SCIENCE CHINA

• REVIEW •

Nature and secular evolution of the lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton

Yanjie TANG

, Jifeng YING

, Yuepeng ZHAO

& Xinrang XU

1State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;

2College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Received October 29, 2020; revised January 25, 2021; accepted February 4, 2021; published online March 26, 2021

Abstract

The Archean mantle lithosphere beneath the North China Craton (NCC) was transformed in the Mesozoic, leading to the craton destruction. Despite the significant breakthroughs in the craton studies, lithospheric transformation mechanisms are yet to be fully understood. Compositional variations of mantle-derived rocks and xenoliths provide insights into the nature of the mantle lithosphere before and after the craton destruction. The Paleozoic lithosphere of the NCC is ~200 km thick. It has a refractory mantle with an evolved isotopic signature. The Mesozoic mantle lithosphere was relatively fertile and highly het- erogeneous. In the Cenozoic, the lithosphere in the eastern NCC is about 60–80 km thick. It has an oceanic-type mantle that is fertile in composition and depleted in the Sr-Nd isotopic signature. The Central Zone lithosphere is >100 km thick and has a double-layer mantle with an old upper layer and a new lower layer. The Western Block has a lithosphere of ~200 km thick. The lithospheric mantle beneath the southern and northern margins and eastern part of the NCC has been transformed significantly by peridotite-melt reactions due to the multiple subductions of adjacent plates since the Paleozoic. Paleo-Pacific subduction and the associated dynamic processes significantly alter the lithosphere based on the distribution of craton destruction. The involved mechanisms include mechanical intrusion of subduction plates, melt/fluid erosion, and local delamination. The lithospheric thinning of ~120 km is relevant to the continental extension caused by subduction plate rollback and trench retreat.

Keywords

Mantle xenoliths, Lithospheric mantle transformation, Circum-craton subductions, Peridotite-melt reaction, North China Craton, Paleo-Pacific plate

Citation: Tang Y, Ying J, Zhao Y, Xu X. 2021. Nature and secular evolution of the lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton. Science China Earth Sciences, 64(9): 1492–1503,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-020-9737-4

1. Introduction

Craton is an old and stable continental tectonic unit. It usually has (1) a thick lithosphere (typically >200 km), (2) ancient formation ages, and (3) prolonged stability without large-scale magmatic and seismic activities. However, more and more investigations suggest that cratons can be activated and become unstable due to modification and destruction. For example, the North China Craton (NCC) and the Wyoming craton in North America have been modified and destroyed since the Mesozoic (Carlson et al.,

2005). In contrast to the Wyoming craton, the NCC un- derwent a higher degree of destruction. The mantle trans- formation in the geodynamic context of ocean-continent interaction was responsible for craton destruction (Zhu et al., 2012, 2020).

Archean cratons are underlain by refractory mantle litho- sphere. Whether a craton can exist stably for a long time mainly depends on its lithospheric mantle (Carlson et al., 2005). Thus, the mantle lithosphere is fundamental to the fate of cratons. Although there is a consensus on the destruction of the NCC, disputes exist in some key aspects. For example, what caused the thinning of the lithosphere? How did the mantle transformation take place? Several compelling

© Science China Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021 earth.scichina.com link.springer.com

Earth Sciences

* Corresponding author (email:tangyanjie@mail.igcas.ac.cn)

models have been proposed, including thermal-mechanical erosion (Xu, 2001), delamination (Wu et al., 2003a; Gao et al., 2004; Xu W et al., 2008), hydration (Niu, 2005), re- placement of the mantle (Zheng et al., 2001; Zheng et al., 2007), and peridotite-melt reaction (Zhang, 2005). Although the different views have existed for a long time (Wu et al., 2008), they have not reached a consensus. This paper sum- marized the spatial-temporal variations of the compositions of Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic mantle-derived rocks and their xenoliths. Further, it explored the nature and evo- lution process of the mantle lithosphere beneath the NCC.

Mantle xenoliths carried by mantle-derived magmas are direct samples of the lithospheric mantle. They are lithop- robes and can provide direct information on the nature of the mantle lithosphere. Thus, the mantle rocks, widely dis- tributed on the NCC (Figure 1), are valuable samples for studying the lithospheric mantle.

2. Paleozoic lithospheric mantle

The Paleozoic kimberlites on the NCC (Figure 1) carried abundant xenoliths of peridotite and pyroxenite, minerals of perovskite, phlogopite, and chromite. They are precious samples for determining the formation age and composition of the Paleozoic lithospheric mantle beneath the NCC. The phlogopite megacrysts in the Mengyin kimberlites yield an Ar-Ar age of 465±2 Ma (Zhang and Yang, 2007). The per- ovskites give U-Th-Pb age of 470±4 Ma (Yang et al., 2009).

The baddeleyites in the Mengyin and Fuxian kimberlites re- cord 480.4±3.9 Ma and 479.6±3.9 Ma Pb-Pb ages (Li et al., 2011), respectively. Thus, the kimberlites formed in the Early Ordovician. The peridotite xenoliths in the kimberlites are highly refractory. Their high Fo values (most >92; Zheng, 1999, 2009) are similar to those of cratonic peridotites else- where (such as South African, North American, and Siberian

Figure 1 Map showing the distribution of peridotite xenoliths on the NCC. Data sources: Kimberlites (Lu et al., 1995), ages of Paleozoic kimberlites in Mengyin and Fuxian (Li et al., 2011). Mesozoic mantle-derived rocks: Xinyang (Zheng et al., 2007), Fangcheng (Zhang et al., 2002), Junan (Ying et al., 2006), Jiaozhou (Zhang et al., 2011), Laiwu (Chen and Zhou, 2003;Xu W et al., 2008), Chifeng (Zhang, 2006), Fuxin (Xu et al., 1999;Zheng et al., 2007), Fushan (Xu et al., 2010), Langshan (Dai et al., 2018). Cenozoic basalts in eastern NCC: Nvshan (Xu et al., 1998), Shanwang (Zheng et al., 1998), Changle (Xiao et al., 2010), Qixia (Fan and Hooper, 1989;Zheng et al., 1998), Penglai (Fan et al., 2000), Pingquan (E and Zhao, 1987), Kuandian (Wu et al., 2006), Longgang, Huinan (Xu et al., 2003), Yitong (Xu et al., 1996). Cenozoic basalts in central and western NCC: Hebi (Zheng et al., 2001), Fanshi (Tang et al., 2008), Datong & Yangyuan (Xu et al., 2004b), Hannuoba (Liu et al., 1992), Weichang (Zou et al., 2016), Jining (Zhang and Han, 2006;Zhao et al., 2007), Siziwangqi (Wu et al., 2017).

cratons) (Figure 2) (Tang et al., 2013b).

