decantation 180 cm

(1)

TERENO International Conference 2014 ‐Bonn

On the use of lysimeters and ecotrons to study the fate of

pollutants in soil plant ecosystems

Leyval Corinne

Vandoeuvre‐les‐Nancy, France

(2)

d’indicateurs pertinents oand

u de réseaux de capteurs environnementaux Terrestrial ecosystems are strongly affected by

human activities and environmental changes.

- Fate and impact of polluants, a major concern for human and environment health

(3)

What to do with contaminated sites and soils ?

Characterization Impact of pollution

Remediation

Restoration of soil properties

Refonctionnalisation

Ressource Ecosystem services (energy, biodiversity, food…)

‐> Soils are limited ressources

‐> Need for long term studies,

integrated and pluridisciplinary

approaches

(4)

The « critical zone » for humans

D’après Anderson et al., 2004

Ecosystem functionniong Biogeochemical cycles Matter and energy fluxes Weathering, erosion

Dynamic of contaminants

(5)

1 µm

14/02/13

Litter

1 mètre

Micro-niche

1cm

Rhizosphere

Research has progressed on transfers, processes, including modeling aspects at small (micro- and nano- scales) and large scales (> 1000 km)

The meso-scale (block of soil to catchment scale) still requires investigation.

- > complexity, spatial and temporal heterogeneity

(6)

Lysimeters:

are tanks ( weighable or not) filled with soil commonly used in studies of crop evaporation and movement of water and chemicals in the soil

profile

(7)

Ecotrons

: Experimental devices to study and model how ecosystem and organism functioning, and biodiversity respond to environmental changes

Ecotron Montpellier, TGIR

(8)

Ecotron and lysimeters are complementary approaches to study « on site » processes

Observation on

• impact of global change on ecosystem functionning

• processes : remediation, restoration, constructed soils

(9)

Les sites

Network of Sites For Innovation and Research on contaminated soils

(ADEME) • Contaminated

sites and experimental station

• 10 academic laboratories and industral partners

(10)

Homécourt

dispositif UGT

photo : EPFL photo : EPFL

Experimental station, Homécourt, France

dedicated to contaminated and degraded soils:

‐ Analysis of pollutants, availability, toxicity, fate of pollutants, risk evaluation, soil quality

‐ Natural attenuation, chemical and biological remediation, phytoremediation and phytomining, soil construction

24 lysimeters

(11)

Fate of contaminants under natural attenuation in a tailing pond from steel industry

Pompey

Huot et al 2013, 2014.

Pb Zn

Natural attenuation

Collaboration GISFI – ArcelorMittal REF

1950-60

Plant and biological colonisation

Steeel industry effluents

decantation

180 cm

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0 50000 100000

teneur (mg kg^‐1sol sec )

(12)

1 3 2

4

5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16

Bare soil

Spontaneous vegetation

Medicago sativa TN

VS

Tc

Ms

Contaminated soil

(HAP, heavy metals)

Plant assisted long term attenuation of PAH contamination in coking plant soil (Multipolsite project)

Long term on site experiment (2005‐ 2013, Ouvard et al., 2011) Lysimeter plots and lysimeters (Homécourt)

Hyperaccumutaive plant

(13)

TERENO International Conference 2014 ‐Coord. C. Leyval Bonn Microbial (fungal) diversity evolved with time in lysimeter

plots

PAH concentrations slowly decreased with time, no sign.

difference between treatments (only 1-2% available PAHs)

Plant assisted long term attenuation of PAH contamination in coking plant soil (Multipolsite project)

Soil PAH

concentration (mgkg^‐1)

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

2005 2010

Bare soil Alfalfa Spontanous vegetation

AM‐alfalfa Bare soil Alfalfa‐TD treated soil

Indice de diversité

Fungal diversity index

(14)

Data analysis using principal response curve (PRC) : microbial, micro‐ and

mesofauna diversity, activities, abundance

Plots mainly discriminated by the presence of plants ‐>

higher abundance of fungi and fauna, and enzymatic activity PAH‐degrading bacteria

Cébron et al, 2011 Thion et al, 2012

Plant assisted long term attenuation of PAH contamination

in coking plant soil (Multipolsite project)

(15)

• Seasonal variations

• Influence of vegetation, e.g. evapotranspiration ↗, drainage ↘

Plant assisted long term attenuation of PAH contamination in coking plant soil (Multipolsite project)

Water budget over 6 years in lysimeters

•Seasonal fluctuations of the total amount of water are increased by the presence of vegetation

‐ > evolution of the soil poral architecture

(16)

Modelling of pore size distribution

•

An inverse modelling approach was conducted on the hydrodynamic monitoring data (water content, outflow) to estimate the evolution with time of the pore size distribution for the planted soil (Sere et al.)

0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4

Pore size distribution

2008 2010 2013

Plant assisted long term attenuation of PAH contamination in coking

plant soil (Multipolsite project)

(17)

Combination of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) and soil restoration: OXYSOL project

Contaminated soils

(PAHs and metals)

ISCO

Monitoring (geophysical methods) Characterisation of the treated soil

Restoration of soil functions

Clean functional soils

(18)

Oxidation with modified Fenton and persulfate:

• Slight PAH concentration decrease in an industrial /spiked soil

• Slight pH and Olsen P decrease, and CEC variations

• Slight decrease of culturable bacteria and strong decrease of hydrolase activity

• High toxicity of percolates after oxidation with persulfate

0 20 40 60 80 100

0 20 40 60 80

PAHs 100

C_org

N_tot

P_Olsen pH CEC

Hydrolase activity

Bacterial density

Toxicity

PAHs

C_org

N_tot

P_Olsen pH CEC

Hydrolases Bacterial

density Toxicity

Water Fenton Persulfate

Chemical oxidation and organic amendment at column and pot scale

Combination of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) and soil restoration: OXYSOL project

