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Frequency 4.09 kHz Coil Spacing (HCP) 2.77 m Sample Interval 10 Hz

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Frequency 4.09 kHz Coil Spacing

(HCP)

2.77 m Sample Interval 10 Hz

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Comsol Multiphysics

Finite Elements

Forward Modelling of Inphase/Quadrature Interpretation with 1D Approach

Apparent 1D ice thickness vs. specified (true) ice thickness

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Numerical 1D Solution vs.

3D Halfspace model Variable vertical offset between coil plane and halfspace interface

 Small systematic bias

1D Solution

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Relevant parameter for EM

DC conductivity

Ridge parameter: Porosity

Blocksize Percolation

Result of random geometries very close to Archies Law

(First-year sea ice)

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Center profile 3.07 Average Footprint 3.11

3D Model 3.09

Simulated 3D ice draft

Result of forward model

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Altitude Bird 50 ft Altitude Airplane 200 ft

Cable length 225 ft

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Airborne EM (towed system)

State of the Art for regional sea ice thickness surveys

Significant range improvements with utilizations of airplanes

1D Interpretation

Underestimation of maximum sea ice thickness : up to 50%

Mean sea ice thickness : Conserved quantity

Outlook

Porosity information of ridges desirable Ideas for EM parameter changes welcome!

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