The lithosphere of ~200 km thick ever existed in the NCC based on the compositions of peridotite xenoliths in the kimberlites. In the Paleozoic, the NCC has a highly re- fractory mantle lithosphere with an evolved Sr-Nd isotopic signature (Zhang and Yang, 2007). The peridotite xenoliths (Gao et al., 2002; Zhang H F et al., 2008; Chu et al., 2009), as well as chromite minerals (Wu et al., 2006), give Re-depleted ages (T

) of >2.5 Ga, consistent with the Archean formation age of cratons worldwide (Figure 2). Therefore, the Archean NCC still had a cratonic lithospheric mantle in the Paleozoic.

3. Late Mesozoic lithospheric mantle

The mantle xenolith-bearing Mesozoic rocks in the NCC include the Cretaceous basaltic volcanic rocks, basic dikes, and a small amount of high-Mg diorite. They are distributed in Xinyang, southern margin of the NCC (Zheng et al., 2007), Jiaozhou (Zhang et al., 2011), Junan (Ying et al., 2006), Feixian (Zhang, 2006), and Laiwu in the eastern NCC (Chen and Zhou, 2005), Chifeng (Zhang, 2006), Fuxin (Xu et al., 1999; Zheng et al., 2007), Langshan in the northern NCC (Dai et al., 2018), and Fushan in the Taihang Mountains,

Figure 2 Re-depletion age (TRD) histogram (a) andFoversusTRD(b) for peridotite xenoliths in the Paleozoic kimberlites of NCC, compared with other cratonic peridotites. Data sources: Mantle peridotite xenoliths and chromite megacrysts in the kimberlites from NCC (Gao et al., 2002;Wu et al., 2006;Zhang H F et al., 2008;Chu et al., 2009); South African craton (Meisel et al., 2001;Simon et al., 2003,2007;Griffin et al., 2004); North American craton (Carlson and Irving, 1994;Irvine et al., 2003;Carlson et al., 2004); Siberian craton (Pearson et al., 1995).

Central Zone of the NCC (Xu et al., 2010). The peridotite xenoliths have a wide range of Fo, from 87 to 93 (Xu et al., 1999; Chen and Zhou, 2005; Ying et al., 2006; Zhang, 2006;

Zheng et al., 2007; Xu et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2011; Dai et al., 2018). Compared with the Paleozoic xenoliths, the Late Mesozoic xenoliths have relatively low Fo, indicating the change of mantle lithosphere from refractory to fertile in the Mesozoic.

The Mesozoic mantle-derived rocks show variable Sr-Nd isotopic compositions (Figure 3), reflecting that the Meso- zoic lithospheric mantle was highly heterogeneous (Zhang et al., 2004; Zhu et al., 2020). The southeastern NCC has an isotopically abnormally evolved mantle lithosphere. The isotopic signatures are EM2-like and entirely different from the Paleozoic. The ε

of the Paleozoic mantle lithosphere beneath the NCC is about –1. It should directly evolve to about –5 when Fangcheng basalts erupted (~125 Ma).

However, the ε

of –5 is much higher than the mantle source of Fangcheng basalts (–15, Figure 3). The apparent dis- crepancy between the calculated and the measured Nd iso- topes indicates crustal material involved during the lithospheric mantle evolution in the southeastern NCC. The

crustal material, having a highly radiogenic isotopic sig- nature, should be the Si-rich melt derived from the subducted Yangtze crust (Zhang et al., 2002).

In the Central Zone of the NCC, Mesozoic mantle-derived rocks include gabbros (Zhang et al., 2004), Hongshan alka- line complex (Zhang et al., 2005), and high-Mg diorite of Fushan (Xu et al., 2010). They have Sr-Nd isotopic com- positions similar to the EM1-type mantle (Figure 3). Some peridotite xenoliths in the Hebi (Tang et al., 2013c), Fanshi (Tang et al., 2008), and Yangyuan (Ma and Xu, 2004; Xu Y G et al., 2008) also have EM1-like isotopic signature and have Archean T

ages (Xu Y G et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2011). Therefore, the Central Zone had an EM1-type litho- spheric mantle in the Mesozoic. Such isotopic compositions are more evolved than the depleted mantle. Thus, the early metasomatism likely occurred before the Mesozoic. The metasomatic melt could derive from the recycled ancient crust (Xu et al., 2010; Tang et al., 2014).

The Mesozoic mantle-derived rocks in the northern NCC show a vast range of Sr-Nd isotopic compositions (Figure 3).

The isotopic variation reflects spatially heterogeneous mantle modification. The high-Mg andesites in the Wu-

Figure 3 Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of the Mesozoic mantle-derived rocks. Data sources: Yinan gabbro (Xu et al., 2004a); Tongshi monzonite, Yinan diorite, Laiwu diorite (Xu et al., 2004c); Zouping and Jinan basaltic rocks (Guo et al., 2001,2003;Zhang et al., 2004); Longbaoshan and Hongshan alkaline complex, Tongshi syenite (Zhang et al., 2005); Laiwu and Zibo Carbonatites (Ying et al., 2004;Zhang, 2009); Fangcheng basalt (Zhang et al., 2002); Jianguo basalts (Zhang et al., 2003); Mengyin shoshonite (Qiu et al., 2002); mantle peridotite xenoliths in the Fushan high-Mg diorite (Xu et al., 2010); mantle peridotite xenoliths from the Tietonggou high-Mg diorite, Laiwu (Chen and Zhou, 2003;Xu et al., 2008); Langshan basalt in the northern margin of NCC (Dai et al., 2019); other data sources (Zhang et al., 2004;Zhang, 2009;Zhu et al., 2020and references therein). Gray asterisks represent peridotite xenoliths in the Cenozoic basalts of Hebi (Tang et al., 2013c); Fanshi, and Yangyuan (Ma and Xu, 2004;Tang et al., 2008,2011;Xu Y G et al., 2008). Some samples have EM1-like isotopic signatures, close to the Mesozoic mantle.

lanhada have an EM1-like isotopic signature. They origi- nated from the ancient lithospheric mantle modified by the melt derived from the subducted slab (Zhang et al., 2003).

The Xinglonggou high-Mg andesites in the western Liaoning have typical features of island arc magmas. Their ε

values are near zero, which is produced by the partial melting of subducted oceanic crust. The isotopic signatures of the Yixian basalts indicate the mixing of the mantle and the melt from the delaminated lower crust (Yang and Li, 2008). The Mesozoic mantle lithosphere probably underwent mod- ification by volatile-rich materials from the mantle transition zone, triggered by the Paleo-Pacific plate subduction (Geng et al., 2019). The modified mantle could also be the origin of the Mesozoic high-Mg andesites (Geng et al., 2019).

Unlike the Paleozoic, the Mesozoic large-scale magmatic and tectonic activities happened in the eastern NCC. The lithospheric mantle has been modified by the melt/fluid from the recycled continental and oceanic crust and changed from highly refractory to relatively fertile. Moreover, the Meso- zoic lithospheric mantle has highly enriched Sr-Nd isotopic compositions (Figure 3).

