Java 2 JDK 5 - Grafische Anwendungen und Applets

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Kantonsschule am Brühl SG

In Kooperation mit dem HERDT-Verlag stellen wir Ihnen eine PDF inkl. Zusatzmedien für Ihre persönliche Weiterbildung zur Verfügung. In Verbindung mit dem Programm HERDT-Campus ALL YOU CAN READ stehen diese PDFs nur Lehrkräften und Schüler*Innen der oben genannten Lehranstalt zur Verfügung. Eine Nutzung oder Weitergabe für andere Zwecke ist ausdrücklich verboten und unterliegt dem Urheberrecht. Jeglicher Verstoß kann zivil- und strafrechtliche Konsequenzen nach sich ziehen.

Schulversion

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1 Grafikprogrammierung mit dem AWT...4

1.1 Was Sie wissen sollten ... 4

1.2 Das Abstract-Window-Toolkit ... 5

1.3 Das Toolkit ... 6

1.4 Fenster unter grafischen Oberflächen ... 6

2 Zeichnen - die grafische Darstellung ...10

2.1 Grundlegendes zum Zeichnen ... 10

2.2 Einfache Zeichenfunktionen ... 16

2.3 Zeichenketten schreiben ... 21

2.4 Clipping-Operationen ... 27

3 Farben ...30

3.1 Einleitung ... 30

3.2 Farben einsetzen ... 31

3.3 Vordefinierte Farben ... 32

3.4 Farben aus Hexadezimalzahlen erzeugen ... 33

3.5 Einen helleren oder dunkleren Farbton wählen ... 34

3.6 Farbmodelle HSB und RGB ... 35

3.7 Die Farben des Systems... 35

4 Bilder anzeigen und Grafiken verwalten....38

4.1 Bilder und Grafiken einsetzen ... 38

4.2 Bilder in Applikationen und Applets laden ... 39

4.3 Grafiken zeichnen und zentrieren ... 40

4.4 Bilder im Speicher verwalten... 42

4.5 Bilder skalieren ... 45

4.6 Programm-Icon/Fenster-Icon setzen ... 47

4.7 Grafiken mit der Klasse ImageIO verwenden ... 48

4.8 Bilder im GIF-Format speichern ... 50

4.9 JPEG-Dateien mit dem Sun-Paket schreiben ... 52

4.10 Die Java-Klassenbibliothek JIMI ... 54

5 Java 2D...56

5.1 Einführung ... 56

5.2 Das erste 2D-Programm ... 57

5.3 Geometrische Objekte durch Shape gekennzeichnet... 58

5.4 Eigenschaften geometrischer Objekte... 60

5.5 Transformationen mit einem AffineTransform-Objekt ... 65

6 Grundlagen der Ereignisbehandlung...66

6.1 Es tut sich was - Ereignisse beim AWT... 66

6.2 Events auf verschiedenen Ebenen... 67

6.3 Ereignisquellen, -senken und Horcher (Listener)... 68

6.4 Varianten, das Fenster zu schließen ... 71

7 Grundlegende Komponenten ... 76

7.1 Das AWT und Swing... 76

7.2 Die Basis aller Komponenten: Component und JComponent ... 77

7.3 Proportionales Vergrößern eines Fensters .... 80

7.4 Hinzufügen von Komponenten... 82

7.5 Das Swing-Fenster JFrame ... 82

7.6 Informationstext über die Klasse JLabel ... 84

7.7 Die Klasse ImageIcon ... 87

7.8 Eine Schaltfläche (JButton)... 90

7.9 Tooltips ... 96

7.10 Der Container JPanel... 97

8 LayoutManager ... 98

8.1 Alles Auslegungssache: die Layoutmanager ... 98

8.2 FlowLayout ... 99

8.3 BorderLayout ... 100

8.4 GridLayout ... 102

8.5 Der GridBagLayout-Manager ... 104

8.6 Null-Layout... 108

8.7 Weitere Layoutmanager... 108

9 Anzeige- und Bedienelemente... 110

9.1 Horizontale und vertikale Schieberegler... 110

9.2 JSlider... 113

9.3 Ein Auswahlmenü - Choice, JComboBox... 114

9.4 Eines aus vielen - Kontrollfelder (JCheckBox) ... 119

9.5 Kontrollfeldgruppen, Optionsfelder und JRadioButton ... 120

9.6 Der Fortschrittsbalken JProgressBar ... 122

9.7 Rahmen (Borders) ... 124

10Symbolleisten und weitere Bedienelemente ... 126

10.1 Symbolleisten alias Toolbars ... 126

10.2 Menüs ... 127

10.3 Mnemonics und Shortcuts (Accelerator) ... 129

10.4 Popup-Menüs ... 134

10.5 Das Konzept des Model-View-Controllers.... 136

10.6 List-Boxen... 138

10.7 JSpinner ... 140

10.8 Texteingabefelder ... 141

10.9 Die Editor-Klasse JEditorPane... 147

11Baumstrukturen, Tabellen und Dialoge ... 150

11.1 Bäume mit JTree-Objekten ... 150

11.2 Tabellen mit JTable... 152

11.3 Ein eigenes Tabellen-Model... 153

11.4 DefaultTableModel... 157

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11.5 Ein eigener Renderer für Tabellen...157

