Master Thesis
submitted within the UNIGIS MSc. programme at the Centre for Geoinformatics (Z_GIS)
University of Salzburg, Austria
under the provisions of UNIGIS joint study programme with Goa University, India
Establishing an Enterprise GIS
A Case Study of Total E&P Indonesie Company
By
Novandy Ritung
STUDENT ID: UP40305
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of
Master of Science (Geographical Information Science & Systems) – MSc (GISc)
Advisor (s):
Dr. Shahnawaz Centre for Geoinformatics University of Salzburg, Austria
Jakarta, Indonesia, June 21, 2011
Science Pledge
By my signature below, I certify that my project report is entirely the result of my own work. I have cited all sources of information and data I have used in my project report and indicated their origin.
Jakarta, June 21, 2011
Place and Date Signature
Acknowledgements:
Deep thanks to Dr. Shahnawaz for help and careful review of this thesis. Generous input has been received from my superior Mr. Olivier Poudens and Mr. Puguh Sarwanto.
They have given me opportunity and discretion to complete this thesis to use company’s data with their permission. At the last and most important thing is supporting of my lovely wife Eva with never ceasing her giving spirit to finish this thesis; and to my wonderful sons Ken and Reynard who make my world colourful with their smiles.
Novandy Ritung
Abstract
An Enterprise GIS is a Geographic Information System that is fully integrated with the overall technology architecture through an entire organization lifecycle so that a large number of users can manage, share, and use spatial data and related information to address a variety of needs, including data creation, modification, visualization, analysis for planning, operation and decision support by management and operational staff.
Enterprise GIS are still relatively new and organization just began making the leap to achieve the fully benefits of implementing Enterprise GIS. Although at the beginning Geographical Information System is viewed as a technology project and an arena or the technically sophisticated computer professional, the development of enterprise GIS is dependent more on proper management participation and supervision than on the technical solution. Therefore GIS implementation should be regarded as continuous innovative process, combining data, technology, processes, human resources and partnerships.
Total E & P Indonesie Company is an upstream affiliate of Total Group, one of the leading Oil and Gas Companies in the world. Its businesses cover the entire oil and gas chain, from crude oil and natural gas exploration and production to power generation, transportation, refining, petroleum product marketing, and international crude oil and product trading. Total E & P Indonesie Company established in Jakarta is one of the largest Production Sharing Contractors for Oil and Gas in Indonesia.
The goal of exploration and production of Oil and Gas Company is to lift-up oil and gas from inside the earth and to transport them to be processed in refinery. There are many activities has to be done to make this goal successful.
Company owns a set of databases which store information of about 1,600 wells, 1,962 km length of pipelines, movement of 300 fleet (rig, barges, vessel, any boats) and weather condition data from 7 locations and any other data covering 628,150 Ha areas such as environmental, societal, economical, public facilities and other type of documents/reports.
Also, there are many applications running on daily basis in Total E&P Indonesie with deal and correlate to geographic coordinates or maps. These applications owned, managed and used by different entities in Total E&P Indonesie and handling a very large amount of data in various specific databases. The needs of data sharing among department increasing to support activities on cross functionality.
To gain the real benefit of data and application sharing among department, to visualize, and analyzed comprehensive data for planning, operation and decision support by management and operational staff, Company has to switch from independent, stand-alone GIS systems to more integrated approaches that share resources and applications – the Enterprise GIS. The basic idea to implement an enterprise GIS is to address the needs of departments collectively instead of individually. The development of one comprehensive infrastructure minimizes potential conflicts and misunderstandings and can result in significant cost savings and performance improvements.
In a review of the identities of GIS in company, this thesis summarizes five levels of maturity on six criteria which is grouped in technology factor and human factor. Analysis performed on all of these factors to see the level of development at the company toward the stage enterprise GIS.
Table of Contents
Science Pledge ……….….. 1
Acknowledgments……….………... 2
Abstract………..………... 3
List of Tables ……… 7
List of Figures ………..…7
List of Maps………... 8
Appendices………...……….8
Chapter-1: Introduction ...9
1.1. Background...9
1.1.1. Enterprise GIS...9
1.1.2. GIS in Petroleum Industry ...10
1.1.3. Introduction to Total E & P Indonesie Company ...16
1.1.4. The Benefits of Enterprise GIS ...17
1.2. Objectives ...20
1.3. Area of Focus...20
Chapter-2: Methodology...22
2.1. Introduction ...22
2.2. Identification ...24
2.2.1. Needs Assessment Framework ...24
2.2.2. User Interview ...25
2.2.3. Job Function and Work Flow...25
2.2.4. Grand Design ...26
2.3. Evaluation Criteria...26
2.3.1. Technical Criteria ...26
2.3.2. Human Factor ...28
Chapter-3: Processes and Results ...35
3.1. Initial Assessment ...35
3.1.1. Ideas ...36
3.1.2. Data...38
3.1.3. Technology...41
3.1.4. People ...43
3.1.5. Method ...45
3.2. System Architecture Grand Design...45
3.2.1. Data Architecture ...46
3.2.2. Software Architecture...48
3.2.3. Hardware Architecture ...52
3.2.4. People Development...53
3.2.5. Development Phases ...54
3.3. Standalone Application ...57
3.4. Centralize database ...59
3.5. Utilize Web Server ...61
3.6. Integration ...64
3.7. Evaluation ...67
Chapter-4: Conclusions...71
4.1. Benefits ...71
4.2. Appreciation ...74
4.3. Thesis Recommendation - Further Development ...76
References ……….83
List of Tables
Table 2.1 GIS Maturity Matrix 30
Table 3.1 ESRI ArcGIS licenses in 2006 42
Table 3.2 ESRI ArcGIS licenses by Department in 2006 42
Table 3.3 GIS Functions 45
Table 4.1 User Growth 73
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Integrated GIS 18
Figure 2.1 Simplified Organisation Structure Total E&P Indonesie 22
Figure 2.2 Business Process of Upstream Sector 23
Figure 3.1 GIS Architecture in 2006 43
Figure 3.2 User Categories 44
Figure 3.3 Grand Design 46
Figure 3.5 Development Phase 55
Figure 3.6 GIS Development Processes 57
Figure 3.7 Web-GIS Application 63
Figure 3.8 Scattered Applications 64
Figure 3.9 Integrated Systems 66
Figure 3.10 GIS Maturity Level of Total E&P Indonesie, 2008 67 Figure 3.11 GIS Maturity Level among subsidiaries in Total Group, 2008 68 Figure 3.12 GIS Maturity Level of Total E&P Indonesia, 2010 69
Figure 4.1 Graph of User Growth 73
Figure 4.2 Average number of user per day 74
List of Maps
Map 1.1 Operation Area of Total E&P Indonesie in East Kalimantan Province...21
Appendices
Appendix-1 System Architecture
Chapter-1: Introduction
1.1. Background
Understanding the background of this thesis will help to know about the definition of Enterprise GIS adopted by organization to support their activities in whole business process and the goal to be achieved.