4. Cenozoic lithospheric mantle

The peridotite xenoliths entrained in the Cenozoic basalts are distributed along the Tanlu fault zone, the Taihang-Mountain gravity gradient lineament, and the northern NCC (Figure 1).

Most Fo values in the xenoliths are between 88 and 93 (Figure 4). The highest Fo value (~93) occurred in the Hebi, central NCC (Zheng et al., 2001; Tang et al., 2013c), and the lowest (~83) in the Changle, Tanlu fault zone (Xiao et al., 2010, 2015). Compared with the cratonic peridotites (most Fo>92, Figure 2), the low Fo values in the Cenozoic basalt- hosted xenoliths indicate the mantle transformation from refractory to fertile. Modification of the lithospheric mantle is intense in the Tanlu fault zone. Thus, the Fo value of peridotite xenoliths from the fault zone is the lowest (Xiao et al., 2010).

The T

ages of peridotite xenoliths in the Cenozoic ba- salts range from the Archean, Proterozoic to the Phaner- ozoic, but most of them are younger than the Archean (Figure 4). In contrast, the mantle peridotites in the eastern NCC are generally young, and none have Archean T

age.

Most of the central and western NCC samples are old, and a few have Archean T

ages. In situ analysis of sulfides in the Central Zone peridotites also yielded Archean T

ages (Yu et al., 2007; Zheng et al., 2007; Xu X S et al., 2008), con- sistent with the conclusion drawn from Fo. Therefore, the composition of the lithospheric mantle beneath the eastern NCC has significantly changed. In contrast, the signatures of ancient craton persist in the central and western NCC. The mantle lithosphere beneath the northern NCC, e.g., in the

Siziwangqi area, has been modified by melts derived from the subducted oceanic plate (Wu et al., 2017).

The Cenozoic basalt-hosted peridotite xenoliths from the eastern NCC have positive ε

values (mostly ε

>5; Figure 5). However, those from the central and western NCC are variable in ε

. Some samples have ε

of about –5 to –10, close to the Paleozoic kimberlites. Furthermore, there is a positive correlation between the Al

O

and ε

of peridotite xenoliths (Figure 5). This phenomenon can be reasonably accounted for by the peridotite-melt reaction (Zhang, 2009).

Old refractory peridotites are low in Al

O

and ε

. Melt addition could increase Al

O

in peridotites and change them from refractory to fertile. Meanwhile, the asthenosphere- derived melts, high in ε

, would inevitably elevate the ε

of old peridotites by the reaction. Some xenoliths have the same ε

as the abyssal peridotites (Figure 5), which evidences the above inferences. The high Al

O

and ε

indicate that most peridotites have undergone a high degree of melt modifica- tion and thus have some oceanic mantle signatures (Tang et al., 2013a). However, the lithospheric mantle beneath the central and western NCC only experienced weak modifica- tion. It still has Archean-aged peridotites (Figure 4), with low Al

O

and ε

(Figure 5). Therefore, the Nd isotopes, com- bined with the contents of Al

O

, further support the con- clusion that the peridotite-melt reaction could cause compositional variations.

5. Spatiotemporal evolution of lithospheric mantle

From west to east, the present lithospheric thickness is gra- dually thinning. The lithospheric mantle varies from the old cratonic-type to the modified and young oceanic-type. The eastern NCC has an oceanic-type lithospheric mantle, while the Western Block still has a thick lithosphere (~200 km) (Zhu et al., 2012) and a cratonic-type mantle (Figure 6). The Western Block has been stable due to the persistence of the thick and rigid lithosphere.

The lithosphere is less than 80 km thick in the eastern

NCC. The lithospheric mantle is mainly composed of fertile

lherzolites, and there is almost no residue of the ancient

mantle (Xu, 2001; Zheng et al., 2001, 2005, 2006, 2007; Xu

et al., 2004b; Ying et al., 2006; Zheng, 2009). It is relatively

young and depleted in Sr-Nd isotopic composition (Xiao et

al., 2010). Thus, the Cenozoic lithospheric mantle beneath

the eastern NCC has the signatures of oceanic mantle. In the

central NCC, the lithosphere is >100 km thick. The re-

fractory peridotites represent the remnants of the Archean

lithospheric mantle. The lherzolites of old T

ages could

represent the ancient mantle modified by the asthenosphere-

derived melt (Tang et al., 2008, 2013b), given that the li-

thosphere-asthenosphere interaction occurred in this area

(Tang et al., 2006, 2007). Therefore, the Cenozoic litho- spheric mantle beneath the central NCC has a double-layer structure. The upper layer is the remnant of the ancient li- thospheric mantle. The lower layer is the modified mantle (Figure 6). Zheng et al. (2021) carried out a comprehensive study of seismology, gravity, and geotherm with data for the deep-seated rock xenoliths. Further, they revealed the com- plex lithospheric mantle structure and extensive Phanerozoic modification of the NCC.

The T

data show that most of the Cenozoic mantle peridotites in the eastern NCC are relatively young (Figure 4). Thus, the Cenozoic lithospheric mantle beneath this re- gion as a whole is young. The lithospheric mantle in the

Tanlu fault zone could be newly-accreted and modified by the asthenosphere-derived melt due to the intensive melt activity. The extent of mantle modification gradually in- creases from west to east (Figure 6). The peridotite xenoliths show a wide range of T

(Figure 4), indicating the variable- degree mantle modifications.

The NCC experienced multiple subductions of the sur- rounding plates since the Paleozoic (Figure 7a). The Paleo- Tethys Ocean and the Yangtze plate subducted northward in the early Paleozoic. The subduction/collision between the Yangtze plate and the NCC formed the world-famous Qinl- ing-Dabie ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt in the Triassic (Figure 7b). The recycled Yangtze crustal material

Figure 4 T_RDage histogram (a),Fovalue versusT_RDdiagram (b) of peridotite xenoliths in the Cenozoic basalts. Data sources: peridotite xenoliths from the eastern NCC (Gao et al., 2002;Wu et al., 2003b,2006;Zhi and Qin, 2004;Chu et al., 2009;Xiao et al., 2010;Liu et al., 2015); peridotite xenoliths from the central and western NCC (Gao et al., 2002;Xia et al., 2004;Xu Y G et al., 2008;Zhang H F et al., 2009,2012;Liu et al., 2011);in situanalysis of sulfides in the peridotites from the Central Zone (Yu et al., 2007;Zheng et al., 2007;Xu X S et al., 2008).

assigned an isotopically evolved signature to the south- eastern NCC mantle (Zhang et al., 2002). The southward subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean in the Late Paleozoic and its closure in the Early Mesozoic formed a huge Central Asian Orogenic Belt, which resulted in the enrichment of the Mesozoic lithospheric mantle in the northern margin of the NCC (Zhang et al., 2003).

