populations.

A hierarchical analysis of molecular variance revealed that a majority of the genetic diversity was partitioned within populations (78.8%), 14.3% was partitioned among populations within groups (wild and cultivated) and 6.9% was partitioned between cultivated and wild groups. To further assess the population structure, we estimated the number of genetic clusters (K) and to fractionally assign individuals sampled from cultivated and wild populations to the inferred groups. Due to the weak population structure, we used a “locprior” model, which incorporated a priori sampling information. Two groups of populations were used as priors, the cultivated and the wild populations. The number of clusters (K) was set at each value from one through twenty-eight, and the simulation was run ten times at each K value to confirm the repeatability of the results. According to the Bayesian structuring results we inferred that the cultivated material in Peruvian Amazon has different origins.

Keywords: DNA, genetic structure, Inga edulis Mart., microsatellite locus, PCR, peruvian Amazon, population

Contact Address: Alexandr Rollo, Czech Univerzity of Life Sciences Prague, Dept. of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry in the Tropics and Subtropics, Kamycka 129, 16521 Prague, Czech Republic, e-mail:

rollo@ftz.czu.cz