1.1.1. Enterprise GIS
An enterprise GIS is a geographic information system that is integrated through an entire organization so that a large number of users can manage, share, and use spatial data and related information to address a variety of needs, including data creation, modification, visualization, analysis, and dissemination [Wade, T. and Sommer, S., 2006]
Enterprise GIS refers to a Geographical Information System that integrates geographic data across multiple departments and serves the whole organisation [ESRI, 2003]. The basic idea of an enterprise GIS is to deal with departmental needs collectively instead of individually.
Many GIS projects in the 1960s and 1970s had focus on individual projects where individual users created and maintained data sets on their own desktop computers. Due to extensive interaction and work-flow between departments, many organizations have in recent years switched from independent, stand-alone GIS systems to more integrated approaches that share resources and applications [Ionita, 2006].
arena or the technically sophisticated computer professional, the development of a successful enterprise GIS is dependent more on proper management participation and supervision than on the technical solution. Therefore GIS implementation should be regarded as continuous innovative process, combining technology, data, processes, human resources and partnerships.
Enterprise GIS are still relatively new, and many companies just began making the leap, when realize the benefits of implementing Enterprise GIS. Some of the potential benefits that an enterprise GIS can provide include significantly reduced redundancy of data across the system, improved accuracy and integrity of geographic information, and more efficient use and sharing of data [Sipes, 2005].
Since data is one of the most significant investments in any GIS program, any approach that reduces acquisition costs while maintaining data quality is important. The implementation of an Enterprise GIS may also reduce the overall GIS maintenance and support costs providing a more effective use of departmental GIS resources. Data can be integrated and used in decision making processes across the whole organisation [Sipes, 2005].
1.1.2. GIS in Petroleum Industry
Petroleum Industry
Petroleum is a generic name for hydrocarbons, including crude oil, and natural gas [OGP Glossary, 2011]. Crude oil is a liquid that comes from reservoirs below the earth's surface, formed from animal and vegetable material which collected at the bottom of ancient seas.
It is called crude oil because it must be processed into useable products like gasoline. Natural gas is a gas or vapour that is also stored in reservoirs below the ground.
Petroleum is also the raw material used to manufacture fertilizers, fabrics, synthetic rubber and the plastics. [PetroStrategies, Inc., 2011].
Petroleum Industry is considered to be the back bone of an economy because this is the main source of energy until today. Before using this energy source, the petroleum is required to be refined for extracting various fractions for energy generation namely, petrol, natural gas, kerosene, asphalt and many more [Economy Watch, 2011]. The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by oil tankers and pipelines) and marketing petroleum products. The industry is divided into three major sectors: upstream, midstream and downstream.
Upstream definition from OGP - International Association of Oil & Gas Producers is the exploration, development and production portion of the oil and gas industry [OGP Glossary, 2011]. The upstream sector includes the searching for potential underground or underwater crude oil and natural gas fields, drilling of exploratory wells, and subsequently operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil and/or natural gas to the surface.
The upstream sector is also known as the exploration and production (E&P) sector.
While downstream definition indicates the refining and marketing sectors of the industry [OGP Glossary, 2011]. The downstream sector includes crude oil refineries, petrochemical plants, selling and distribution of natural gas and petroleum product derived from crude oil. Such products include liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol, jet fuel, diesel oil, other fuel oils, asphalt, lubricants, synthetic rubber, plastics, fertilizers, antifreeze, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, natural gas and propane.
Midstream is a sector that sometimes used to refer to those industry activities that fall between exploration and production (upstream) and refining and marketing (downstream).
Business Process of Upstream Sector
First of all, the business process of Upstream Sector in Petroleum Industry should be clearly understood to gain the benefits of implementation Geographic Information System.
It started from Upstream Oil & Gas Agreement, an Acquires Right from government that own the mineral rights, and ended with Marketing and Trading the crude oil and gas produced by company [IHRDC, 2011]. All stage of this business process has to be followed. One stage can not be skipped and ignored. Every stage is depending on other stage.
Acquire Right. Firstly, before doing the exploration and exploitation of natural resources of oil and gas, companies must earn the right to conduct mining activities in area of his interest, called Lease Area which is owned by government. A partnership shall be established between companies and government. Company must obtain a permit to manage the lease area by winning a tender conducted by the government. The awarded company shall bind cooperate with the government through revenue sharing system, or commonly called as Production Sharing Contract. An agreement between the company and government within a certain time regarding the percentage of production each party will receive after the participating parties have recovered a specified amount of costs and expenses.
Exploration. There are some activities undertaken in the exploration i.e. seismic1 and exploration well. When the prospect of resources have been identified and evaluated using seismic analysis and passed the selection criteria of oil companies, exploration wells drilled in an effort to convince determine whether there is any oil or gas. Oil exploration is an expensive, high-risk operation.
1 Seismic is a study of seismic waves that move through and headed into the earth to determine the geological structure of sub-surface stratigraphy
Appraisal. The assessment must be conducted to see how far the exploitation would have significant economic value-added. The analysis should be conducted to see the comparison between the costs to be incurred by the products that will be achieved. Other additional aspect to be considered is namely geohazard analysis. The purpose is to see the dangers around the drilling location; the size of hydrocarbon reservoirs and environmental; and to assess characteristics (such as flow rate) of a proven hydrocarbon accumulation.
Development. Well is created by drilling a hole into the earth with a drilling rig. After the hole is drilled, sections of steel pipe (casing), are placed in the hole. The casing provides structural integrity to the newly drilled well bore, in addition to isolating potentially dangerous high pressure zones from each other and from the surface. Drilling and casing will be completed with the small holes called perforations in the portion of the casing which passed through the production zone, to provide a path for the oil to flow from the surrounding rock into the production tubing. Finally, the area above the reservoir section of the well is packed off inside the casing, and connected to the surface via a smaller diameter pipe called tubing.