The Paleo-Pacific plate subduction has profoundly im- pacted the NCC and even the eastern Eurasian continent since the Mesozoic (Figure 7c). The multi-stage subduction/

collision events of surrounding plates changed the litho- spheric mantle compositions beneath the NCC margins (Windley et al., 2010). High-resolution seismic tomography reveals that the subducted Paleo-Pacific plate in the mantle transition zone extends about 1000 km westward from Japan (Figure 7d). The subducted plate rollback and trench re- treating created a mantle wedge beneath the eastern NCC in the late Early Cretaceous. The melt/fluid released from the subducted plate upwelled with the asthenosphere and mod- ified the lithospheric mantle (Figure 7c) (Zhu et al., 2012).

The materials from the subducted Pacific plate have been recorded by the Mesozoic and Cenozoic magmatic rocks and their mantle xenoliths from the eastern NCC (Zhang J et al., 2008; Zhang J J et al., 2009; Tang et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2013; Xu, 2014; Zhu et al., 2015; Zheng et al., 2018; Zhu and

Xu, 2019; Feng et al., 2020).

The mantle modification beneath the NCC margins trig- gered by the multi-stage subduction events in the Paleozoic laid a favorable condition for the craton destruction. Since the Mesozoic, the Paleo-Pacific subduction has accelerated the mantle transformation beneath the eastern NCC. The critical aspect of lithospheric thinning is the lateral extension caused by subduction plate rollback and trench retreat (Zhu et al., 2012; Zheng and Dai, 2018; Zheng et al., 2018; Zhu and Xu, 2019). The Paleo-Pacific subduction and the asso- ciated deep processes led to the destruction of more than half of the NCC. Therefore, they are the primary controlling factors of the craton destruction. The aspects of subduction plate mechanical intrusion, melt/fluid thermal-chemical erosion, refertilization, and local delamination are involved in the mantle transformation and craton destruction.

6. Retrospect and prospect

Cratons can exist stably for a long time because of their thick and rigid lithospheric mantle. After NCC formed before 1.8 Ga, it kept stable until the Mesozoic when the mantle li- thosphere changed from cratonic-type into the oceanic-type.

The NCC lost its rigid lithospheric mantle, the base of its

Figure 5 Variation of Nd isotopic composition with Al2O3of the peridotites in the Cenozoic basalts. Data sources: peridotite xenoliths from the eastern NCC (Xu et al., 1998;Fan et al., 2000;Wu et al., 2006;Chu et al., 2009;Xiao et al., 2010); peridotite xenoliths from the central and western NCC (Song and Frey, 1989;Tatsumoto et al., 1992;Fan et al., 2000;Rudnick et al., 2004;Ma and Xu, 2006;Tang et al., 2008,2011;Xu Y G et al., 2008;Zhang H F et al., 2009,2012); Paleozoic kimberlite-hosted peridotite xenoliths (Zhang H F et al., 2008;Chu et al., 2009); global abyssal peridotites (Warren et al., 2009;Khedr et al., 2014;Warren, 2016).

stability, and became unstable.

Previous studies suggested that the delamination and re- placement resulted in the mantle transformation of the NCC.

If that is true, the peridotite xenoliths in the Cenozoic basalts are predicted to be no older than 125 Ma, given that the peak time of the craton destruction is about 125 Ma (Zhu et al., 2020). However, most of the peridotites have T

ages of

>250 Ma (Figure 4). If the lithospheric thinning mainly re- sulted from thermal-mechanical erosion or hydration, the newly formed mantle is supposed to be juvenile while the residual be ancient. There should be a significant age dis- crepancy between the new and old mantle peridotites. The published data show that the T

ages of the NCC peridotites are continuous (Figure 4). Consequently, the theoretical predictions are quite different from the observations.

The peridotite-melt reaction can account for the continuity of peridotite T

ages. The melts could originate from var-

ious sources, such as recycled continental crust, oceanic crust, and the asthenosphere. Moreover, the modifications are multi-stage. Also, the scale of melt and the extents of reaction are diverse. All these factors resulted in the com- positional diversity of the mantle peridotites. As a result, peridotite-melt reactions resulted in the Mesozoic hetero- geneous mantle and the Cenozoic oceanic-type mantle be- neath the eastern NCC. The nature and scale of melts, the stages, and processes of the peridotite-melt reactions still need to be further explored.

The peridotite T

age continuity indicates that perido- tite-melt reactions ran through the whole episode of plate subduction and played a leading role in the processes of mantle transformation. Because the models of thermo- mechanical erosion, delamination, replacement, and hy- dration can satisfactorily account for multiple lines of geological phenomena, it is reasonable to believe that they

Figure 6 Profile of present lithospheric structure of the NCC, modified fromZhu et al. (2020). The base map is the P-wave velocity structure of the lithosphere from the long-range deep seismic sounding profile (Wang et al., 2014). References for the compositional variation of lithospheric mantle (Xu, 2001;Zheng et al., 2001,2005,2006,2007;Xu et al., 2004b;Ying et al., 2006;Tang et al., 2008,2011,2012,2013a,2013c;Zhang H F et al., 2008,2009, 2010;Zhang, 2009;Zheng, 2009;Xiao et al., 2010,2015;Zheng et al., 2021).

all exist and play a significant role at certain stages of plate subduction. Lithospheric delamination may occur at cra- tonic margins and orogenic belts, whose triggering me- chanism is unclear.

Compared with other cratons worldwide, the NCC ex- perienced higher-degree destruction, which resulted from the particular location of the plate tectonics and the multi-stage subduction of the surrounding plates. The subduction plate rollback and trench retreat resulted in the tremendous thin- ning and transformation of the lithospheric mantle, critical for craton destruction.

Acknowledgements

41688103).

References

Carlson R W, Irving A J. 1994. Depletion and enrichment history of sub- continental lithospheric mantle: An Os, Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic study of ultramafic xenoliths from the northwestern Wyoming Craton. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 126: 457–472

Figure 7 Schematic diagram of the lithospheric evolution of the NCC and the subduction of surrounding plates. (a) The NCC and its surrounding pates in the Early Paleozoic (adapted afterZheng et al., 2018); (b) subduction/collision of the Yangtze craton and the Mongolian block with the NCC from the Late Paleozoic to the Early Mesozoic (Zhang et al., 2003;Tang et al., 2016,2018); (c) lithospheric modification of the NCC and subduction of Paleo-Pacific plate in the late Early Cretaceous (Tang et al., 2013a;Zhu et al., 2015;Zhu and Xu, 2019); (d) velocity structure of mantle transition zone (Huang and Zhao, 2006).

