Teil 5, 13. Mai 2005

(1)

Semantik und Pragmatik

SS 2005

Universit ¨at Bielefeld

Teil 5, 13. Mai 2005

Gerhard J ¨ager

(2)

Zusammenfassung: Grammatik-Regeln

Regel-Regel-Korrespondenz

1. ^S ^→ ^{N P, V} ⁱ ^{[+F IN} ^] S ⇒ V _i [+ F IN ] ⁰ ( N P )

2. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ ^{, V} ^t ^{[+F IN} ^{], N P} ² S ⇒ V _t [+ F IN ] ⁰ ( N P ₁ ⁰ , N P ₂ ⁰ )

3. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ ^{, V} ^dt ^{[+F IN} ^{], N P} ² ^, to , N P ³ S ⇒ V _dt ⁰ ( N P ₁ ⁰ , N P ₂ ⁰ , N P ₃ ⁰ )

4. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ ^{, V} ^dt ^[+ ^{F IN} ^] ^{, N P} ² ^{, N P} ³

S ⇒ V _dt ( N P ₁ ⁰ , N P ₃ ⁰ , N P 2 )

(3)

Zusammenfassung: Grammatik-Regeln

5. ^S ^→ it , V 0 [+ F IN ] S ⇒ V ₀ ⁰

6. ^{N P} ^→ ^N ^pr N P ⇒ N _pr ⁰

7. ^{N P} ^→ the , N N P ⇒ ^THE - N ’

8. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ ^, was , V _t [ P AS ] , by , N P ² S ⇒ V _t ⁰ (N P ² , N P ¹ )

S → N P , was , V [P AS ], to , N P , by , N P

(4)

Zusammenfassung: Grammatik-Regeln

10. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ ^, was , V _dt [ P AS ] , N P 2 , by , N P 3

S ⇒ V _dt ⁰ ( N P ₃ ⁰ , N P ₂ ⁰ , N P ₁ ⁰ )

11. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ ^, was , N P 2

S ⇒ N P ₁ ⁰ = N P ₂ ⁰ 12. ^S ^→ ^{N P,} was , A

S ⇒ A ⁰ (N P ⁰ )

(5)

Zusammenfassung: Lexikon

N _pr → {Prudence, Ethel, Chester, Jo, Bertie, Fiona}

N → {book, cake, cat, golfer, dog, lecturer, student, singer}

V _i [+F IN ] → {ran, laughed, sang, howled, screamed}

V _t [+F IN ] → {read, poisoned, ate, liked, loathed, kicked}

V _dt [+F IN ] → {gave}

V ⁰ [+F IN ] → {rained, snowed}

V _t [P AS ] → {read, poisoned, eaten, liked, loathed, kicked}

V _dt [P AS ] → {given}

A → {happy, crazy, messy, disgusting, wealthy}

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Zusammenfassung: Kategorien

S ⇒ t N P ⇒ e

V ⁰ ⇒ P red ⁰ V _i ⇒ P red ¹ V _t ⇒ P red ² V _dt ⇒ P red 3

A ⇒ P red 1

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Zusammenfassung: Lexikon-Übersetzung

Übersetzung respektiert immer Kategorien-Korrespondenz

Ethel ⇒ ^ETHEL ’

the cake ⇒ ^THE - ^CAKE ’ gave ⇒ ^GIVE ’

sang ⇒ ^SING ’ ate ⇒ ^EAT ’

messy ⇒ ^MESSY ’

...