In addition to preparing well, surface facilities should be prepared also. Platform is built as working area and as place of other instrument to control the flow of oil and gas.
Distribution network pipeline then will be installed to connect the well to the gathering station and to process area. The size and type of the installation will depend on the nature of reservoir; the volume and nature of produced fluids. Transfer metering systems are installed at the storage facility to measure the quality and quantity of oil and gas received.
Production. The production stage is the most important stage of a well's life, when the oil and gas are produced. By this stage, the rigs used to drill and complete the well have
Christmas tree. These valves regulate pressures, control flows, and allow access to the well bore in case further completion work is needed. As long as the pressure in the reservoir remains high enough, the production tree is all that is required to produce the well. Since the production operation is a long-term development, the permanent facilities are built with subject to detail planning, design and engineering and construction.
Transportation. Once the hydrocarbon reaches the surface, it is routed to central production facility which gathers and separates the produced fluids (oil, gas and water).
These oil and gas has to be transported by using pipelines from the production site to the storage facilities which may be located in another area. Pipelines are generally the most economical way to transport large quantities of oil, refined oil products or natural gas over land. Oil pipelines are made from steel or plastic tubes with inner diameter typically from 4 to 48 inches. Most pipelines are buried at a typical depth of about 2 m.
Refinery. It is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful petroleum products, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas [Gary, J.H.]. There is usually an oil depot (tank farm) at or near an oil refinery for storage of bulk liquid products. The basic component of a refinery is the primary distillation process where the crude oil is distilled into a number of fractions, from the lightest petroleum gases, to light and heavy naphtha, to the heaviest fractions up to asphalts and residues. [General Electric Company 2010]
Market. At the end of production, the oil and gas must be sold to bring in revenue for the company. Various attempts were made, ranging from the search market and buyer negotiate and send the products to the destination. Especially for gas, the production target depends on how much a signed purchase contract and the volume of gas that must be met. Gas purchase contracts should be done several years earlier to be able to make a
new reservoir, increasing the number of production wells, up-to searching a new technology to increase the production wells.
Geospatial Data in Upstream Sector
The maps and database are needed at each stage of Business process in upstream sector. On Acquire Right stage, maps and coordinates of lease area are given by the government to limit the working area of the company. In a Production Sharing Contract agreement, the lease area is changing all the time period specified in accordance with government regulations, which the company must return 10% of its area to the government every 4 years.
In exploration, the map is used as a basis for planning to conduct seismic activity and determine the location of drilling exploration wells. Without accurate maps, seismic surveys are conducted can be deviated from the desired path which may lead to incorrect analysis results, thus determining the location of exploration wells will that give incorrect results. As a result, costs have been incurred by the company which of course not cheap would be wasted.
In Appraisal stage, the more accurate surface map is required for detail seismic plan, and impact assessment on surrounding environmental. For sub-surface map, detail study is required in order to produce the geohazard assessment in three dimensional views from seismic data, reservoir data, and drilling well log.
After the study and design approved by Geosciences engineer on the previous stage, the map are still required to support activities and daily operation on Development, Production, Transportation and Refinery stage. They all require a topography and hydrographical map as base map for maintenance and monitor crews, supervise and
monitor the moving of drilling rig, construction barges for laying pipeline, install production facilities i.e. platform, piles, transport pipeline and process refinery.
At the end of the business process stage, the maps are still required either directly or indirectly. Marketing people and also corporate communication people use it as communication tool to the buyer and government as the regulator.
1.1.3. Introduction to Total E & P Indonesie Company
Total E & P Indonesie is upstream affiliate of Total Group, one of the leading Oil and Gas Companies in the world. Total Group is the fifth largest publicly-traded integrated international oil and Gas Company, based on market capitalization as of December 31, 2009 and a world-class chemicals manufacturer Total operates in more than 130 countries and has 96, 387 employees. Total engages in all aspects of the petroleum industry, including upstream operations (oil and gas exploration, development and production, LNG) and downstream operations (refining, marketing and the trading and shipping of crude oil and petroleum products). Total is also a major actor in chemicals (base and specialty chemicals). The company has its head office in the Tour Total Paris, France [Total Group, 2010].
Total E & P Indonesie established in Jakarta, in year 1968, with one initial field in Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan. In 2010, Total E & P Indonesie operates six fields in East Kalimantan Province, covering over than 6,000 km2, helped strengthen the position of Total E & P Indonesie as largest LNG producer in Indonesia, reaching 2600 MMSCFD of natural gas (or 505 MBOEPD) with production of 572 MBOEPD hydrocarbon overall in 2007. Total E & P Indonesie is one of the largest Production Sharing Contractor for the Oil and Gas in Indonesia. This French company is also listed as Indonesia's biggest gas
producer and supplies about 60% of the Bontang LNG plant operated by the Indonesian company PT. Badak [TOTAL Indonesia, 2010].
The goal of exploration and production is to lift-up oil and gas from inside the earth and to transport them to be processed in refinery. There are many activities has to be done to make this goal successful.
Company own set of databases which store information of about 1,600 wells, 1,962 km length of pipelines, movement of 300 fleet (rig, barges, vessel, any boats) and weather condition data from 6 locations and any other data covering 628,150 Ha area such as environmental, societal, economical, public facilities and other type of documents/reports.
Also, there are many applications running on daily basis in TOTAL E&P INDONESIE with deal and correlate to geographic coordinates or maps. These applications owned, managed and used by different entities in TOTAL E&P INDONESIE and handling a very large amount of data in various specific databases.
The needs of data sharing among department increasing to support activities on cross functionality.
1.1.4. The Benefits of Enterprise GIS
The basic idea to implement an enterprise GIS is to address the needs of departments collectively instead of individually. The development of one comprehensive infrastructure minimizes potential conflicts and misunderstandings and can result in significant cost savings and performance improvements.
The real benefit of Enterprise GIS is on data and application sharing among department.
It significantly reduced redundancy of data across the system, improved accuracy and integrity of geographic information, and more efficient use and sharing of data to visualize and analyzed comprehensively for planning, operation and decision support.
Figure 1.1 Integrated GIS
Source: [Ritung, N., 2010]
One of the case that need enterprise GIS can be clearly explain as following story.