Carlson R W, Irving A J, Schulze D J, Hearn Jr. B C. 2004. Timing of Precambrian melt depletion and Phanerozoic refertilization events in the lithospheric mantle of the Wyoming Craton and adjacent Central Plains Orogen.Lithos, 77: 453–472

Carlson R W, Pearson D G, James D E. 2005. Physical, chemical, and chronological characteristics of continental mantle.Rev Geophys, 43:

RG1001

Chen L H, Zhou X H. 2003. Ultramafic xenoliths in Mesozoic diorite in west Shandong Province.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci, 47: 489–499 Chen L H, Zhou X H. 2005. Subduction-related metasomatism in the

thinning lithosphere: Evidence from a composite dunite-orthopyrox- enite xenolith entrained in Mesozoic Laiwu high-Mg diorite, North China Craton.Geochem Geophys Geosyst, 6: Q06008

Chu Z Y, Wu F Y, Walker R J, Rudnick R L, Pitcher L, Puchtel I S, Yang Y H, Wilde S A. 2009. Temporal evolution of the lithospheric mantle beneath the eastern North China Craton.J Petrol, 50: 1857–1898 Dai H K, Zheng J P, O’Reilly S Y, Griffin W L, Xiong Q, Xu R, Su Y P,

Ping X Q, Chen F K. 2019. Langshan basalts record recycled Paleo- Asian oceanic materials beneath the northwest North China Craton.

Chem Geol, 524: 88–103

Dai H K, Zheng J P, Xiong Q, Su Y P, Pan S K, Ping X Q, Zhou X. 2018.

Fertile lithospheric mantle underlying ancient continental crust beneath the northwestern North China craton: Significant effect from the southward subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean.GSA Bull, 131: 3–20 E M L, Zhao D S. 1987. Cenozoic Basalts and Their Mantle-derived En-

claves in Eastern China (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press. 490 Fan Q, Hooper P R. 1989. The mineral chemistry of ultramafic xenoliths of

eastern China: Implications for upper mantle composition and the pa- leogeotherms.J Petrol, 30: 1117–1158

Fan W M, Zhang H F, Baker J, Jarvis K E, Mason P R D, Menzies M A.

2000. On and off the north China craton: Where is the Archaean keel?J Petrol, 41: 933–950

Feng Y, Yang J, Sun J, Zhang J. 2020. Material records for Mesozoic destruction of the North China Craton by subduction of the Paleo- Pacific slab.Sci China Earth Sci, 63: 690–700

Gao S, Rudnick R L, Carlson R W, McDonough W F, Liu Y S. 2002. Re–

Os evidence for replacement of ancient mantle lithosphere beneath the North China craton.Earth Planet Sci Lett, 198: 307–322

Gao S, Rudnick R L, Yuan H L, Liu X M, Liu Y S, Xu W L, Ling W L, Ayers J, Wang X C, Wang Q H. 2004. Recycling lower continental crust in the North China craton.Nature, 432: 892–897

Geng X, Liu Y, Wang X C, Hu Z, Zhou L, Gao S. 2019. The role of Earth’s deep volatile cycling in the generation of intracontinental high-Mg andesites: Implication for lithospheric thinning beneath the North China Craton.J Geophys Res Solid Earth, 124: 1305–1323

Griffin W L, Graham S, O’Reilly S Y, Pearson N J. 2004. Lithosphere evolution beneath the Kaapvaal Craton: Re-Os systematics of sulfides in mantle-derived peridotites.Chem Geol, 208: 89–118

Guo F, Fan W M, Wang Y J, Lin G. 2001. Late Mesozoic mafic intrusive complexes in North China Block: Constraints on the nature of sub- continental lithospheric mantle.Phys Chem Earth Part A-Solid Earth Geodesy, 26: 759–771

Guo F, Fan W, Wang Y, Lin G. 2003. Geochemistry of late mesozoic mafic magmatism in west Shandong Province, eastern China: Characterizing the lost lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Block.Geochem J, 37: 63–77

Huang J, Zhao D. 2006. High-resolution mantle tomography of China and surrounding regions.J Geophys Res, 111: B09305

Irvine G J, Pearson D G, Kjarsgaard B A, Carlson R W, Kopylova M G, Dreibus G. 2003. A Re-Os isotope and PGE study of kimberlite-derived peridotite xenoliths from Somerset Island and a comparison to the Slave and Kaapvaal cratons.Lithos, 71: 461–488

Khedr M Z, Arai S, Python M, Tamura A. 2014. Chemical variations of abyssal peridotites in the central Oman ophiolite: Evidence of oceanic mantle heterogeneity.Gondwana Res, 25: 1242–1262

Li Q L, Wu F Y, Li X H, Qiu Z L, Liu Y, Yang Y H, Tang G Q. 2011.

Precisely dating Paleozoic kimberlites in the North China Craton and Hf

isotopic constraints on the evolution of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle.Lithos, 126: 127–134

Liu J, Rudnick R L, Walker R J, Gao S, Wu F, Piccoli P M, Yuan H, Xu W, Xu Y G. 2011. Mapping lithospheric boundaries using Os isotopes of mantle xenoliths: An example from the North China Craton.Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 75: 3881–3902

Liu J, Rudnick R L, Walker R J, Xu W, Gao S, Wu F. 2015. Big insights from tiny peridotites: Evidence for persistence of Precambrian litho- sphere beneath the eastern North China Craton.Tectonophysics, 650:

104–112

Liu R X, Chen W J, Sun J Z, Li D M. 1992. The K-Ar age and tectonic environment of Cenozoic volcanic rock in China. In: Liu R X, ed. The Age and Geochemistry of Cenozoic Volcanic Rock in China (in Chi- nese). Beijing: Seismologic Press. 1–43

Lu F X, Zhao L, Deng J F, Zheng J P. 1995. The discussion on the ages of kimberlitic magmatic activity in North China platform (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Petrol Sin, 11: 365–74

Ma J L, Xu Y G. 2004. Petrology and geichemistry of the Cenozoic basalts from Yangyuan of Hebei Province and Datong of Shanxi Province:

Implications for the deep process in the western North China Craton (in Chinese with English abstract). Geochimica, 33: 75–88

Ma J, Xu Y. 2006. Old EMI-type enriched mantle under the middle North China Craton as indicated by Sr and Nd isotopes of mantle xenoliths from Yangyuan, Hebei Province.Chin Sci Bull, 51: 1343–1349 Meisel T, Walker R J, Irving A J, Lorand J P. 2001. Osmium isotopic

compositions of mantle xenoliths: A global perspective. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 65: 1311–1323

Niu Y. 2005. Generation and evolution of basaltic magmas: Some basic concepts and a new view on the origin of Mesozoic-Cenozoic basaltic volcanism in eastern China. Geol J Chin Univ, 11: 9–46

Pearson D G, Shirey S B, Carlson R W, Boyd F R, Pokhilenko N P, Shimizu N. 1995. Re-Os, Sm-Nd, and Rb-Sr isotope evidence for thick Archaean lithospheric mantle beneath the Siberian craton modified by multistage metasomatism.Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 59: 959–977 Qiu J S, Xu X S, Lo Q H. 2002. Potassium-rich volcanic rocks and lam-

prophyres in western Shandong Province:⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar dating and source tracing.Chin Sci Bull, 47: 91–96

Rudnick R L, Gao S, Ling W, Liu Y, McDonough W F. 2004. Petrology and geochemistry of spinel peridotite xenoliths from Hannuoba and Qixia, North China Craton.Lithos, 77: 609–637

Simon N S C, Carlson R W, Pearson D G, Davies G R. 2007. The origin and evolution of the Kaapvaal cratonic lithospheric mantle.J Petrol, 48:

589–625

Simon N, Irvine G J, Davies G R, Pearson D G, Carlson R W. 2003. The origin of garnet and clinopyroxene in “depleted” Kaapvaal peridotites.

