Vivian Zufferey

(1)

Département fédéral de l'économie, de la formation et de la recherche DEFR Agroscope

Plant hydraulics

Recent advances and some perspectives in the grapevine

Vivian Zufferey

Station de recherche Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW

Switzerland

(2)

Indicators/measurements of Plant Water Status

Shoot growth rate, vigor (pruning weight), leaf wilting…

Relative Water Content (RWC) Leaf-Stem Water Potential ( Ψ ) Stomatal Conductance (gs) Leaf-canopy temperature Xylem Sapflow

Isotopic signatures ( ¹³ C, ¹⁸ O, ² H) Dendrometry

Water balance models, FTSW

Hydraulic Conductivity (HPFM, XYL’EM) Acoustic emissions

Hormonal indicators

…

(3)

GiESCO Portugal| Porto 11 July 2013 3 Vivian Zufferey

Day of year ΨΨΨΨ

PD(MPa)

-0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0

a

ΨΨΨΨ

Stem(MPa)

-1.5 -1.2 -0.9 -0.6 -0.3

160 180 200 220 240 260 -1.8

-1.5 -1.2 -0.9 -0.6

-0.3 Control

RPI RPD

ΨΨΨΨ

Leaf(MPa)

b

c

NIGHT

MIDDAY

Leaf-Stem Water Potential ( Ψ Ψ Ψ Ψ )

Syrah, Davis CA

Zufferey and Smart (2007)

(4)

From K. Van Leeuwen

Comparison of the meaning of values

of 4 measurements of plant water status

(5)

Development of an Embedded Microsensor for Tree and Vine Trunks to Continuously Monitor Stem Water Potentials

Lakso A., Pagay V., Stroock A. 2012

(Cornell University, NY)

(6)

Water relations in the vineyard

(Riesling, Geneva NY 2011)

Stem Water Potential (bars) -15 -10

-5 0

R e la ti v e R a te ( % )

0 20 40 60 80 100

Stomatal Conductance

Shoot Growth Rate

Final Berry Weight

(7)

Stomata cond. gs 0.0 0.5 1.0

Photosynthèse A 0.0 0.5

Stress hydrique (Ψ PD) Respiration Rd

0.0 0.5

0.0 0.5 Croissance CR

0.0 0.5

Conductance hydraulique Kl

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 Cavitation PLC Transpiration E

0.0 0.5

EAU °C

Température (°C) 10 20 30 40

PAR

AGE (LPI) Age

10 20 30 40 PAR

(µmol photons m^-2^s^-1⁾ 500

1000 1500

2000

Empirical model

using response functions (gas exchanges, growth…)

to

environmental variables

Chasselas, Switzerland

(8)

Date (n° jour)

120 150 180 210 240 270

F T S W ( % )

0 20 40 60 80 100

BEGNINS 01 BEGNINS 06 BEGNINS 07 LUINS 01 LUINS 02 LUINS 03 VINZEL 02 VINZEL 03 BURSINS 02 CONTRAINTE

NULLE

FAIBLE

MODEREE FORTE

Ψ ΨΨ

Ψbase (MPa)

-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0

FTSW

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Changes in FTSW (fraction of transpirable soil water) using a water balance model (Lebon et al. 2003)

Chasselas, Switzerland

(9)

Direct Calibration of Sap Flow

with Gas Exchange chamber

From A. Lakso (Geneva, NY)

(10)

Diurnal Canopy NCER, Transpiration WCT and Water Use Efficiency

Poni et al.1997

(11)

2003

Water stress severity

(Predawn water potential Ψ

_PD

, MPa)

-0.8 -0.6

-0.4 -0.2

0.0 C a rb o n i s o to p ic d is c ri m in a ti o n δδδδ

13

C (

0

/

00

)

-28 -27 -26 -25 -24 -23 -22

R

²

= 0.75 (p<0.01)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2004

2010 2011 2012

Relationship between water stress severity and carbon isotopic discrimination in berries

(Chasselas, Switzerland)

(12)

Cavitation events and embolism

(air bubles in vessels and tracheids)

Cavitation events induce:

- a decrease of hydraulic conductivity - a progressive stomatal closure

- a decrease in transpiration/assimilation rates

- physiological disorders (apoplexia, leaf shrivelling…) - leaf or vine death in extreme situations

Embolism events seem to be reversible (day-night)

by the grapevine

(13)