11.6 Zell-Editoren ...160

11.7 Gestaltung einer Tabelle...161

11.8 JRootPane, JLayeredPane und JDesktopPane ...164

11.9 Dialoge ...166

12Look&Feel ...172

12.1 Flexibles Java-Look&Feel...172

12.2 Swing-Beschriftungen einer anderen Sprache geben ...174

12.3 Die Zwischenablage (Clipboard)...174

12.4 Undo durchführen ...177

12.5 Ereignisverarbeitung auf unterster Ebene...179

12.6 AWT, Swing und die Threads ...180

12.7 Selbst definierte Cursor ...184

12.8 Mausrad-Unterstützung ...186

12.9 Benutzerinteraktionen automatisieren ...186

13Drucken ...190

13.1 Einführung ...190

13.2 Ein PrintJob ...191

13.3 Drucken der Inhalte ...192

13.4 Mit speziellen Druckern arbeiten...193

14Internationalisierung und Lokalisierung ...194

14.1 Zeitzonen und Sprachen der Länder ...194

14.2 Sprachen der Länder ...197

14.3 Einfache Übersetzung durch ResourceBundle-Objekte...200

15Applets ...202

15.1 Einleitung ...202

15.2 Applets und Applikationen - wer darf was?...202

15.3 Das erste Hallo-Applet...203

15.4 Die Zyklen eines Applets ...204

15.5 Parameter an das Applet übergeben ...204

15.6 Fehler in Applets finden...206

15.7 Browserabhängiges Verhalten...207

15.8 Datenaustausch zwischen Applets ...209

15.9 Musik in einem Applet und in Applikationen...211

15.10 Webstart...213

16Komponenten durch Bohnen ...214

16.1 Grundlagen der Komponententechnik ...214

16.2 Das JavaBeans Development Kit (BDK)...216

16.3 Die kleinste Bohne der Welt ...218

16.4 Jar-Archive für Komponenten ...218

16.5 Worauf JavaBeans basieren ...220

16.6 Eigenschaften...220

16.7 Ereignisse ...223

16.8 Weitere Eigenschaften ...226

16.9 Bean-Eigenschaften anpassen...229

16.10 Property-Editoren ...230

16.11 BeanInfo...230

16.12 Beliebte Fehler ...231

Stichwortverzeichnis ...232

Schulversion

(4)

1 Grafikprogrammierung mit dem AWT

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1.1 Was Sie wissen sollten

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Typografische Konventionen

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1.2 Das Abstract-Window-Toolkit

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Java Foundation Classes

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Schulversion

(6)

1.3 Das Toolkit

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Dimension d = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getScreenSize();

System.out.println( d ); // java.awt.Dimension[width=1024,height=768]

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import java.awt.*;

public class ToolkitBeep {

public static void main( String args[] ) {

Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().beep();

System.exit( 0 );

} }

ToolkitBeep.java

abstract class java.awt.Toolkit ; static Toolkit getDefaultToolkit()

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; abstract Dimension getScreenSize()

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; abstract void beep()

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1.4 Fenster unter grafischen Oberflächen

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AWT-Fenster darstellen

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(7)

import java.awt.Frame;

public class HelloAwtFrame {

Frame f = new Frame( "Das Fenster zur Welt" );

f.setSize( 300, 200 );

f.setVisible( true );

} }

HelloAwtFrame.java

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class java.awt.Frame

extends Window

implements MenuContainer ; Frame()

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; Frame( String title )

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Swing-Fenster darstellen

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import javax.swing.JFrame;

public class HelloSwingFrame {

JFrame f = new JFrame( "Das Fenster zur Welt" );

f.setDefaultCloseOperation( JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE );

f.setSize( 300, 200 );

f.setVisible( true ); } }

HelloSwingFrame.java

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class javax.swing.JFrame

extends Frame

implements WindowConstants, Accessible, RootPaneContainer ; JFrame()

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; JFrame( String title )

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Das erste Swing-Fenster

Schulversion

(8)

Sichtbarkeit des Fensters

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abstract class java.awt.Component

implements ImageObserver, MenuContainer, Serializable ; void setVisible( boolean b )

; setVisible(true)]HLJWGDV)HQVWHUDQ/LHJWHVLP+LQWHUJUXQGVRZLUGHVZLHGHULQGHQ9RUGHU JUXQGJHKROW)UKHUZXUGHGLH0HWKRGHshow()YHUZHQGHW

:HLWHUH)XQNWLRQHQGLHIUJFrameXQGFrameLQWHUHVVDQWVLQGVWDPPHQYRQGHU2EHUNODVVHWindow class java.awt.Window

extends Container implements Accessible ; boolean isShowing()

trueZHQQVLFKGDV)HQVWHUDXIGHP%LOGVFKLUPEHILQGHW

; void toBack()

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; void toFront()

3ODW]LHUWGDV)HQVWHUDOVYRUGHUVWHVLQGHU'DUVWHOOXQJDOOHU)HQVWHUDXIGHP6FKLUP

Größe und Position des Fensters verändern

0LWGHUDXVComponentJHHUEWHQ0HWKRGHsetSize()N|QQHQZLUGLH0DHGHV)HQVWHUVYHUlQGHUQ abstract class java.awt.Component

implements ImageObserver, MenuContainer, Serializable ; void setSize( int width, int height )