Lithos, 71: 289–322

Song Y, Frey F A. 1989. Geochemistry of peridotite xenoliths in basalt from Hannuoba, eastern China: Implications for subcontinental mantle heterogeneity.Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 53: 97–113

Tang J, Xu W, Niu Y, Wang F, Ge W, Sorokin A A, Chekryzhov I Y. 2016.

Geochronology and geochemistry of Late Cretaceous-Paleocene gran- itoids in the Sikhote-Alin Orogenic Belt: Petrogenesis and implications for the oblique subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate.Lithos, 266-267:

202–212

Tang J, Xu W, Wang F, Ge W. 2018. Subduction history of the Paleo- Pacific slab beneath Eurasian continent: Mesozoic-Paleogene magmatic records in Northeast Asia.Sci China Earth Sci, 61: 527–559 Tang Y J, Zhang H F, Deloule E, Su B X, Ying J F, Santosh M, Xiao Y.

2014. Abnormal lithium isotope composition from the ancient litho- spheric mantle beneath the North China Craton.Sci Rep, 4: 4274 Tang Y J, Zhang H F, Deloule E, Su B X, Ying J F, Xiao Y, Hu Y. 2012.

Slab-derived lithium isotopic signatures in mantle xenoliths from northeastern North China Craton.Lithos, 149: 79–90

Tang Y J, Zhang H F, Nakamura E, Moriguti T, Kobayashi K, Ying J F.

2007. Lithium isotopic systematics of peridotite xenoliths from Han- nuoba, North China Craton: Implications for melt-rock interaction in the considerably thinned lithospheric mantle.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,

71: 4327–4341

Tang Y J, Zhang H F, Nakamura E, Ying J F. 2011. Multistage melt/fluid- peridotite interactions in the refertilized lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton: Constraints from the Li-Sr-Nd isotopic dis- equilibrium between minerals of peridotite xenoliths.Contrib Mineral Petrol, 161: 845–861

Tang Y J, Zhang H F, Santosh M, Ying J F. 2013a. Differential destruction of the North China Craton: A tectonic perspective.J Asian Earth Sci, 78: 71–82

Tang Y J, Zhang H F, Ying J F, Su B X, Chu Z Y, Xiao Y, Zhao X M.

2013c. Highly heterogeneous lithospheric mantle beneath the Central Zone of the North China Craton evolved from Archean mantle through diverse melt refertilization.Gondwana Res, 23: 130–140

Tang Y J, Zhang H F, Ying J F, Su B X. 2013b. Widespread refertilization of cratonic and circum-cratonic lithospheric mantle.Earth-Sci Rev, 118:

45–68

Tang Y J, Zhang H F, Ying J F, Zhang J, Liu X M. 2008. Refertilization of ancient lithospheric mantle beneath the central North China Craton:

Evidence from petrology and geochemistry of peridotite xenoliths.Li- thos, 101: 435–452

Tang Y J, Zhang H F, Ying J F. 2006. Asthenosphere-lithospheric mantle interaction in an extensional regime: Implication from the geochemistry of Cenozoic basalts from Taihang Mountains, North China Craton.

Chem Geol, 233: 309–327

Tatsumoto M, Basu A R, Wankang H, Junwen W, Guanghong X. 1992. Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes of ultramafic xenoliths in volcanic rocks of Eastern China: Enriched components EMI and EMII in subcontinental litho- sphere.Earth Planet Sci Lett, 113: 107–128

Wang S J, Wang F Y, Zhang J S, Jia S X, Zhang C K, Zhao J R, Liu B F.

2014. The P-wave velocity structure of the lithosphere of the North China Craton—Results from the Wendeng-Alxa Left Banner deep seismic sounding profile.Sci China Earth Sci, 57: 2053–2063 Warren J M, Shimizu N, Sakaguchi C, Dick H J B, Nakamura E. 2009. An

assessment of upper mantle heterogeneity based on abyssal peridotite isotopic compositions.J Geophys Res, 114: B12203

Warren J M. 2016. Global variations in abyssal peridotite compositions.

Lithos, 248-251: 193–219

Windley B F, Maruyama S, Xiao W J. 2010. Delamination/thinning of sub- continental lithospheric mantle under Eastern China: The role of water and multiple subduction.Am J Sci, 310: 1250–1293

Wu D, Liu Y, Chen C, Xu R, Ducea M N, Hu Z, Zong K. 2017.In-situ trace element and Sr isotopic compositions of mantle xenoliths con- strain two-stage metasomatism beneath the northern North China Cra- ton.Lithos, 288-289: 338–351

Wu F Y, Ge W C, Sun D Y, Guo C L. 2003a. Discussions on the litho- spheric thinning in eastern China (in Chinese with English abstract).

Earth Sci Front, 10: 51–60

Wu F Y, Walker R J, Ren X W, Sun D Y, Zhou X H. 2003b. Osmium isotopic constraints on the age of lithospheric mantle beneath north- eastern China.Chem Geol, 196: 107–129

Wu F Y, Walker R J, Yang Y H, Yuan H L, Yang J H. 2006. The chemical- temporal evolution of lithospheric mantle underlying the North China Craton.Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 70: 5013–5034

Wu F Y, Xu Y G, Gao S, Zheng J P. 2008. Lithospheric thinning and destruction of the North China Craton (in Chinese with English ab- stract). Acta Petrol Sin, 24: 1145–1174

Xia Q X, Zhi X C, Meng Q, Zheng L, Peng Z C. 2004. The trace element and Re-Os isotopic geochemistry of mantle-derived peridotite xenoliths from Hannuoba: Nature and age of SCLM beneath the area (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Petrol Sin, 20: 1215–1224

Xiao Y, Zhang H F, Deloule E, Su B X, Tang Y J, Sakyi P A, Hu Y, Ying J F. 2015. Large lithium isotopic variations in minerals from peridotite xenoliths from the eastern North China Craton.J Geol, 123: 79–94 Xiao Y, Zhang H F, Fan W M, Ying J F, Zhang J, Zhao X M, Su B X. 2010.