Milburn and Johnson, 1966

Cavitation events measurements

Acoustic emissions

MRI

magnetic resonance Imagery

Xylem, Cochard et al. 2002

Loss of water conductivity

Geneva, 2011

UC Davis, California, 2010 Choat, 2009

Cavitron Cochard et al. 2005

X-ray Tomography

Synchrotron

Brodersen et al. 2011

(14)

Vulnerability to cavitation

PLC (percent loss of conductivity)

Chasselas, Switzerland 2009

Potentiel hydrique du xylème (MPa) -1.5

-1.0 -0.5

0.0 P e rt e d e c o n d u c ti v it é ( % )

0 20 40 60 80 100

PETIOLES

rameaux coupés en champ

r

²

= 0.92 (p<0.01)

dry

wet

(15)

Ultrasonic and acoustic emissions

Chasselas, 2013

Mayr S., B. Choat, S. Jensen, V. Zufferey

(16)

Synchrotron, e- accelerator, X-ray tomography

Didcot, England 2013

(17)

(18)

(19)

X-ray tomography on leaf petioles (Chasselas, 2013)

no stress with stress

(20)

Ψ Ψ Ψ

Ψ

Stem

= -14.8 bars

Water stress

Vessels with cavitation

on leaf petioles (Chasselas, 2013)

Ψ Ψ Ψ

Ψ

Stem

= -12.5 bars Ψ Ψ Ψ Ψ

Stem

= -10.5 bars

Ψ Ψ Ψ

Ψ

Stem

= -9.5 bars Ψ Ψ Ψ Ψ

Stem

= -3.0 bars Ψ Ψ Ψ Ψ

Stem

= -1.0 bar

(21)

Imagery in 3D from X-ray Tomography

on stems of grapevines (Brodersen et al., 2011)

(22)

Vivian Zufferey

Plant hydraulics

Recent advances and some perspectives in the grapevine

Vivian Zufferey

Station de recherche Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW

Switzerland

Indicators/measurements of Plant Water Status

Shoot growth rate, vigor (pruning weight), leaf wilting…

Relative Water Content (RWC) Leaf-Stem Water Potential ( Ψ ) Stomatal Conductance (gs) Leaf-canopy temperature Xylem Sapflow

Isotopic signatures ( 13 C, 18 O, 2 H) Dendrometry

Water balance models, FTSW

Hydraulic Conductivity (HPFM, XYL’EM) Acoustic emissions

Hormonal indicators

…

Day of year ΨΨΨΨ

-0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0

a

ΨΨΨΨ

-1.5 -1.2 -0.9 -0.6 -0.3

160 180 200 220 240 260 -1.8

-1.5 -1.2 -0.9 -0.6

-0.3 Control

RPI RPD

ΨΨΨΨ

b

c

Leaf-Stem Water Potential ( Ψ Ψ Ψ Ψ )

Syrah, Davis CA

Zufferey and Smart (2007)

From K. Van Leeuwen

Comparison of the meaning of values

of 4 measurements of plant water status

Development of an Embedded Microsensor for Tree and Vine Trunks to Continuously Monitor Stem Water Potentials

Lakso A., Pagay V., Stroock A. 2012

(Cornell University, NY)

Water relations in the vineyard

(Riesling, Geneva NY 2011)

Stem Water Potential (bars) -15 -10

-5 0

R e la ti v e R a te ( % )

0 20 40 60 80 100

Stomatal Conductance

Shoot Growth Rate

Final Berry Weight

Empirical model

using response functions (gas exchanges, growth…)

to

environmental variables

Chasselas, Switzerland

Date (n° jour)

120 150 180 210 240 270

F T S W ( % )

0 20 40 60 80 100

Changes in FTSW (fraction of transpirable soil water) using a water balance model (Lebon et al. 2003)

Chasselas, Switzerland

Direct Calibration of Sap Flow

with Gas Exchange chamber

From A. Lakso (Geneva, NY)

Diurnal Canopy NCER, Transpiration WCT and Water Use Efficiency

Poni et al.1997

2003

Water stress severity

(Predawn water potential Ψ

, MPa)

-0.8 -0.6

-0.4 -0.2

0.0

C a rb o n i s o to p ic d is c ri m in a ti o n δδδδ

C (

/

)

-28 -27 -26 -25 -24 -23 -22

R

= 0.75 (p<0.01)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2004

2010 2011 2012

Relationship between water stress severity and carbon isotopic discrimination in berries

(Chasselas, Switzerland)

Cavitation events and embolism

(air bubles in vessels and tracheids)

Isotopic signatures ( ¹³ C, ¹⁸ O, ² H) Dendrometry