9HUlQGHUWGLH*U|HHLQHU.RPSRQHQWHHKHPDOVsize()

; void setSize( Dimension d )

9HUlQGHUWGLH*U|HHLQHU.RPSRQHQWHHQWVSULFKWsetSize(d.width, d.height)

Beispiel

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f.setLocation( (d.width – getSize().width ) / 2, (d.height- getSize().height) / 2 );

implements ImageObserver, MenuContainer, Serializable ; void setLocation( int x, int y )

6HW]WGLH.RPSRQHQWHDQGLH3RVLWLRQxyHKHPDOVmove()

; void setLocation( Point p )

6HW]WGLH.RPSRQHQWHDQGLHJHZQVFKWH3RVLWLRQ

; Point getLocation()

/LHIHUWGLH3RVLWLRQGHU.RPSRQHQWHDOVPoint2EMHNW

(9)

Beispiel

$XFKGDV9HUJU|HUQHLQHV)HQVWHUVfVRGDVVHVGLHPD[LPDOH$XVGHKQXQJDQQLPPWLVWPLWHLQHU)XQNWLRQ P|JOLFK %HWUDFKWHQ ZLU GLH IROJHQGHQ =HLOHQ GLH KLQWHU HLQHsetVisible(true)0HWKRGH ]XP %HLVSLHO LP .RQVWUXNWRUJHVHW]WZHUGHQ

f.setLocation( 0, 0 );

f.resize( Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getScreenSize() );

6ROOGHU)UDPHQLFKWLQGHU*U|HYHUlQGHUEDUVHLQVRVHW]HQZLUHLQIDFKsetResizable(false)

Frame frame = new Frame( "Du kriegst mich nicht klein." );

frame.setResizable( false );

Hauptprogramm von Frame/JFrame ableiten

:LUN|QQHQXQVHUHQHXH.ODVVHDXFKGLUHNWYRQFrameE]ZJFrameDEOHLWHQ'DQQLVWHVXQVJHVWDWWHWGLH )XQNWLRQHQ GHU .ODVVHQ GLUHNW DXI]XUXIHQ ]XP %HLVSLHOsetSize() ,P +DXSWSURJUDPP HU]HXJHQ ZLU EHU GHQ HLJHQHQ .RQVWUXNWRU GDQQ GDV )HQVWHU GHQQ GHU HLJHQH .RQVWUXNWRU UXIW MD EHU GLHsuper())XQNWLRQ DXWRPDWLVFKGHQ.RQVWUXNWRUGHU2EHUNODVVHDOVRYRQFrameE]ZJFrameDXI

import java.awt.Dimension;

import java.awt.Toolkit;

import javax.swing.JFrame;

public class SubWin extends JFrame {

public SubWin( int x, int y ) {

setDefaultCloseOperation( JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE );

setVisible( true );

setSize( x, y );

setLocation( (d.width – getSize().width ) / 2, (d.height – getSize().height) / 2 );

}

SubWin win = new SubWin( 200, 100 );

} }

SubWin.java

'DV 3URJUDPP HU]HXJW HLQ ([HPSODU YRQSubWin GDV ZLHGHUXP HLQJFrame LVW :LUG HLQSubWin HU]HXJW ZLUG GHU .RVWUXNWRU DEJHDUEHLWHW GHU GDV )HQVWHU DXI GLH LP .RQVWUXNWRU EHUJHEHQH *U|H PLWWLJ DXI GLH

%HQXWHUREHUIOlFKHVHW]W'DV)HQVWHUZLUGDXWRPDWLVFKDQJH]HLJW

Fenster- und Dialog-Dekoration

)U EHVWLPPWH $QZHQGXQJHQ LVW HV JQVWLJ EHL )HQVWHUQ XQG 'LDORJHQ GLH 6WDQGDUGGLDORJHOHPHQWH DXV ]XVFKDOWHQHWZD GDQQZHQQGHU%HQXW]HUGDV)HQVWHUQLFKWYHUNOHLQHUQVROO6HLWGHP6'.KDEHQGLH (QWZLFNOHUGHQ.ODVVHQFrameXQGDialogHLQH0HWKRGHsetUndecorated()PLWJHJHEHQEHUGLHVLFKGLH 7LWHOOHLVWH GDV 6\VWHPPHQ XQG GHU 5DKPHQ DEVFKDOWHQ ODVVHQ 'D 6ZLQJ DXI GHQ $:7.RPSRQHQWHQ EDVLHUWJLOWGDVDXFKIU6ZLQJ)HQVWHUXQG'LDORJH

class java.awt.Frame extends Window implements MenuContainer class java.awt.Dialog extends Window

; void setUndecorated( boolean undecorated ) 6HW]WO|VFKWGLH'HNRUDWLRQ

; boolean isUndecorated() (UIUDJWGLH'HNRUDWLRQ

Schulversion

(10)

2 Zeichnen - die grafische Darstellung

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Æ ZLH6LH7H[WDXVJHEHQXQGYHUVFKLHGHQH6FKULIWDUWHQHLQVHW]HQ Æ ZLH6LHPLW&OLSSLQJ%HUHLFKHQDUEHLWHQ