In the case of emergency or downgraded situation, imagine a case when oil spill is identified from a pipeline near shore adjacent to village and shrimp ponds farm area, where many activities such as drilling rig, construction barge, well service barge, and seismic fleet are working in the surroundings. In such a critical situation many departments should be involved to provide necessary information for decision making:
Pipeline Department to well inform specified pipeline that causes the oil spill for further action from field operation/production department.
Drilling, Construction, Well Services Department and seismic team to update the
latest status of their operation and then work together with Marine Department to prepare the safe location for stand by location of rig, construction, dredging, well service barge, seismic vessel and others marine fleet.
Marine Department to provide tracking position of all vessels being occupied in real-time.
Survey Department to provide updated and reliable map showing location, detail topography, land cover, marine hazard and weather condition.
Safety and Environmental Department to run simulation of oil spill to locate possibility of impacted area.
Communication Department to provide socio-economical data such as
demography, settlement, detail shrimp ponds or fish trap data, social structure, public and health facilities of surrounding area.
Lack of “single-window” application, in which all required information is integrated, results in inefficiency and huge effort for any entities to provide and to compile all those information required comprehensively in order to support a decision making and to create an emergency response strategy. To cope with this problem, Enterprise GIS with integration shall be implemented to provide a “one single window” as one stop service tool to give all kind of information required instantly and in a comprehensive view.
To answer all the needs and follow the pace of information technology, the company should switched from independent, stand-alone GIS systems, and apply more integrated approaches that share resources and applications, that is the Enterprise GIS system.
1.2. Objectives
The major purpose of this thesis is to provide a plan for establishing Enterprise GIS for Total E&P Indonesie Company. The thesis has following specific objectives:
1. To identify the enterprise level GIS needs of Total E&P Indonesie Company.
2. To evaluate the extent of existing level of Enterprise level GIS in the company.
3. To develop a priority based schema for further development of enterprise GIS in the company.
1.3. Area of Focus
The study area of this thesis is operation area of Total E & P Indonesie, located in the Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan. The area is approximately 5,600 km square, stretches along 90 km north-south direction with a width about 60 km (please see Map.1.1 on the next page).
While comparing to the land area of Jakarta - the capital of the Republic of Indonesia is only 661.52 km [Bappeda Jakarta 2010], the operation area of Total E&P Indonesie is eight times larger.
Map 1.1 Operation Area of Total E&P Indonesie in East Kalimantan Province
This first chapter explained the benefits of Enterprise GIS in number of users across multiple departments, wide use of spatial data with integration and sharing, to reduce acquisition cost and increase use of information in decision making process across the whole organisation. Implementation of Enterprise GIS in petroleum industry has to consider the business process inside the industry. In upstream sector, the business process starting from legal agreement with government who own the resources and will be ended-up on marketing the crude oil and natural gas to buyer. To make a successful implementation of Enterprise GIS in upstream sector especially in Total E&P Indonesie, the specific methodology should be prepared and applied. The next chapter will explain more about methodology that applied in this thesis.
Chapter-2: Methodology
2.1. Introduction
In broad outline, the business process of upstream activities (exploration, development and production) has been explained. However, the implementation in several respective Oil and Gas Company may differ in terms of organization structure and flow of data between departments. Thus the need for spatial data will be different for each department.
Overall Company has 19 divisions, 93 department with more than 200 service unit. For confidential reason, not all departments are mentioned. Only departments that has relation with spatial data usage for planning, operation support, even for maintenance and safety works. Following is simplified organization structure in Total E&P Indonesie, up-to department level.
Figure 2.1 Simplified Organisation Structure Total E&P Indonesie
Source: Simplified HOC, 4 April 2011, Total E&P Indonesie
Business Process of Total E&P Indonesie Company can be visualized as picture below.
Figure 2.2 Business Process of Upstream Sector
Source: [Ritung, N., 2010]
Regarding to the seven divisions mentioned in Figure 1.1 and Business Process shown in Figure 1.2, Identification between division and business process should be performed. In outline, relation between division and business process are following:
• Acquire Right is under Business Development Division.
• Exploration is under Geosciences and Reservoir Division.
• Appraisal is under Geosciences and Reservoir Division.
• Development is under Drilling, Well Service & Logistics Division, and Facilities Engineering Division.
• Production, Transportation and Refinery Process is under Field Operation Division
• Market is under Commercial Division.
Therefore, detail study about job function and workflow between Departments is important, to recognize the GIS System Architecture of Company, and to collects the needs of each Department to support their daily works.
The good methodology is created to explore the needs of company to implement an Enterprise GIS are:
• Identification through Needs Assessment Framework.
• Evaluate the Grand Design and overall Application Development.
2.2. Identification
Knowing what company want to get out of GIS is the key to a successful implementation.
What company wants comes in the form of information products: maps, lists, charts, reports, comprehensive data for decision making in operation planning, daily operation activity and emergency case situation. Several tasks performed to get information products from users.
2.2.1. Needs Assessment Framework
A framework must be followed to ensure a successful need assessment of Company’s need for GIS. The framework group the organization’s business requirements into four distinct items. It will help to organize and analyze these business requirements in GIS implementation. The four items are as follows:
• Organization & Job Function/Responsibility;
• Function/Application Needs for Each Department;
• Spatial & Non-Spatial Data Requirement; and
• Information Technology Support.
2.2.2. User Interview
Interview and discussion with users shall be conducted in order to get information and to understand their business process and to know what they real needs of GIS implementation. A series of interviews and discussion should be performed consistently with participants from different departments. Interview will help users to know the functions and usage of GIS application and to gather additional information about workflows, data flows, etc. The key of success in this step is to get participants to think about their overall information needs, freely and creatively as well as realistically [Tomlinson 2007, pg.25]
2.2.3. Job Function and Work Flow
During needs assessment process, information shall be gathered through meetings with members of the departments. Information to be gathered regarding the job functions and workflow process of each department, and interaction between departments in sending and receiving spatial data and information. A clear understanding of the job function and workflow process of department and personnel is necessary to design and implement a successful GIS.
In the business point of view, workflows are models of complex business process used to gain more efficient operations within organization. More than one information product is required in the oil and gas business workflows; therefore related and interdependent information product should be created from one GIS application [Tomlinson 2007, pg.29]
2.2.4. Grand Design
A Grand Design of the system shall exist in order to handle data and specific functionality.