(8)

Zusammenfassung: Modell

M = h E, F i

E = { DOG, CAT, MAN 1 , MAN 2 , WOMAN 1 , WOMAN 2 , CAKE, BOOK }

F ( ^JO ’ ) = ^MAN ¹ F ( ^BERTIE ’ ) = ^MAN ²

F ( ^ETHEL ’ ) = ^WOMAN ¹ F ( ^FIONA ’ ) = ^WOMAN ² F ( ^CHESTER ’ ) = ^DOG

F ( ^PRUDENCE ’ ) = ^CAT F ( ^THE - ^STUDENT ’ ) = ^MAN ¹

F ( ^THE - ^CAT ’ ) = ^CAT

F ( ^THE - ^CAKE ’ ) = ^CAKE

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Zusammenfassung: Modell

F ( ^THE - ^GOLFER ’ ) = ^WOMAN ¹ F ( ^THE - ^SINGER ’ ) = ^WOMAN ² F ( ^THE - ^LECTURER ’ ) = ^WOMAN ²

F ( ^THE - ^BOOK ’ ) = ^BOOK

(10)

Zusammenfassung: Modell

F ( ^RUN ’ ) = { ^{DOG, CAT} }

F ( ^LAUGH ’ ) = { ^MAN ¹ ^{, WOMAN} ¹ } F ( ^HOWL ’ ) = { ^DOG }

F ( ^SING ’ ) = { ^WOMAN ² } F ( ^SCREAM ’ ) = ∅

F ( ^CRAZY ’ ) = ∅

F ( ^DISGUSTING ’ ) = { ^CAKE } F ( ^WEALTHY ’ ) = { ^MAN ² }

F ( ^HAPPY ’ ) = { ^MAN ¹ ^{, MAN} ² ^{, WOMAN} ¹ }

F ( ^MESSY ’ ) = ∅

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Zusammenfassung: Modell

F ( ^LIKE ’ ) = {h ^MAN ¹ ^{, WOMAN} ¹ i h ^MAN ¹ ^{, MAN} ² i ^,

h ^MAN ¹ ^{, WOMAN} ² i ^, h ^MAN ¹ ^{, MAN} ¹ i ^,

h ^WOMAN ¹ ^{, WOMAN} ² i ^, h ^WOMAN ¹ ^{, MAN} ¹ i ^,

h ^WOMAN ¹ ^{, CAT} i ^,

h ^WOMAN ² ^{, WOMAN} ¹ i}

(12)

Zusammenfassung: Modell

F ( ^LOATHE ’ ) = {h ^MAN ¹ ^{, DOG} i h ^MAN ² ^{, DOG} i ^,

h ^WOMAN ¹ ^{, DOG} i ^, h ^WOMAN ² ^{, DOG} i ^, h ^WOMAN ² ^{, MAN} ¹ i ^, h ^{CAT, DOG} i}

F ( ^POISON ’ ) = {h ^{CAKE, DOG} i}

F ( ^EAT ’ ) = {h ^{DOG, CAKE} i}

F ( ^READ ’ ) = {h ^WOMAN ¹ ^{, BOOK} i ^, h ^MAN ² ^{, BOOK} i}

F ( ^KICK ’ ) = ∅

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Zusammenfassung: Modell

F ( ^GIVE ’ ) = {h ^WOMAN ² , CAKE, MAN 1 i, h ^MAN ¹ , CAKE , DOG i,

h ^MAN ¹ , BOOK , MAN 2 i,

h ^MAN ² , BOOK , WOMAN 1 i, h ^MAN ¹ , CAT , WOMAN 2 i}

F ( ^RAIN ’ ) = 1

F ( ^SNOW ’ ) = 0

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Zusammengesetzte Sätze

mechanische Übersetzung funktioniert bis jetzt nur für atomare Sätze

für zusammengesetzte Sätze brauchen wir weitere

Grammatikregeln

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Zusammengesetzte Sätze

13. ^S ^→ ^S ¹ and S 2

S ⇒ S ₁ ⁰ ∧ S ₂ ⁰

14. ^S ^→ ^S ¹ or S 2

S ⇒ S ₁ ⁰ ∨ S ₂ ⁰

15. ^S ^→ if S 1 , then S 2

S ⇒ S ₁ ⁰ → S ₂ ⁰

16. ^S ^→ it is not the case that S

S ⇒ ¬ S ⁰

(16)