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9 )HQVWHUSURJUDPPLHUXQJ

2.1 Grundlegendes zum Zeichnen

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Die paint()-Methode für das AWT-Frame

$OV HLQOHLWHQGHV %HLVSLHO VROO XQV JHQJHQ HLQHQ 7H[W ]X SODW]LHUHQ 'DIU EHUVFKUHLEHQ ZLU GLH )XQNWLRQ paint()GHU.ODVVHFrameXQGVHW]HQGRUWDOOHVUHLQZDVJH]HLFKQHWZHUGHQVROOHWZD/LQLHQ7H[WHRGHU JHIOOWH3RO\JRQH'HUJHZQVFKWH,QKDOWZLUGLPPHUGDQQJH]HLFKQHWZHQQGDV)HQVWHUQHXDXIJHEDXWZLUG RGHU ZLU YRQ DXHQrepaint()DXIUXIHQ GHQQ JHQDX LQ GHP )DOO ZLUG GDV *UDILNV\VWHPpaint() DXIUXIHQ XQGGDV=HLFKQHQDQVWRHQ

import java.awt.*;

import java.awt.event.*;

public class Biene extends Frame {

public Biene() {

setSize( 500, 100 );

addWindowListener( new WindowAdapter() { public void windowClosing ( WindowEvent e) { System.exit(0); }

});

}

public void paint( Graphics g ) {

g.drawString( "\"Maja, wo bist du?\" (Mittermeier)", 100, 60 );

}

new Biene().setVisible( true );

} }

Biene.java

Ein Fenster mit gezeichnetem Inhalt

(11)

Der Grafikkontext Graphics

(LQ VSH]LHOOHU :HUW ZLUG LQ GHUpaint()0HWKRGH EHUJHEHQ GHU *UDILNNRQWH[W HLQ 2EMHNW YRP 7\S GraphicsGraphic EHVLW]W YHUVFKLHGHQH 0HWKRGHQ ]XP =HLFKQHQ HWZD YRQ /LQLHQ .UHLVHQ 2YDOHQ 5HFKWHFNHQ=HLFKHQIROJHQRGHU%LOGHUQ'DVJUDILVFKH6\VWHPEHUJLEWXQVHUHP3URJUDPPEHUpaint()HLQ JOWLJHVGraphics2EMHNW XQG ZLU N|QQHQ DXI GLHVH :HLVH DXI GHU JUDILVFKHQ 2EHUIOlFKH ]HLFKQHQ 'LHV IXQNWLRQLHUW DXFK GDQQ ZHQQ GLH =HLFKHQIOlFKH QLFKW GLUHNW VLFKWEDU LVW ZLH EHL +LQWHUJUXQGJUDILNHQ 'DV Graphics2EMHNWIKUW%XFKEHUPHKUHUH'LQJH

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; 'HUDNWXHOOH=HLFKHQVDW]java.awt.FontXQGGLHDNWXHOOH)DUEHjava.awt.Color

; 'LH3L[HORSHUDWLRQ;25RGHU3DLQW

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/HLFKW LVW ]X HQWQHKPHQ GDVVdrawString(String text, int x, int y) HLQHQ 7H[W LQ GHQ =HLFKHQ EHUHLFKGHV*UDILNNRQWH[WVVFKUHLEW,P)ROJHQGHQZHUGHQZLUQRFKZHLWHUH)XQNWLRQHQNHQQHQOHUQHQ +LQZHLV(WZDVXQJHZ|KQOLFKLVWGDVVGHU1XOOSXQNWQLFKWREHQOLQNVLQGHQVLFKWEDUHQ%HUHLFKIlOOWVRQGHUQ GDVV GLH 7LWHOOHLVWH GHQ 1XOOSXQNW EHUGHFNW 8P DQ GLH +|KH GHU 7LWHOOHLVWH ]X NRPPHQ XQG GLH =HLFKHQ RSHUDWLRQHQVR]XYHUVFKLHEHQGDVVVLHLQGHQVLFKWEDUHQ%HUHLFKIDOOHQZLUGHLQjava.awt.Insets2EMHNW EHQ|WLJW,VWfHLQFrame2EMHNWOLHIHUWf.getInserts().topGLH+|KHGHU7LWHOOHLVWH

Zeichen von Inhalten mit JFrame

*UXQGVlW]OLFKOLHHVLFKDXFKYRQJFrameHLQHQ8QWHUNODVVHELOGHQXQGpaint()EHUVFKUHLEHQDEHUGDVLVW QLFKWGHUEOLFKH:HJ6WDWWGHVVHQZlKOHQZLUHLQHQDQGHUHQ$QVDW]GHUVRJDUDXFKXQWHU$:7HLQHJXWH /|VXQJLVW:LUELOGHQHLQH HLJHQH.RPSRQHQWHHLQH8QWHUNODVVHYRQJPanelXQWHU$:7PanelZDVZLU DEHUQLFKWPHKUZHLWHUYHUIROJHQZROOHQXQGVHW]WHQGLHVHDXIGDV)HQVWHU:HQQQXQGDV)HQVWHUQHXJH ]HLFKQHW ZLUG ZLUG DXFK GLH .RPSRQHQWHJPanel QHX JH]HLFKQHW XQG UXIW GLHpaint())XQNWLRQ DXI