There are two design process carried out at the same time, the conceptual design system for data and the conceptual system design for technology. In conceiving of system design for technology, the focus is on defining a set of hardware, software and networking that will adequately support the demand for system functions in creating information products as needed [Tomlinson 2003, pg. 109]
2.3. Evaluation Criteria
An evaluation criterion must be set to see how far the implementation of GIS is applied, and not out of the grand design that has been made. Evaluation refers to the individual components of GIS. Each component must be taken into account, because if one component does not run as expected, it is probable that the progress of implementation of GIS as a whole will be inhibited.
From the side view of the company, the evaluation component of GIS is translated into several criteria or factor. These criteria can be grouped into 2 main group namely technical criteria and non-technical criteria or human factors. What is the meaning of each of these criteria? The following will describe the purpose of each of these criteria.
2.3.1. Technical Criteria
Technical criteria of evaluation are Technical Development, Technical Support and Data Management.
Technical Development
Technological development is the process of research and development of technology [Websters, 2010]. It is not a product. It is a criterion to evaluate how far the system implements the technology in GIS. As we know the technology as a component of GIS will talk about hardware, software and networking.
Technical Support
Technical support is a range of services providing assistance with technology products. In general, technical support services attempt to help the user solve specific problems with a product - rather than providing training, customization, or other support services. This criterion will evaluate how far the development team is managed to support the user. How they are grouped, by external or internal resources, in which department responsibility, etc.
Data Management
Data Management is a broad field of study, but essentially is the process of managing data as a resource that is valuable to an organization or business [Tech Community 2010]. According to DAMA - Data Management International [DAMA 2010], the official definition of Data Resource Management is the development and execution of architectures, policies, practices and procedures that properly manage the full data lifecycle needs of an enterprise.
This criterion will evaluate how data is managed, starting from data source, storage, action performed to increase good quality of data and to integration the spatial data to other database system.
2.3.2. Human Factor
The Non-Technical Criteria also can be mentioned as Human factor includes Dedicated Training, Usage (Utilization Way) and Perception (Global Understanding).
Dedicated Training
It is a learning process that involves the acquisition of knowledge, sharpening of skills, concepts and rules, changing of attitudes and behaviours to enhance employee’s performance.
Dedicated training is included as one factor for evaluation. This is intended to see the extent to which management training implemented. Is there any training level for users, ranging from basic to advanced level? Is the implementation of training programs are temporary or periodically? Those are the kind of questions to be answered
Usage (Utilization Way)
The Utilization Way criterion will evaluate what function of GIS has been implemented.
This can vary from just visualization, even to the query data, and geoprocessing. The way to process received data, inputting into geodatabase, perform query and analysis to provided comprehensive information for decision making.
Perception (Global Understanding)
Humans play an important role in determining whether something is important or not. Any decision will depend on the perception of the holder of the decision. Therefore, the perception is one important factor to be evaluated in the implementation of GIS. This is intended to find out exactly how far perceptions of the usefulness of GIS as a tool for providing information and making good decisions for the end user and management level.
Why in the evaluation criteria, the human factor becomes very important and is grouped separately? This is because the company considers that the personnel are a highly valuable company asset. Advanced level of a company depends on the capability of each individual employee. Any sophisticated technology, but without the support of reliable human factors, then it can lead to the failure of the system that will be built.
2.3.3. Level of Maturity
Why need a GIS Maturity Model? GIS maturity of an organization describes levels of both the technology and human competence as well as the understanding of benefits and will to utilize spatial information technology to reach organization’s business objectives.
Term enterprise GIS reflects largely the ideas of GIS maturity. The Enterprise GIS is not only to refer to an enterprise software license, to a centralized repository, a common mapping website, and other tangible items. But an Enterprise GIS provides also a comprehensive suite of capabilities, integrated into organizational workflows, that supports and helps attain enterprise priorities. [Even Keel Strategies, 2010]
Changes in technology bring a fundamental change in the world of GIS. When an organization can recognize the strategic value in the use of GIS, the need for data handling will increase. GIS Team will develop from a small group of GIS practitioners to be a part of a much more visible.
The GIS Maturity Level defines the characteristics of the various stages travelled on the way to a true Enterprise GIS operation. It both supports benchmarking of current organizations and the development of roadmaps to progress to the next level.
Each level below describes typical stages in the development of an Enterprise GIS. This level is often necessary to build the understanding and support needed to sustain the highest level.
Table 2.1 GIS Maturity Matrix Technical
Development Technical
Support Data
Management Training Usage Perception Level 5
Enterprise GIS
Embedded through full E&P lifecycle
Support in IT and IM
Integrated with Data
Management systems
Defined development programs
All usages Extended GIS portfolio
Level 4 GIS Leverage
GIS embedded in E&P workflow
Support in assets
GIS managed centrally expanded data quality
Defining from basic to advanced
More advanced geoprocessing
E&P GIS strategy
Level 3 GIS Essential
E&P standardized tools
Support in Geosciences
Data sources well known.
Procedures
Formal GIS training
Visualization, Querying Data creation
GIS recognized as an important technology Level 2
GIS Recognized
Increasing with
specific team Support by non-specialist
Increasing sources of GIS data
User driven on
GIS training Visualization + Query
Awareness that elsewhere GIS is seen as important Level 1
Pre-GIS Isolated, Disconnected No GIS support
internally No Data
Management Few users
trained Isolated basic
visualization Not understood as important Source: [COMITE SIP, 2008], pg.9.
Level 1 – pre-GIS
This is the introduction level of GIS in organization. Organization has no experience with GIS, or very limited experience through a small number of enthusiasts. Technical development is isolated which means individuals with interest obtain tools and use the technology on an ad-hoc basis to support their own deliverables. GIS technology tends to be individually licensed at the desktop level with no internally support and used only for basic visualization. There is no data management; no common storage folder and data might be duplicated. Because of the specific desktop software, only a few users get training to use this software.
Level 2 – GIS admitted / GIS evidence / GIS recognized At Level 2, only specific departments recognize the value of building GIS capability for department use, but not as important tool. The team may increase due to the increasing need of data, but still have no data management. Redundant efforts might happen to create the same data, duplication of data storage. The spirit to use GIS is driven from GIS training to help their
daily work for visualization and data query, although without support from GIS specialist.