Negierte atomare Sätze

17. ^S ^→ ^{N P,} didn’t, V _i [− F IN ] S ⇒ ¬ V _t ⁰ ( N P ⁰ )

18. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ didn’t, V _t [− F IN ] , N P 2

S ⇒ ¬ V _t ⁰ (N P ₁ ⁰ , N P ₂ ⁰ )

19. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ didn’t, V _dt [− F IN ] , N P 2 , to, N P 3

S ⇒ ¬V _t ⁰ (N P ₁ ⁰ , N P ₂ ⁰ , N P ₃ ⁰ )

20. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ didn’t, V _dt [− F IN ] , N P ² , N P ³

S ⇒ ¬ V _t ⁰ (N P ₁ ⁰ , N P ₃ ⁰ , N P ₂ ⁰ )

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Negierte atomare Sätze

21. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ ^, wasn’t , V _t [ P AS ] , by , N P 2

S ⇒ ¬ V _t ⁰ ( N P ² , N P ¹ )

22. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ ^, wasn’t , V _dt [ P AS ] , to , N P 2 , by , N P 3

S ⇒ ¬ V _dt ⁰ (N P ₃ ⁰ , N P ₁ ⁰ , N P ₂ ⁰ )

23. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ ^, wasn’t , V _dt [ P AS ] , N P 2 , by , N P 3

S ⇒ ¬V _dt ⁰ (N P ₃ ⁰ , N P ₂ ⁰ , N P ₁ ⁰ )

24. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ ^, wasn’t , N P ²

S ⇒ ¬(N P 1 ⁰ = N P ₂ ⁰ )

S → N P, wasn’t , A

(18)

Lexikon: infinite Verben

V _i [−F IN ] → {run, laugh, sing, howl, scream}

V _t [−F IN ] → {read, poison, eat, like, loathe, kick}

V _dt [−F IN ] → {give}

V ⁰ [−F IN ] → {rain, snow}

Teil 5, 13. Mai 2005

Semantik und Pragmatik

SS 2005

Universit ¨at Bielefeld

Teil 5, 13. Mai 2005

Gerhard J ¨ager

Zusammenfassung: Grammatik-Regeln

Regel-Regel-Korrespondenz

1. S → N P, V i [+F IN ] S ⇒ V i [+ F IN ] 0 ( N P )

2. S → N P 1 , V t [+F IN ], N P 2 S ⇒ V t [+ F IN ] 0 ( N P 1 0 , N P 2 0 )

3. S → N P 1 , V dt [+F IN ], N P 2 , to , N P 3 S ⇒ V dt 0 ( N P 1 0 , N P 2 0 , N P 3 0 )

4. S → N P 1 , V dt [+ F IN ] , N P 2 , N P 3

S ⇒ V dt ( N P 1 0 , N P 3 0 , N P 2 )

Zusammenfassung: Grammatik-Regeln

5. S → it , V 0 [+ F IN ] S ⇒ V 0 0

6. N P → N pr N P ⇒ N pr 0

7. N P → the , N N P ⇒ THE - N ’

8. S → N P 1 , was , V t [ P AS ] , by , N P 2 S ⇒ V t 0 (N P 2 , N P 1 )

S → N P , was , V [P AS ], to , N P , by , N P

Zusammenfassung: Grammatik-Regeln

10. S → N P 1 , was , V dt [ P AS ] , N P 2 , by , N P 3

S ⇒ V dt 0 ( N P 3 0 , N P 2 0 , N P 1 0 )

11. S → N P 1 , was , N P 2

S ⇒ N P 1 0 = N P 2 0 12. S → N P, was , A

S ⇒ A 0 (N P 0 )