Evolution of lithospheric mantle beneath the Tan-Lu fault zone, eastern North China Craton: Evidence from petrology and geochemistry of peridotite xenoliths.Lithos, 117: 229–246

Xu R, Liu Y, Tong X, Hu Z, Zong K, Gao S. 2013.In-situtrace elements and Li and Sr isotopes in peridotite xenoliths from Kuandian, North China Craton: Insights into Pacific slab subduction-related mantle modification.Chem Geol, 354: 107–123

Xu W, Hergt J M, Gao S, Pei F, Wang W, Yang D. 2008. Interaction of adakitic melt-peridotite: Implications for the high-Mg# signature of Mesozoic adakitic rocks in the eastern North China Craton.Earth Planet Sci Lett, 265: 123–137

Xu W L, Zheng C Q, Wang D Y. 1999. The discovery of mantle- and lower crust-derived xenoliths in Mesozoic trachybasalts from western Liaoning, and their geological implications (in Chinese with English abstract). Geol Rev, 45: 444–449

Xu W, Yang D, Gao S, Pei F, Yu Y. 2010. Geochemistry of peridotite xenoliths in Early Cretaceous high-Mg# diorites from the Central Orogenic Block of the North China Craton: The nature of Mesozoic lithospheric mantle and constraints on lithospheric thinning. Chem Geol, 270: 257–273

Xu X S, Griffin W L, O’Reilly S Y, Pearson N J, Geng H Y, Zheng J P.

2008. Re-Os isotopes of sulfides in mantle xenoliths from eastern China: Progressive modification of lithospheric mantle.Lithos, 102:

43–64

Xu X S, O’Reilly S Y, Griffin W L, Zhou X M, Huang X L. 1998. The nature of the Cenozoic lithosphere of Nushan, eastern China. In: Flower M F J, Chung S L, Lo C H, Lee T Y, eds. Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interactions in East Asia. Washington: American Geophysical Union.

167–196

Xu Y G. 2001. Thermo-tectonic destruction of the archaean lithospheric keel beneath the Sino-Korean craton in China: Evidence, timing and mechanism.Phys Chem Earth Part A-Solid Earth Geodesy, 26: 747–

757

Xu Y G. 2014. Recycled oceanic crust in the source of 90–40 Ma basalts in North and Northeast China: Evidence, provenance and significance.

Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 143: 49–67

Xu Y G, Blusztajn J, Ma J L, Suzuki K, Liu J F, Hart S R. 2008. Late Archean to Early Proterozoic lithospheric mantle beneath the western North China craton: Sr-Nd-Os isotopes of peridotite xenoliths from Yangyuan and Fansi.Lithos, 102: 25–42

Xu Y G, Chung S L, Ma J, Shi L. 2004b. Contrasting cenozoic lithospheric evolution and architecture in the western and Eastern Sino-Korean Craton: Constraints from geochemistry of basalts and mantle xenoliths.

J Geol, 112: 593–605

Xu Y G, Huang X L, Ma J L, Wang Y B, Iizuka Y, Xu J F, Wang Q, Wu X Y. 2004c. Crust-mantle interaction during the tectono-thermal re- activation of the North China Craton: Constraints from SHRIMP zircon U-Pb chronology and geochemistry of Mesozoic plutons from western Shandong.Contrib Mineral Petrol, 147: 750–767

Xu Y G, Ma J L, Huang X L, Iizuka Y, Chung S L, Wang Y B, Wu X Y.

2004a. Early Cretaceous gabbroic complex from Yinan, Shandong Province: Petrogenesis and mantle domains beneath the North China Craton.Int J Earth Sci-Geol Rundsch, 93: 1025–1041

Xu Y G, Menzies M A, Thirlwall M F, Huang X L, Liu Y, Chen X M.

2003. “Reactive” harzburgites from Huinan, NE China: Products of the lithosphere-asthenosphere interaction during lithospheric thinning?

Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 67: 487–505

Xu Y G, Mercier J C C, Lin C, Shi L, Menzies M A, Ross J V, Harte B.

1996. K-rich glass-bearing wehrlite xenoliths from Yitong, northeastern China: Petrological and chemical evidence for mantle metasomatism.

Contrib Mineral Petrol, 125: 406–420

Yang W, Li S G. 2008. Geochronology and geochemistry of the Mesozoic volcanic rocks in Western Liaoning: Implications for lithospheric thinning of the North China Craton.Lithos, 102: 88–117

Yang Y H, Wu F Y, Wilde S A, Liu X M, Zhang Y B, Xie L W, Yang J H.

2009.In situperovskite Sr-Nd isotopic constraints on the petrogenesis of the Ordovician Mengyin kimberlites in the North China Craton.

Chem Geol, 264: 24–42

Ying J, Zhou X, Zhang H. 2004. Geochemical and isotopic investigation of the Laiwu-Zibo carbonatites from western Shandong Province, China,

and implications for their petrogenesis and enriched mantle source.

Lithos, 75: 413–426

Ying J, Zhang H, Kita N, Morishita Y, Shimoda G. 2006. Nature and evolution of Late Cretaceous lithospheric mantle beneath the eastern North China Craton: Constraints from petrology and geochemistry of peridotitic xenoliths from Jünan, Shandong Province, China. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 244: 622–638

Yu C M, Zheng J P, Griffin W L. 2007.In situRe-Os isotope ages of sulfides in Hannuoba peridotitic xenoliths: Significance for the fre- quently-occurring mantle events beneath the North China Block.Chin Sci Bull, 52: 2847–2853

Zhang H F, Deloule E, Tang Y J, Ying J F. 2010. Melt/rock interaction in remains of refertilized Archean lithospheric mantle in Jiaodong Pe- ninsula, North China Craton: Li isotopic evidence. Contrib Mineral Petrol, 160: 261–277

Zhang H F, Goldstein S L, Zhou X H, Sun M, Cai Y. 2009. Comprehensive refertilization of lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton:

Further Os-Sr-Nd isotopic constraints.J Geol Soc, 166: 249–259 Zhang H F, Goldstein S L, Zhou X H, Sun M, Zheng J P, Cai Y. 2008.

Evolution of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath eastern China:

Re-Os isotopic evidence from mantle xenoliths in Paleozoic kimberlites and Mesozoic basalts.Contrib Mineral Petrol, 155: 271–293 Zhang H F, Sun M, Zhou M F, Fan W, Zhou X H, Zhai M G. 2004. Highly

heterogeneous Late Mesozoic lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton: Evidence from Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic systematics of mafic igneous rocks.Geol Mag, 141: 55–62

Zhang H F, Sun M, Zhou X H, Fan W M, Zhai M G, Yin J F. 2002.