(19)

In situ chemical oxidation

• 4 lysimeters: 2 m

³

(3.2 t soil core)



no oxidant – H

₂

O



Fenton ‐ H

₂

O

₂

/FeSO

₄



Fenton ‐ H

₂

O

₂

/FeSO

₄



activated persulfate ‐ NaPS/H

₂

O

₂

Gradual, alternate feeding

5 to 8 SMR

400 – 500 L feed solution

5‐7 days

Soil from a former steel coking plant (Lorraine); TOC ≈ 71.5 g kg^‐1 ; 16 USEPA PAHs ≈ 2.0 g/kg Combination of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) and soil restoration: OXYSOL project

(20)

Restoration of soil functions : addition of organic amendments and sowing

2-3 cm

Fenton Amendment+

Persulfate +Amendment

Control Fenton

30 cm

150 cm

15 cm

Mixing of the 15 upper cm with

amendment

Combination of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) and soil restoration: OXYSOL project

(21)

Leaching of compounds and elements following oxidation and amendment

Sulfate

Dissolved organic carbon

Zinc

Phosphorus

Manganese

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3

01.06.2010 01.07.2010 31.07.2010 30.08.2010 29.09.2010 29.10.2010 28.11.2010 28.12.2010 27.01.2011 26.02.2011 28.03.2011 27.04.2011 27.05.2011

Concentration en mg.l-1

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6

01.06.2010 01.07.2010 31.07.2010 30.08.2010 29.09.2010 29.10.2010 28.11.2010 28.12.2010 27.01.2011 26.02.2011 28.03.2011 27.04.2011 27.05.2011

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000

01.06.2010 01.07.2010 31.07.2010 30.08.2010 29.09.2010 29.10.2010 28.11.2010 28.12.2010 27.01.2011 26.02.2011 28.03.2011 27.04.2011 27.05.2011

0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6 2

01.06.2010 01.07.2010 31.07.2010 30.08.2010 29.09.2010 29.10.2010 28.11.2010 28.12.2010 27.01.2011 26.02.2011 28.03.2011 27.04.2011 27.05.2011

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

01.06.2010 01.07.2010 31.07.2010 30.08.2010 29.09.2010 29.10.2010 28.11.2010 28.12.2010 27.01.2011 26.02.2011 28.03.2011 27.04.2011 27.05.2011

Carbone organique dissout (mg.l-1)

Témoin Fenton A Fenton B Persulfate

Control Fenton

Fenton+amendment Persulfate+amendme nt

(22)

Fate of PAH in lysimeters

• after Fenton oxydation (TOx.1, TOx.5)

• 8 and 20 months after amendment (Trefonc. 8, Trefonc 20)

Fenton oxidation Fenton oxidation+ amendment Combination of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) and soil restoration: OXYSOL project

(23)

Higher plant growth in amended lysimeters Lower growth in persulfate than in Fenton oxidized soil

Impact of amendment and plants on bacterial density and enzymatic activity

Fenton + Amendment

Persulfate + Amendment Control Fenton

1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08 1E+09 1E+10

30.04.2010 31.05.2010 30.06.2010 31.07.2010 31.08.2010 30.09.2010 31.10.2010 30.11.2010 31.12.2010 31.01.2011 28.02.2011 31.03.2011 30.04.2011 31.05.2011 30.06.2011

16 S rDNAgenecopy nb g-1 soil

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

4.30.10 6.30.10 8.31.10 10.31.10 12.31.10 2.28.11 4.30.11 6.30.11 8.31.11 10.31.11 12.31.11 2.29.12 4.30.12 6.30.12

fluoresceine ug.gsol.h-1

Fenton A Fenton B Persulfate Control

‐> Field trials will be conducted

(24)

On the use of lysimeters and ecotrons to study the fate of pollutants in soil plant ecosystems

• Complementary approaches to laboratory and field studies

• Long term projects and collaborative projects

• Limitations: replicate numbers, sampling strategies, and maintenance costs

• Further developments to include atmosphere aspects (volatile compounds, biogeochemical cycles coupling), and social and human aspects

• Data management under development

• Interest for lysimeter network studies and collaborations

– Observatory on contaminated soils

(25)

http://www.gisfi. fr

Acknowledgements

T. Beguiristain, A.Cébron, J.Cortet, S.Criquet, P. Faure, S.Guimont, J.L.

Morel, J.F.Masfaraud, S.Ouvrard, N. Raoult, M.O. Simonnot, C. Schwartz, G. Séré, P. Vasseur, H.Huot, J. Lemaire, F. Laurent, C.Thion, L. Charrois , R.

Baldo, M. Malacarne, R. Jacquet, P. Charbonnier, S. Guimont, J.C. Renat…

Das Bild kann zurzeit nicht angezeigt werden.

(26)

Geophysical monitoring of oxidation process

16 potential

non polarisable electrodes

0.45 m 0.65 m

0.90 m 1.05 m 1.20 m 1.35 m 1.50 m 0.75 m

0.45 m

0.65 m

0.90 m

1.05 m

1.20 m

1.35 m

1.50 m 0.75 m

Resistivimeter

PC

Datalogger

TDR

Temperature Tensiometer

(0.35m/ 0.85m / 1.35 m) (1 measurement/ minute)

Porous cup (2/day)

Distribution of electrodes and probes in the lysimeter

(27)

Variation of resistivity and chargeability during the oxidation process

Das Bild kann zurzeit nicht angezeigt werden.

 Fenton

 4 days

 3 depths :

 black 0.45 m

 blue 0.90 m

 purple1.35 m

Injection of Fenton oxidant

A clear response is obtained from the injection