Zusammenfassung: Lexikon

N pr → {Prudence, Ethel, Chester, Jo, Bertie, Fiona}

N → {book, cake, cat, golfer, dog, lecturer, student, singer}

V i [+F IN ] → {ran, laughed, sang, howled, screamed}

V t [+F IN ] → {read, poisoned, ate, liked, loathed, kicked}

V dt [+F IN ] → {gave}

V 0 [+F IN ] → {rained, snowed}

V t [P AS ] → {read, poisoned, eaten, liked, loathed, kicked}

V dt [P AS ] → {given}

A → {happy, crazy, messy, disgusting, wealthy}

Zusammenfassung: Kategorien

S ⇒ t N P ⇒ e

V 0 ⇒ P red 0 V i ⇒ P red 1 V t ⇒ P red 2 V dt ⇒ P red 3

A ⇒ P red 1

Zusammenfassung: Lexikon-Übersetzung

Übersetzung respektiert immer Kategorien-Korrespondenz

Ethel ⇒ ETHEL ’

the cake ⇒ THE - CAKE ’ gave ⇒ GIVE ’

sang ⇒ SING ’ ate ⇒ EAT ’

messy ⇒ MESSY ’

...

Zusammenfassung: Modell

M = h E, F i

E = { DOG, CAT, MAN 1 , MAN 2 , WOMAN 1 , WOMAN 2 , CAKE, BOOK }

F ( JO ’ ) = MAN 1 F ( BERTIE ’ ) = MAN 2

F ( ETHEL ’ ) = WOMAN 1 F ( FIONA ’ ) = WOMAN 2 F ( CHESTER ’ ) = DOG

F ( PRUDENCE ’ ) = CAT F ( THE - STUDENT ’ ) = MAN 1

F ( THE - CAT ’ ) = CAT

F ( THE - CAKE ’ ) = CAKE

Zusammenfassung: Modell

F ( THE - GOLFER ’ ) = WOMAN 1 F ( THE - SINGER ’ ) = WOMAN 2 F ( THE - LECTURER ’ ) = WOMAN 2

F ( THE - BOOK ’ ) = BOOK

Zusammenfassung: Modell

F ( RUN ’ ) = { DOG, CAT }

F ( LAUGH ’ ) = { MAN 1 , WOMAN 1 } F ( HOWL ’ ) = { DOG }

F ( SING ’ ) = { WOMAN 2 } F ( SCREAM ’ ) = ∅

F ( CRAZY ’ ) = ∅

F ( DISGUSTING ’ ) = { CAKE } F ( WEALTHY ’ ) = { MAN 2 }

F ( HAPPY ’ ) = { MAN 1 , MAN 2 , WOMAN 1 }

F ( MESSY ’ ) = ∅

Zusammenfassung: Modell

F ( LIKE ’ ) = {h MAN 1 , WOMAN 1 i h MAN 1 , MAN 2 i ,

h MAN 1 , WOMAN 2 i , h MAN 1 , MAN 1 i ,

h WOMAN 1 , WOMAN 2 i , h WOMAN 1 , MAN 1 i ,

h WOMAN 1 , CAT i ,

h WOMAN 2 , WOMAN 1 i}

Zusammenfassung: Modell

F ( LOATHE ’ ) = {h MAN 1 , DOG i h MAN 2 , DOG i ,

h WOMAN 1 , DOG i , h WOMAN 2 , DOG i , h WOMAN 2 , MAN 1 i , h CAT, DOG i}

F ( POISON ’ ) = {h CAKE, DOG i}

F ( EAT ’ ) = {h DOG, CAKE i}

F ( READ ’ ) = {h WOMAN 1 , BOOK i , h MAN 2 , BOOK i}

F ( KICK ’ ) = ∅

Zusammenfassung: Modell

F ( GIVE ’ ) = {h WOMAN 2 , CAKE, MAN 1 i, h MAN 1 , CAKE , DOG i,

1. ^S ^→ ^{N P, V} ⁱ ^{[+F IN} ^] S ⇒ V _i [+ F IN ] ⁰ ( N P )

2. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ ^{, V} ^t ^{[+F IN} ^{], N P} ² S ⇒ V _t [+ F IN ] ⁰ ( N P ₁ ⁰ , N P ₂ ⁰ )

3. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ ^{, V} ^dt ^{[+F IN} ^{], N P} ² ^, to , N P ³ S ⇒ V _dt ⁰ ( N P ₁ ⁰ , N P ₂ ⁰ , N P ₃ ⁰ )

4. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ ^{, V} ^dt ^[+ ^{F IN} ^] ^{, N P} ² ^{, N P} ³

S ⇒ V _dt ( N P ₁ ⁰ , N P ₃ ⁰ , N P 2 )

5. ^S ^→ it , V 0 [+ F IN ] S ⇒ V ₀ ⁰

6. ^{N P} ^→ ^N ^pr N P ⇒ N _pr ⁰

7. ^{N P} ^→ the , N N P ⇒ ^THE - N ’

8. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ ^, was , V _t [ P AS ] , by , N P ² S ⇒ V _t ⁰ (N P ² , N P ¹ )

10. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ ^, was , V _dt [ P AS ] , N P 2 , by , N P 3

S ⇒ V _dt ⁰ ( N P ₃ ⁰ , N P ₂ ⁰ , N P ₁ ⁰ )

11. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ ^, was , N P 2

S ⇒ N P ₁ ⁰ = N P ₂ ⁰ 12. ^S ^→ ^{N P,} was , A

S ⇒ A ⁰ (N P ⁰ )

N _pr → {Prudence, Ethel, Chester, Jo, Bertie, Fiona}

V _i [+F IN ] → {ran, laughed, sang, howled, screamed}

V _t [+F IN ] → {read, poisoned, ate, liked, loathed, kicked}

V _dt [+F IN ] → {gave}

V ⁰ [+F IN ] → {rained, snowed}

V _t [P AS ] → {read, poisoned, eaten, liked, loathed, kicked}

V _dt [P AS ] → {given}

V ⁰ ⇒ P red ⁰ V _i ⇒ P red ¹ V _t ⇒ P red ² V _dt ⇒ P red 3

Ethel ⇒ ^ETHEL ’

the cake ⇒ ^THE - ^CAKE ’ gave ⇒ ^GIVE ’

sang ⇒ ^SING ’ ate ⇒ ^EAT ’

messy ⇒ ^MESSY ’