Level 3 – GIS inevitable / GIS on track / GIS Essential
At this level 3, GIS is more recognized as important technology by many departments and also at management level. Geosciences division as core business in the Exploration &
Production is responsible for supporting the development of GIS. The company makes standard tool that must be followed by the department: use the same software, both desktop and server and use the same data format. Maintenance software will be easier as well as data exchange between departments.
The advantages of same data format are that data can be structured; the data will be more easily arranged. But departments still maintain GIS data that is only of interest to the department. There is little focus on reusability or sharing. Quality of data across departments is inconsistent.
Procedure of data input, process and output began to take place. Procedure is made so no longer depending on one personnel, but began to involve a system. GIS training for users is formalized in exploring more GIS functions such as data visualization and query creation.
Source: [Molly Margan, 2008]
Level 4 – Expansion GIS / GIS Leverage
At level 4, GIS is recognized as a strategic tool to both improve efficiency and decision making. Company establishes a strategy to utilize all the functions of GIS to bring benefit in E&P workflow, not only in certain department. The GIS organization starts to develop a strategic plan for the technical development and sustainability of its operations.
Geoprocessing tools are used in analysis beside visualization and query data creation.
Establishment of one-stop portals for finding GIS data, information, tools, and maps allows users to take better advantage of GIS.
During this stage, the GIS organization is establishing its identity and workflows. The value of centralizing redundant spatial data is as a trigger for this change. The need for standards, data quality, and better communications
become apparent. The centralized GIS begin to set standards that improve spatial data quality and internal GIS workflows. The most tangible sign of centralization is the establishment of a central repository for GIS data. Core tasks related to GIS editing and data management benefit from eliminating duplicative efforts and multiple copies of standard data.
Server based licensing and more complex database software becomes necessary. GIS applications are developed to provide a central GIS website. The higher the development and centralized spatial data, the more skilled people are needed to work with this system.
Training program is consolidated with more advanced training for advance user.
No Integration applied in this level. Outside the IT department, GIS staff can not develop
Source: [Molly Margan, 2008]
Level 5 – Enterprise
At level 5, the GIS Strategic Plan is aligned with the overall Enterprise Strategic Plan. GIS Steering Committees are established to obtain input and direction from operational leaders. GIS is recognized as a critical technology, as basic as the financial. GIS is considered a critical toolset for executive planning and decision making. GIS integration becomes more seamless with enterprise and mission-critical systems.
GIS applications are used throughout the enterprise for planning, operation and decision support by management and operational staff. GIS features are available to all levels of users and skill sets. GIS becomes on-demand and more simpler for end users, focus on mobile applications which is available to operations in the field. GIS features are directly integrated with enterprise applications through a variety of strategies that may include database integration, web services, open source tools and integration packages.
GIS technical development is embedded through full E&P lifecycle and more fully integrated with the overall technology architecture of the organization. GIS data attributes become more embedded and integrated into spatial databases. Integration between enterprise applications and GIS functions gains greater visibility and demands more advanced data models and technology. Enterprise GIS functions are server based and maintained centrally.
GIS technical development is more tightly aligned within the Information Technology department. As a critical technology, the development functions of GIS become absorbed by the Information Technology department, as the data maintenance has already been absorbed into the workflows of departments that source the data. GIS
technology skills have grown throughout the Information Technology organization and are less dependent on a small group of specialists.
Obtaining Maturity Level
In a review of the identities of existing GIS in company, five levels of maturity and six criteria are summarized and are grouped in technology factor and human factor.
Evaluation shall be performed on all of these factors to see the level of development at the company toward the stage Enterprise GIS.
Without having a suitable GIS strategy and evaluation in place, it is likely that implementation of system will not truly meets company’s goals, and it is also difficult to build on past GIS projects successfully.
The methodology to identify and to evaluate the development of GIS in company is specific due to involving spatial data to be shared among other different departments in whole organisation with its specific needs for planning, operation, maintenance and safety. The result of identification of user’s needs and comparison between GIS development toward maturity of GIS based on six evaluation criteria to be explained in the next chapter.
Chapter-3: Processes and Results
3.1. Initial Assessment
The key factors of successful multi-user Geographic Information System implementation is to know exactly what company wants, the needs, how the data is stored in the database, the client and server hardware configurations, the applications and procedure to access information and analysis, a developer team and management support.
GIS in Company have been developed since 2006. The Need Assessment was performed to get ideas on how GIS is implementing in Company. A framework (see Section 2.2.1) had been followed to ensure a successful need assessment of Company’s need for GIS.
The discussion was done continuously with Survey Department, the initiator of GIS development and also the owner of Spatial Data. Study and discussion was done to assist all potential users related to Land Asset Issue, Environment Issue, Community Development Department with Social-Economic Issue, Facilities Engineering Issue, Production Issue, etc.
Methods of interacting with GIS
Generally, there are two distinct methods of interaction with GIS that is direct or indirect interaction. In the first case, a GIS user works directly with the application, the developed application based upon user’s input and feedback. In indirect interaction case, the information product is addressed by the user who requires support from GIS team (GIS Analyst and/or GIS Technician). Then, the GIS team will make the product as user’s request. By indirect interaction approached, all work will be borne by the GIS analyst and
User interaction with GIS in company should use direct interaction. If company chooses to apply indirect interaction, can be imagined how much work load to be done by technicians to service requests from various departments. Using direct interaction means developed application is designed for each user/service based on their job function and responsibility. The GIS application must be built in term easy-to-use application, will assist the user to fill their needs based on input and output needs.
Job Function and Work Flow Process
During the needs assessment, useful information was gathered through meetings and feedback was receipt from members of the departments. Information was gathered regarding the job functions and workflow process of each department, interaction between departments in sending and receiving spatial data and information.
The following section below will describe more detail about the needs and requirement of each framework items.
3.1.1. Ideas
Spatial information is a key in petroleum lifecycle, from the initial analysis, exploration, appraisal, development, production, transportation and the abandonment phase. It is generally estimated that over 80% of the data used in the E&P upstream business has a spatial component, implying that it can be accessed through a map.
Because of the petroleum industry nature, large amounts of data have to be managed in order to handle the complexity of the process of discovering new resources and managing producing assets. Therefore, the E&P upstream business requires the analysis of many different types of spatial data which is achieved using a GIS. Some of the advantages
should be gained by incorporating GIS into Company’s business processes to address these issues include but not limited to:
• Better management, data sharing and security of current and historical spatial data sets and the authentic documents;
• Effective management of land asset issues;
• Calculate cost estimation of proposed land acquisition project
• Performing spatial overlays and analysis;
• Analyzing & monitoring sensitive zone and natural resources patterns;
• Analyzing land coverage & changes during time;
• Generate modelling & simulation of oil spill for response strategy;
• Perform visualization of distribution of Community Development project in surrounding operation area.