$OOHUGLQJVEHUVFKUHLEHQ8QWHUNODVVHQYRQ6ZLQJLP5HJHOIDOOpaint()QLFKWVRQGHUQHLQHDQGHUH)XQNWLRQ paintComponent()'DVOLHJWGDUDQGDVV6ZLQJLQpaint()]XP%HLVSLHOQRFK5DKPHQ]HLFKQHWXQGVLFK XP HLQH 3XIIHUXQJ GHV %LOGVFKLUPLQKDOWHV ]XU 2SWLPLHUXQJ NPPHUW 6R UXIWpaint() GLH GUHL )XQNWLRQHQ paintComponent()paintBorder() XQGpaintChildren() DXI XQG EHL :LHGHUGDUVWHOOXQJ NPPHUW VLFK HLQRepaintManagerXPHLQH]JLJH'DUVWHOOXQJPLW+LOIHGHUJHSXIIHUWHQ,QKDOWHZDVEHLQRUPDOHQ6ZLQJ ,QWHUDNWLRQVNRPSRQHQWHQZLH6FKDOWIOlFKHQZLFKWLJLVW

'DPLW LVW GLH 'DUVWHOOXQJ YRQ ,QKDOWHQ LQ HLQHPJFrame HLQIDFK :LU LPSRUWLHUHQ GUHL .ODVVHQJPanel XQG JFrameDXVjavax.swingXQGGraphicsDXVjava.awt'DQQELOGHQZLUHLQH8QWHUNODVVHYRQJPanelXQG

EHUVFKUHLEHQpaintComponent() Notizen

Schulversion

(12)

import java.awt.Graphics;

import javax.swing.*;

class DrawFirstLine extends JPanel {

protected void paintComponent( Graphics g ) {

super.paintComponent( g );

g.drawLine( 10, 10, 100, 50 );

}

DrawFirstLine.java

paintComponent()EHVLW]WLVWLQGHU2EHUNODVVHGLH6LFKWEDUNHLWprotectedZDVZLUEHLEHKDOWHQVROOWHQ'LH )XQNWLRQZLUGQLFKWYRQDXHQDXIJHUXIHQXQGGDKHUPXVVHLQH8QWHUNODVVHGLH6LFKWEDUNHLWQLFKW]Xpublic HUZHLWHUQ'HU$XIUXIYRQsuper.paintComponent()LVWLPPHUGDQQDQJHEUDFKWZHQQGLH2EHUNODVVHLKUH ,QKDOWH]HLFKQHQVROO%HLYROOVWlQGLJHLJHQHP,QKDOWLVWGDVQLFKWQ|WLJ

'HUOHW]WH6FKULWWLVWHLQ7HVWSURJUDPPZHOFKHVHLQ([HPSODUGHVVSH]LDOLVLHUWHQJPanelVELOGHWXQGDXIGHQ JFrameVHW]W

JFrame f = new JFrame();

f.setSize ( 100, 100 );

f.add( new DrawFirstLine() );

} }

'DV +LQ]XIJHQ YRQ .RPSRQHQWHQ DXI GDVJFrame XQWHUVWW]W HUVW -DYD PLWadd() 9RUKHU KLH HV f.getContentPane().add()'LH/|VXQJPLWGHPJPanelPXVVDXFKQLFKWGLH+|KHGHU7LWHOOHLVWHEHUFN VLFKWLJHQGLH.RPSRQHQWHJPanelGLHDXIGDV)HQVWHUJHVHW]WZLUGLVWNRUUHNWXQWHUGHU7LWHOOHLVWHXQGQLFKW XQWHULKU

Auffordern zum Neuzeichnen mit repaint()

'LH0HWKRGHrepaint()NDQQYRQDXHQDXIJHUXIHQZHUGHQXPHLQ1HX]HLFKQHQ]XHU]ZLQJHQ:HQQGLH .RPSRQHQWH HLQH 6ZLQJ.RPSRQHQWH LVW VR ZLH XQVHUH 8QWHUNODVVH YRQJPanel GDQQ ZLUG GLHpaint() 0HWKRGHGHU.RPSRQHQWHDXIJHUXIHQ,P)DOOHLQHU$:7.RPSRQHQWHZLH)UDPHZLUGupdate()DXIJHUX IHQZDVMDDXWRPDWLVFKpaint()DXIUXIW

implements ImageObserver, MenuContainer, Serializable

; void repaint()

(UEHWHWVRIRUWLJHV1HX]HLFKQHQ

; void repaint( long tm )

(UEHWHW1HX]HLFKQHQLQmillis0LOOLVHNXQGHQ

; void repaint( int x, int y, int width, int height ) (UEHWHW1HX]HLFKQHQGHU.RPSRQHQWHLPDQJHJHEHQHQ%HUHLFK

; void repaint( long tm, int x, int y, int width, int height )

(UEHWHW1HX]HLFKQHQGHU.RPSRQHQWHQDFKtm0LOOLVHNXQGHQLPDQJHJHEHQHQ%HUHLFK

(13)