Mesozoic lithosphere destruction beneath the North China Craton:

Evidence from major-, trace-element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope studies of Fangcheng basalts.Contrib Mineral Petrol, 144: 241–254

Zhang H F, Sun M, Zhou X H, Ying J F. 2005. Geochemical constraints on the origin of Mesozoic alkaline intrusive complexes from the North China Craton and tectonic implications.Lithos, 81: 297–317 Zhang H F, Sun M, Zhou X H, Zhou M F, Fan W M, Zheng J P. 2003.

Secular evolution of the lithosphere beneath the eastern North China Craton: Evidence from Mesozoic basalts and high-Mg andesites.Geo- chim Cosmochim Acta, 67: 4373–4387

Zhang H F, Sun Y L, Tang Y J, Xiao Y, Zhang W H, Zhao X M, Santosh M, Menzies M A. 2012. Melt-peridotite interaction in the Pre-Cambrian mantle beneath the western North China Craton: Petrology, geochem- istry and Sr, Nd and Re isotopes.Lithos, 149: 100–114

Zhang H F, Yang Y H. 2007. Emplacement age and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic characteristics of the diamondiferous kimberlites from the eastern North China Craton (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Petrol Sin, 23:

285–294

Zhang H F. 2005. Transformation of lithospheric mantle through peridotite- melt reaction: A case of Sino-Korean craton.Earth Planet Sci Lett, 237:

768–780

Zhang H F. 2006. Complex peridotitic xenoliths: Rare and important samples for understanding the lithospheric evolution (in Chinese with English abstract). J China Uni Geosci-Earth Sci, 31: 31–37

Zhang H F. 2009. Peridotite-melt interaction: A key point for the de- struction of cratonic lithospheric mantle.Sci Bull, 54: 3417–3437 Zhang J J, Zheng Y F, Zhao Z F. 2009. Geochemical evidence for inter-

action between oceanic crust and lithospheric mantle in the origin of Cenozoic continental basalts in east-central China.Lithos, 110: 305–326 Zhang J, Zhang H, Kita N, Shimoda G, Morishita Y, Ying J, Tang Y. 2011.

Secular evolution of the lithospheric mantle beneath the eastern North China craton: Evidence from peridotitic xenoliths from Late Cretaceous mafic rocks in the Jiaodong region, east-central China.Int Geol Rev, 53: 182–211

Zhang J, Zhang H, Ying J, Tang Y, Niu L. 2008. Contribution of subducted Pacific slab to Late Cretaceous mafic magmatism in Qingdao region, China: A petrological record.Isl Arc, 17: 231–241

Zhang W H, Han B. 2006. K-Ar chronology and geochemistry of Jining Cenozoic basalts, Inner Mongolia, and geodynamic implcations (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Petrol Sin, 22: 1597–1607 Zhao X M, Zhang H F, Zhu X K, Zhang W H, Yang Y H, Tang Y J. 2007.

Metasomatism of Mesozoic and Cenozoic lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton: Evidence from phlogopite-bearing mantle xenoliths (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Petrol Sin, 23: 1281–

1293

Zheng J, Griffin W L, O’Reilly S Y, Yang J, Li T, Zhang M, Zhang R Y, Liou J G. 2006. Mineral chemistry of peridotites from Paleozoic, Me- sozoic and Cenozoic lithosphere: Constraints on mantle evolution be- neath eastern China.J Petrol, 47: 2233–2256

Zheng J P, Griffin W L, O’Reilly S Y, Yu C M, Zhang H F, Pearson N, Zhang M. 2007. Mechanism and timing of lithospheric modification and replacement beneath the eastern North China Craton: Peridotitic xenoliths from the 100 Ma Fuxin basalts and a regional synthesis.

Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 71: 5203–5225

Zheng J, O’Reilly S Y, Griffin W L, Lu F, Zhang M, Pearson N J. 2001.

Relict refractory mantle beneath the eastern North China block: Sig- nificance for lithosphere evolution.Lithos, 57: 43–66

Zheng J, O’Reilly S Y, Griffin W L, Lu F, Zhang M. 1998. Nature and evolution of Cenozoic lithospheric mantle beneath Shandong peninsula, Sino-Korean craton, eastern China.Int Geol Rev, 40: 471–499 Zheng J, Sun M, Zhou M F, Robinson P. 2005. Trace elemental and PGE

geochemical constraints of Mesozoic and Cenozoic peridotitic xenoliths on lithospheric evolution of the North China Craton.Geochim Cos- mochim Acta, 69: 3401–3418

Zheng J P. 1999. Mesozoic-Cenozoic Mantle Replacement and Litho- spheric Thinning, East China (in Chinese). Wuhan: China University of Geosicences Press. 126

Zheng J P. 2009. Comparison of mantle-derived materials from different spatiotemporal settings: Implications for destructive and accretional processes of the North China Craton. Chin Sci Bull, 54: 3397–3416 Zheng J, Dai H. 2018. Subduction and retreating of the western Pacific

plate resulted in lithospheric mantle replacement and coupled basin- mountain respond in the North China Craton.Sci China Earth Sci, 61:

406–424

Zheng J, Xia B, Dai H, Ma Q. 2021. Lithospheric structure and evolution of the North China Craton: An integrated study of geophysical and xe- nolith data.Sci China Earth Sci, 64: 205–219

Zheng Y, Xu Z, Zhao Z, Dai L. 2018. Mesozoic mafic magmatism in North China: Implications for thinning and destruction of cratonic lithosphere.

Sci China Earth Sci, 61: 353–385

Zhi X C, Qin X. 2004. Re-Os isotope geochemistry of mantle-derived peridotite xenoliths from eastern China: Constraints on the age and thinning of lithosphere mantle (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Petrol Sin, 20: 989–998

Zhu R X, Chen L, Wu F Y, Liu J L. 2011. Timing, scale and mechanism of the destruction of the North China Craton.Sci China Earth Sci, 54:

789–797

Zhu R X, Xu Y G, Zhu G, Zhang H F, Xia Q K, Zheng T Y. 2012.

Destruction of the North China Craton.Sci China Earth Sci, 55: 1565–

1587

Zhu R X, Zhu G, Li J W. 2020. Destruction of the North China Craton (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press. 417

Zhu R X, Fan H R, Li J W, Meng Q R, Li S R, Zeng Q D. 2015. Decratonic gold deposits.Sci China Earth Sci, 58: 1523–1537

Zhu R, Xu Y. 2019. The subduction of the west Pacific plate and the destruction of the North China Craton.Sci China Earth Sci, 62: 1340–

1350

Zou D, Zhang H, Hu Z, Santosh M. 2016. Complex metasomatism of lithospheric mantle by asthenosphere-derived melts: Evidence from peridotite xenoliths in Weichang at the northern margin of the North China Craton.Lithos, 264: 210–223

(Responsible editor: Jianping ZHENG)