• Manage Pipeline asset and operation in company area;
• Study for optimum location of well surface definition;
• Create distribution of density well target in reservoir area;
• And many more.
An information product is not only map, it also a table which is stored in spreadsheets, or a report with a title and appropriate column heading.
The basis of the development of GIS in the enterprise is that nearly all oil and gas business processes involve both a physical map and digital. Without a business unit that handles the supply and provides the needs of maps and information, then each department will strive to meet their own needs. They will do all the best to conduct field surveys to obtain spatial data in accordance with their needs, such as the environment will conduct surveys and monitor of sample points measuring water quality, soil and air.
Pipeline department will conduct a survey to get the layout of pipeline that will be used to
fleet to monitor the movement of vessel in their working area. Department of Communication and Societal might conduct a survey to know the population distribution around the working area that can impact the company’s operation in one side and to know the impact of company's operations on the surrounding environment in other side.
With these conditions, there will be very diverse methods, ranging from the process of data acquisition, quality control, data storage, analysis and so forth. In addition to inefficient, the accumulation cost incurred by each department will be very large. Data duplication occurs kept by each department without being able to make sharing of data.
The main issue is to look for a way out where the data - which obtained with not small cost - can be best utilized between the department in need. A built system shall integrate all these data and can be accessed by the entire department. Enterprise GIS is a hope to answer all of this challenge.
Establishing Enterprise GIS is not easy, there are various factors play as important role.
By knowing these factors and identify the components involved GIS: Data, Technology, People and Procedure, then the realization of Enterprise GIS is impossible not be achieved.
3.1.2. Data
The holistic model of a functional Geographic Information System is to turns data, through analysis, into useful information. Therefore data is the most important part in GIS. Their acquisition is normally the greatest cost-consuming [Forsythe & Swales, 2006 pg.2].
In GIS there are two types of data that is spatial data and attribute data. Spatial data is a
term with special meaning in GIS. Spatial data is raw data distinguished by the presence of a geographic link, a known place on the earth. Spatial data can be represented using a combination of points, lines and polygons. Linked to the geographic features is non-spatial information called attributes data which is usually stored in table format.
An identification of Company’s spatial and attribute data was completed during the needs assessment. The identification and data collection result indicates that all spatial data is provided by Survey Department. All departments that need spatial data whether in digital format or hardcopy paper must request to Survey Department. Other Department collects the attribute data related to spatial data as required according to their work functions.
These spatial and attribute data are stored in a variety of proprietary formats based on the business applications.
The need assessment identifies, inventories and mapped document format (hardcopy or digital) of all the data needed for GIS within Company. This full data analysis compile information relating to the key characteristics of Company’s datasets, such as: the data is used in or shared with, spatial data format, related data, attributes, etc.
In addition, Company’s spatial data has a variety of scales and update frequencies.
However, the business applications used in Survey Department is Autodesk’s AutoCAD and ESRI’s ArcGIS, either supports conversion between formats or direct use of other proprietary formats.
More than one commercial remote sensing satellite imageries have been purchased to supply the data needed. With the integration of remote sensing data, if any analysis or processing requires the data, the further discuss will take a place to find a solution either in processing method and software needs. Information collected at this point will also
Although the study and data design will produce metadata from received descriptive information; the data custodian, i.e., the person who has created the dataset or who is most familiar with the dataset, usually creates it.
Spatial Data
Company has 2 (two) types of existing data source, vector data and raster data. The vector data source is originally comes in 2 (two) spatial data format that is shapefiles, and AutoCAD files. The existing raster data are Satellite Imageries in GeoTIFF format which already contain spatial references information. These Satellite Imageries was taken from SPOT Satellite which cover the Mahakam Delta area, about 5,000 Kilometer squares.
There are also several SPOT Imageries for certain year period in GeoTIFF format.
Attribute Data
The existing attribute data is reside in flat-file format that have not been stored in Database Management System. The format of existing attributes data are Microsoft Excel (.xls), Microsoft Document (.doc), Pictures or Images (.jpg, .bmp, etc.) and also in hardcopy paper. Some of the paper document was scanned and stored in database but some document was leaves as authentic document in its original paper format.
All of these data both spatial and attribute data can be categorized into several dataset for easy data management. In general, the data can be divided into 2 parts: Reference data and thematic data.
Reference Data
Topographic data provide basic framework for building or referencing any other thematic data. Serve as the geographic information which is used as a reference base that allows combine data and integrate any kind of applications.
The identified issues to be considered as reference data are coastline, administrative boundaries: province, district/county and sub-district, transport networks which is classified from major road up-to unpaved road, land-use, coal mine concession and protected sites, cities and public facilities, and ortho-imagery.
Hydrographical data is also taken into consideration as reference data, because the company's working area is a mix between on-shore and off-shore. The required reference data are rivers and lakes, bathymetric charts, anchorage areas, restricted areas, marine navigation aid, etc
Thematic Data
Thematic data is required for specific applications that exploit the geographic information with a specific purpose. Thematic data could be qualitative and quantitative values that correspond to attributes associated to references data such as land use, public facilities, demography, etc.
The thematic data, especially in oil and gas industry must be included but not limited to Wells, Seismic lines 2D, Seismic 3D area, Exploratory lease area, Production lease area, Pipelines, Power lines, Fields, Reservoirs, Surface facilities, etc
3.1.3. Technology
This section provides a description of the existing information technology infrastructure, followed by a need assessment of the infrastructure with regard to on-going GIS Implementation and future GIS requirements.
Balikpapan Office, there were 3 (three) desktop single-use licenses of ArcView 9.1, 6 (six) concurrent-use licenses of ArcView 9.0, and 1 (one) desktop single-use license of ArcInfo 9.1. Table 3.1 and Table 3.2 provide a summary the ESRI ArcGIS licenses installed at company’s offices in Balikpapan in year 2006.
Table 3.1 ESRI ArcGIS licenses in 2006
Product Description
ArcGIS A desktop GIS product produced by ESRI Inc.