Fensterinhalte ändern und die ereignisorientierte Programmierung

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10 COLOR 0,1 :REM SELECT BACKGROUND COLOR 20 COLOR 1,3 :REM SELECT FOREGROUND COLOR 30 COLOR 4,1 :REM SELECT BORDER COLOR 40 GRAPHIC 1,1 :REM SELECT BIT MAP MODE 60 CIRCLE 1,160,100,40,40 :REM DRAW A CIRCLE

70 COLOR 1,6 :REM CHANGE FOREGROUND COLOR 80 BOX 1,20,60,100,140,0,1 :REM DRAW A BLOCK

90 COLOR 1,9 :REM CHANGE FOREGROUND COLOR 100 BOX 1,220,62,300,140,0,0 :REM DRAW A BOX

110 COLOR 1,9 :REM CHANGE FOREGROUND COLOR 120 DRAW 1,20,180 TO 300,180 :REM DRAW A LINE

130 DRAW 1,250,0 TO 30,0 TO 40,40 TO 250,0:REM DRAW A TRIANGLE 140 COLOR 1,15 :REM CHANGE FOREGROUND COLOR 150 DRAW 1,160,160 :REM DRAW A POINT

160 PAINT 1,150,97 :REM PAINT IN CIRCLE

170 COLOR 1,5 :REM CHANGE FOREGROUND COLOR 180 PAINT 1,50,25 :REM PAINT IN TRIANGLE 190 COLOR 1,7 :REM CHANGE FOREGROUND COLOR 200 PAINT 1,225,125 :REM PAINT IN EMPTY BOX 210 COLOR 1,11 :REM CHANGE FOREGROUND COLOR 220 CHAR 1,11,24,"GRAPHIC EXAMPLE" :REM DISPLAY TEXT

230 FOR I=1 TO 5000:NEXT:GRAPHIC 0,1:COLOR 1,2

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(LQ %HLVSLHO VROO GLHV GHXWOLFK PDFKHQ :LU ELOGHQ HLQH 8QWHUNODVVH YRQWindow XQG VHW]HQ GDQQ 2EMHNW ]XVWlQGH 'DPLW ZLU VHOEVW GDV 1HX]HLFKQHQ DQUHJHQ N|QQHQ QXW]HQ ZLU GLH 0HWKRGHrepaint() 6LH HU ]HXJWHLQ1HX]HLFKQHQ(YHQWZHOFKHVYRQGHU(UHLJQLVYHUDUEHLWXQJDEJHDUEHLWHWZLUGXQG]XP1HX]HLFKQHQ GHV%LOGVFKLUPVIKUW

Notizen

Schulversion

(14)

import java.awt.*;

import javax.swing.JOptionPane;

class DrawingWindow extends Window {

String title = "";

DrawingWindow( Frame f ) {

super( f );

setSize( Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getScreenSize() );

setVisible( true );

}

g.drawString( title, 100, 400 );

} }

public class PaintIndirect {

public static void main( String args[] ) throws Exception {

DrawingWindow w = new DrawingWindow( new Frame() );

w.title = "Bei den US-Militäraktionen in Afghanistan sind über 800 " + "Zivilisten durch militärischen Fehlgriffe umgekommen.";

w.repaint();

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( w, "Die Quelle?" );

w.title = "New York Times und die nichtstaatliche Organisation Global Exchange.";

w.repaint();

w.title = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( w, "Antwort" );

w.repaint();

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( w, "Nun ist aber Schluss!" );

System.exit( 0 );

} }

PaintIndirect.java

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import java.awt.Graphics;

import java.util.*;

public class PrimitivZeichner {

private Collection<Primitiv> elements = new ArrayList<Primitiv>();

private interface Primitiv {

void paint( Graphics g );

}

private class Line implements Primitiv {

private int x1, y1, x2, y2;

(15)

public Line( int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2 ) {

this.x1 = x1; this.y1 = y1;

this.x2 = x2; this.y2 = y2;

}

g.drawLine( x1, y1, x2, y2 );

} }

public void line( int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2 ) {

elements.add( new Line(x1, y1, x2, y2) );

}

for ( Iterator iter = elements.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) ((Primitiv)iter.next()).paint( g );

} }

PrimitivZeichner.java

9RQDXHQOlVVWVLFKHLQ([HPSODUYRQPrimitivZeichnerHUVWHOOHQXQGQXW]HQ

PrimitivZeichner z = new PrimitivZeichner();

z.line( 12, 34, 23, 344 );

z.line( 18, 454, 423, 4 );

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Notizen

Schulversion

(16)

2.2 Einfache Zeichenfunktionen

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Punkte

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Pixel

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Linien

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abstract class java.awt.Graphics

; abstract void drawLine( int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2 )

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Beispiel: Setze einen Punkt an die Stelle (x,y) g.drawLine( x, y, x, y );

Rechtecke

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(17)

; void drawRect( int x, int y, int width, int height )

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; void abstract fillRect( int x, int y, int width, int height )

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; void abstract drawRoundRect( int x, y, int width, height, int arcWidth, arcHeight )

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; void abstract fillRoundRect( int x, y, int width, height, int arcWidth, arcHeight ) :LHdrawRoundRect()QXUJHIOOW

; void draw3DRect( int x, int y, int width, int height, boolean raised )