F ( ^JO ’ ) = ^MAN ¹ F ( ^BERTIE ’ ) = ^MAN ²

F ( ^ETHEL ’ ) = ^WOMAN ¹ F ( ^FIONA ’ ) = ^WOMAN ² F ( ^CHESTER ’ ) = ^DOG

F ( ^PRUDENCE ’ ) = ^CAT F ( ^THE - ^STUDENT ’ ) = ^MAN ¹

F ( ^THE - ^CAT ’ ) = ^CAT

F ( ^THE - ^CAKE ’ ) = ^CAKE

F ( ^THE - ^GOLFER ’ ) = ^WOMAN ¹ F ( ^THE - ^SINGER ’ ) = ^WOMAN ² F ( ^THE - ^LECTURER ’ ) = ^WOMAN ²

F ( ^THE - ^BOOK ’ ) = ^BOOK

F ( ^RUN ’ ) = { ^{DOG, CAT} }

F ( ^LAUGH ’ ) = { ^MAN ¹ ^{, WOMAN} ¹ } F ( ^HOWL ’ ) = { ^DOG }

F ( ^SING ’ ) = { ^WOMAN ² } F ( ^SCREAM ’ ) = ∅

F ( ^CRAZY ’ ) = ∅

F ( ^DISGUSTING ’ ) = { ^CAKE } F ( ^WEALTHY ’ ) = { ^MAN ² }

F ( ^HAPPY ’ ) = { ^MAN ¹ ^{, MAN} ² ^{, WOMAN} ¹ }

F ( ^MESSY ’ ) = ∅

F ( ^LIKE ’ ) = {h ^MAN ¹ ^{, WOMAN} ¹ i h ^MAN ¹ ^{, MAN} ² i ^,

h ^MAN ¹ ^{, WOMAN} ² i ^, h ^MAN ¹ ^{, MAN} ¹ i ^,

h ^WOMAN ¹ ^{, WOMAN} ² i ^, h ^WOMAN ¹ ^{, MAN} ¹ i ^,

h ^WOMAN ¹ ^{, CAT} i ^,

h ^WOMAN ² ^{, WOMAN} ¹ i}

F ( ^LOATHE ’ ) = {h ^MAN ¹ ^{, DOG} i h ^MAN ² ^{, DOG} i ^,

h ^WOMAN ¹ ^{, DOG} i ^, h ^WOMAN ² ^{, DOG} i ^, h ^WOMAN ² ^{, MAN} ¹ i ^, h ^{CAT, DOG} i}

F ( ^POISON ’ ) = {h ^{CAKE, DOG} i}

F ( ^EAT ’ ) = {h ^{DOG, CAKE} i}

F ( ^READ ’ ) = {h ^WOMAN ¹ ^{, BOOK} i ^, h ^MAN ² ^{, BOOK} i}

F ( ^KICK ’ ) = ∅

F ( ^GIVE ’ ) = {h ^WOMAN ² , CAKE, MAN 1 i, h ^MAN ¹ , CAKE , DOG i,

h ^MAN ¹ , BOOK , MAN 2 i,

h ^MAN ² , BOOK , WOMAN 1 i, h ^MAN ¹ , CAT , WOMAN 2 i}

F ( ^RAIN ’ ) = 1

F ( ^SNOW ’ ) = 0

13. ^S ^→ ^S ¹ and S 2

S ⇒ S ₁ ⁰ ∧ S ₂ ⁰

14. ^S ^→ ^S ¹ or S 2

S ⇒ S ₁ ⁰ ∨ S ₂ ⁰

15. ^S ^→ if S 1 , then S 2

S ⇒ S ₁ ⁰ → S ₂ ⁰

16. ^S ^→ it is not the case that S

S ⇒ ¬ S ⁰

17. ^S ^→ ^{N P,} didn’t, V _i [− F IN ] S ⇒ ¬ V _t ⁰ ( N P ⁰ )

18. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ didn’t, V _t [− F IN ] , N P 2

S ⇒ ¬ V _t ⁰ (N P ₁ ⁰ , N P ₂ ⁰ )

19. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ didn’t, V _dt [− F IN ] , N P 2 , to, N P 3

S ⇒ ¬V _t ⁰ (N P ₁ ⁰ , N P ₂ ⁰ , N P ₃ ⁰ )

20. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ didn’t, V _dt [− F IN ] , N P ² , N P ³

S ⇒ ¬ V _t ⁰ (N P ₁ ⁰ , N P ₃ ⁰ , N P ₂ ⁰ )

21. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ ^, wasn’t , V _t [ P AS ] , by , N P 2

S ⇒ ¬ V _t ⁰ ( N P ² , N P ¹ )

22. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ ^, wasn’t , V _dt [ P AS ] , to , N P 2 , by , N P 3

S ⇒ ¬ V _dt ⁰ (N P ₃ ⁰ , N P ₁ ⁰ , N P ₂ ⁰ )

23. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ ^, wasn’t , V _dt [ P AS ] , N P 2 , by , N P 3

S ⇒ ¬V _dt ⁰ (N P ₃ ⁰ , N P ₂ ⁰ , N P ₁ ⁰ )

24. ^S ^→ ^{N P} ¹ ^, wasn’t , N P ²

S ⇒ ¬(N P 1 ⁰ = N P ₂ ⁰ )

V _i [−F IN ] → {run, laugh, sing, howl, scream}