(Environmental Systems Research Institute). ArcGIS is full- featured GIS software for visualizing, managing, creating and analyzing spatial data. The software can be used out of the box but can also be customized using industry-standard programming languages.
Software Licenses ArcInfo 9.1 1 single-use
ArcView 9.0 3 single-use + 6 Concurrent-use Source: [Ritung, N., 2007], pg.12
Table 3.2 ESRI ArcGIS licenses by Department in 2006
Department Software Licenses
Construction ArcInfo 9.1
ArcView 9.0
1 single-use
1 single-use & 4 Concurrent-use Land Affairs ArcView 9.0 1 single-use
Environment ArcView 9.0 1 Concurrent-use
Inspection ArcView 9.0 1 single-use & 2 Concurrent-use Source: [Ritung, N., 2007], pg.12
There is a network that connects the all departments together, which needs further investigation and consideration in system design. The Information Technology infrastructure can support a GIS implementation; however, it is likely that a dedicated spatial data server as centralize spatial data server is required to support all departments and a non-spatial database will be required for each department.
Figure 3.1 GIS Architecture in 2006
Source: [Ritung, N., 2007], pg.13
Currently, various system configurations are exist and GIS is scalable to meet most architecture. Information Technology is a low-risk issue with regard to GIS implementation – a system can be configured from network infrastructure, hardware and software to meet Company’s requirements.
GIS will be expanded to support web application and accessible through company intranet. Due to its huge coverage area where data centre and server is located in Main Office in Balikpapan City, while the remote users in sites which are located around 90 up to 150 km far away from Balikpapan main office, Information Technology Department should investigate the response time once the centralized spatial database implemented is ready.
3.1.4. People
Based on experience developing enterprise GIS in various sectors, people is the key factor of successful GIS implementation. Many failures of GIS implementation in
been built, either stand-alone systems or enterprise GIS. There must be a dedicated person to maintain and upgrade hardware and software, updating the data and create new functions to meet the needs of users.
Figure 3.2 User Categories
Source: [Parisot T., Coquelet D., 2010]
Figure 3.2 shows some types of GIS users. Distribution of users can be more clearly seen in the form of a pyramid. The greatest part at the bottom of pyramid describes the end users. They typically use GIS as a visualization tool and retrieve data from the database.
At higher levels there is key-user or a champion. They are a focal point from each department who need more functionality than the usual end-users. Their need is not only visualization but also growing in conducting spatial analysis and geoprocessing for decision making. At the very top level, there is an expert level. They are acting as developers and system builders. Their number is not many, but they hold very important role in bringing GIS development towards the right path. The expert designs the system,
performs analysis, make the front-end application and integration into the enterprise GIS.
3.1.5. Method
GIS has functions as a tool that allows users to create interactive queries, searches, analyze the spatial information, and edit data.
Generally, functions of GIS application are shown as table below.
Table 3.3 GIS Functions
Function Description
Display / Visualization To show & symbolized spatial data on monitor screen
Identification To show or edit attribute data of object selected on monitor screen Locator To search & locate object(s) by input the attribute of the object(s)) Spatial Analysis To perform spatial analysis on existing spatial data, such as buffer,
overlay, connectivity/path
Attribute Queries To perform attribute query on existing attribute database and locate it on the map if it has spatial object
Hyperlink To link a spatial object to document in native format Plotting To layout and plot a map in various paper size Reporting To layout and print a summary report
Source: [Ritung, N., 2007], pg.8
3.2. System Architecture Grand Design
Grand design of GIS in company will be explained in this section. System design is conceived in data and technology. The data aspect is focused on database structure either in spatial or attribute design and also on metadata. While the technology aspect is focused on defining a set of hardware, software and networking that will adequately support the demand for system functions.
Figure 3.3 Grand Design
Source: [Ritung, N., 2009]
3.2.1. Data Architecture
The successful of GIS implementation is started with a good data model design. The company creates the database and its schema by creating new database and then import the existing data. Data was grouped and designed into 2 (two) parts:
Spatial Database Design
The Spatial Database stores all the company’s spatial data in one single format – a Geodatabase. This Spatial Database was created and maintenance by Survey Department. Company Geodatabase format is refer to the ESRI’s Geodatabase format
The geodatabase is a collection of geographic datasets of various types. The geodatabase contains three primary dataset types:
‐ Tables
‐ Feature class
‐ Raster dataset
Geodatabase storage includes the schema
and rule base for each geographic dataset plus tabular storage of the spatial and attributes data. All these three primary datasets in the geodatabase are stored using tables. The spatial representations in geographic datasets are stored as either vector features or as raster. These geometries are stored and managed in attribute columns along with traditional tabular attribute fields. [ESRI Help 2010].
The geodatabases is designed for enterprise level geodatabases which can be edited and accessed by many users simultaneously. Therefore these datasets are managed in Company’s Oracle® Database, a relational database management system.
GIS design involves organizing geographic information into a series of data themes. Data are organized in a series of data themes or referred as thematic layers. A data theme is design begins with deciding what the geographic representations will be for each dataset.
A collection of common geographic elements such as a road network, a collection of parcel boundaries, an elevation surface, and satellite imagery for a certain date, well locations and facilities installation structure, and so on. [ESRI Help 2009].
Detail of geodatabases model behaviour and advanced capabilities can be read on ESRI resource website.
Figure 3.4 Dataset Type
Attribute Database Design
Each Department has Attribute Database to store their activities data. These Attribute Databases also a shared database - by permission of each department data owner - as public data that might be useful for other department in company. Integration of Attribute Database from other department will be part of Grand Design toward Enterprise GIS.
Metadata
Metadata describe the characteristics of data. Users can interpret what and how these data represent, how to facilitate searches, selections and queries that interest them most and can use and exploit it effectively. The information contained in the metadata describe the acquisition date, content, covering the spread, spatial reference system, security and legal constraints, update frequency, quality, etc.
The concept of metadata is "data about data and services" or even more general is information about resources.
The structure and content of the metadata based on a standard accepted and widely used ISO 19115 "Geographic information – Metadata”, which is from ISO 19100 family developed by the Technical Committee.
3.2.2. Software Architecture
All of GIS software that mention in the grand design is refers to the Headquarters’
Company Rule [Husy S., 2005]. It is designed to utilize GIS software ranging from desktop up to server type. This is a standard that have been decided by the Headquarters office to be followed by all the affiliate of Total Group.