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; void fill3DRect( int x, int y, int width, int height, boolean raised ) :LHdraw3Drect()QXUJHIOOW

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Ovale und Kreisbögen

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; abstract drawOval( int x, int y, intwidth, int height )

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; abstract fillOval( int x, int y, int width, int height ) :LHdrawOval()QXUJHIOOW

; abstract void drawArc( int x, int y, int width, int height, int startAngle, int arcAngle )

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; abstract void fillArc( int x, int y, int width, int height, int startAngle, int arcAngle )

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Eine Kreis- und Ellipsen-Klasse

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g.drawOval( x – rx, y – ry, rx + rx, ry + ry );

Schulversion

(18)

Polygone und Polylines

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; abstract void drawPolyline( int xPoints[], int yPoints[], int nPoints )

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; abstract void drawPolygon( int xPoints[], int yPoints[], int nPoints )

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; abstract void fillPolygon( int xPoints[], int yPoints[], int nPoints )

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Die Polygon-Klasse

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class java.awt.Polygon

implements Shape, Serializable ; Polygon()

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; Polygon( int xpoints[], int ypoints[], int npoints ) (U]HXJWHLQ3RO\JRQPLWGHQDQJHJHEHQHQ.RRUGLQDWHQ

1XQN|QQHQZLU3XQNWHKLQ]XIJHQXQG$QIUDJHQDQGDV Polygon2EMHNWVWHOOHQ ; Rectangle getBounds()

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; void addPoint( int x, int y )

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; boolean contains( int x, int y )

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; boolean contains( Point p )

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(19)

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abstract class java.awt.Graphics ; void drawPolygon( Polygon p )

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; void fillPolygon( Polygon p )

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Schulversion

(20)

N-Ecke zeichnen

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import java.awt.*;

public class NEckDemo extends JPanel {

PolygonWithEgdes.drawNeck( g, getWidth()/2, getHeight()/2, 50, 6, true );

PolygonWithEgdes.drawNeck( g, getWidth()/2, getHeight()/2, 60, 6, false );

}

f.add( new NEckDemo() );

f.setSize( 200, 200 );

} }

class PolygonWithEgdes {

private static Polygon p = new Polygon();

public static void drawNeck( Graphics g,

int x, int y, int r, int n, boolean filled ) {

p.reset();

for ( int i = 0; i < n; i++ )

p.addPoint( (int) ( x + r*Math.cos( i*2*Math.PI/n ) ), (int) ( y + r*Math.sin( i*2*Math.PI/n ) ) );

if ( filled )

g.fillPolygon( p );

else

g.drawPolygon( p );

} }

NEckDemo.java

(21)

2.3 Zeichenketten schreiben

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; abstract void drawString( String s, int x, int y )

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Einen neuen Zeichensatz bestimmen

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class java.awt.Font implements Serializable

; Font( String name, int style, int size ) (U]HXJWHLQFont2EMHNW

Parameter des Font-Konstruktors

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Beispiel: Ein Font-Objekt erzeugen

Font f = new Font( "Serif", Font.PLAIN, 14 );

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setFont( new Font( "Serif", Font.BOLD, 20 ) );

Schulversion

(22)

(23)

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abstract class java.awt.Graphics ; abstract Font getFont()

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Font font = f.deriveFont( 20f );

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; Font deriveFont( AffineTransformation trans )

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; Font deriveFont( float size )

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; Font deriveFont( int style )

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; Font deriveFont( int style, float size )

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Notizen

Schulversion

(24)

Zeichensätze des Systems ermitteln

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abstract class java.awt.GraphicsEnvironment

; static GraphicsEnvironment getLocalGraphicsEnvironment() /LHIHUWGDVDNWXHOOHGraphicsEnvironment2EMHNW

; abstract Font[] getAllFonts()

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; abstract String[] getAvailableFontFamilyNames()

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; abstract String[] getAvailableFontFamilyNames( Locale l )

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import java.awt.*;

class ListFont {

for ( String fonts : GraphicsEnvironment.getLocalGraphicsEnvironment().

getAvailableFontFamilyNames() ) System.out.println( fonts );

} }

ListFont.java

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Die Klasse FontMetrics

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FontMetrics fm = getFontMetrics();

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abstract class java.awt.Graphics ; FontMetrics getFontMetrics()

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; abstract FontMetrics getFontMetrics( Font f ) /LHIHUWGLH)RQW0HWULNHQIUGHQ=HLFKHQVDW]f

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abstract class java.awt.FontMetrics implements Serializable

; int bytesWidth( byte data[], int off, int len ) int charsWidth( char data[], int off, int len )

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; int charWidth( int ch ), int charWidth( char ch ) /LHIHUWGLH%UHLWH]XHLQHP=HLFKHQ

; int getAscent()

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; int getDescent()

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; Font getFont()

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; int getHeight()

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; int getLeading()

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; int getMaxAdvance()

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; int getMaxAscent()

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; int getMaxDescent()

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; int[] getWidths()

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; int stringWidth( String str )

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Einen String unterstreichen

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void drawUnderlinedString( Graphics g, int x, int y, String s ) {

g.drawString( s,10,10 );

g.drawLine( x, y + 2,

x + getFontMetrics(getFont()).stringWidth(s) , y + 2 );

}

True Type Fonts

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TTF in Java nutzen

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Font f = Font.createFont( Font.TRUETYPE_FONT, new FileInputStream("f.ttf") );

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; static Font createFont( int fontFormat, InputStream fontStream ) throws FontFormatException, IOException

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2.4 Clipping-Operationen

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Schulversion

(28)

import java.awt.*;

public class ClipDemo extends JPanel {

Graphics gcopy = g.create();

// Clipping auf

g.clipRect( 100, 100, 100, 100 );

g.setColor( Color.ORANGE );

g.fillRect( 0, 0, 500, 500 );

g.setColor( Color.BLACK );

g.drawOval( 150, 100, 100, 100 );

// Zweiter Clipping-Bereich g.clipRect( 250, 250, 50, 50 );

g.setColor( Color.BLUE );

g.fillRect( 0, 0, 5000, 5000 );

// Die ursprüngliche Größe zurücksetzen gcopy.setColor( Color.YELLOW);

gcopy.fillRect( 50, 50, 20, 50 );

gcopy.dispose();

}

f.setSize ( 400, 400 );

f.add( new ClipDemo() );

} }

ClipDemo.java

Den alten Zustand für Graphics wiederherstellen

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Alternative Formen

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Rectangle r = g.getClipBounds();

System.out.println( r );

Clipping-Bereiche

(29)

Polygon p = new Polygon(

new int[]{200,100,300}, new int[]{100,300,300}, 3 );

g.setClip( p );

g.setColor( Color.ORANGE );

g.fillRect( 0, 0, 500, 500 );

}

ClipDemo.java

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java.lang.IllegalArgumentException:\ setClip(Shape) only supports Rectangle objects

Verdeckte Bereiche und schnelles Bildschirmerneuern

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Beispiel: Informationen über Clipping-Bereiche public void paint( Graphics g )

{

Rectangle r = g.getClipBounds();

System.out.println( r );

}

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java.awt.Rectangle[x=4,y=23,width=392,height=373]

...

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Schulversion

(30)

3 Farben

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3.1 Einleitung

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class java.awt.Color

implements Paint, Serializable ; Color( float r, float g, float b )

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; Color( int r, int g, int b )

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; Color( int rgb )

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public Color( int rgb ) { value = 0xff000000 | rgb;

}

abstract class java.awt.Graphics ; abstract void setColor( Color c )

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; abstract Color getColor() /LHIHUWGLHDNWXHOOH)DUEH

; abstract void setXORMode( Color c )

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3.2 Farben einsetzen

Zufällige Farbblöcke zeichnen

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import java.awt.*;

import java.util.Random;

public class ColorBox extends JPanel {

private Random r = new Random();

g.setColor( Color.WHITE );

g.fillRect( 0, 0, getWidth(), getHeight() );

for ( int y = 12; y < getHeight() – 25; y += 30 ) for ( int x = 12; x < getWidth() – 25; x += 30 ) {

g.setColor( new Color(r.nextInt(256),r.nextInt(256),r.nextInt(256)) );

g.fillRect( x, y, 25, 25);

g.setColor( Color.BLACK);

g.drawRect( x-1, y-1, 25, 25 );

} }

JFrame f = new JFrame( "Neoplastizismus" );

f.setSize( 300, 300 );

f.add( new ColorBox() );

} }

ColorBox.java

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Programmierter Neoplastizismus

Java 2 JDK 5 - Grafische Anwendungen und Applets

*AVA*$+

Kantonsschule am Brühl SG

Schulversion

Schulversion

1 Grafikprogrammierung mit dem AWT

1.1 Was Sie wissen sollten

Aufbau der Schulungsunterlage

Typografische Konventionen

Beispieldateien

Hinweise zur Installation der Software

1.2 Das Abstract-Window-Toolkit

Java Foundation Classes

Schulversion

1.3 Das Toolkit

1.4 Fenster unter grafischen Oberflächen

AWT-Fenster darstellen

Swing-Fenster darstellen

Schulversion

Sichtbarkeit des Fensters

Größe und Position des Fensters verändern

Hauptprogramm von Frame/JFrame ableiten

Fenster- und Dialog-Dekoration

Schulversion

2 Zeichnen - die grafische Darstellung

2.1 Grundlegendes zum Zeichnen

Die paint()-Methode für das AWT-Frame

Zeichen von Inhalten mit JFrame

Schulversion

Auffordern zum Neuzeichnen mit repaint()

Fensterinhalte ändern und die ereignisorientierte Programmierung

Schulversion

Schulversion

2.2 Einfache Zeichenfunktionen

Linien

Rechtecke

Ovale und Kreisbögen

Schulversion

Polygone und Polylines

Schulversion

2.3 Zeichenketten schreiben

Einen neuen Zeichensatz bestimmen

Schulversion

Ableiten eines neuen Fonts aus einem gegebenen Font

Schulversion

Zeichensätze des Systems ermitteln

Die Klasse FontMetrics

Schulversion

True Type Fonts

2.4 Clipping-Operationen

Schulversion

Schulversion

3 Farben

3.1 Einleitung

3.2 Farben einsetzen

Zufällige Farbblöcke zeichnen

Schulversion

AVA$+