Identification of the Triticoid type grains from archaeobotanical assemblages in southwest Asia as

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Identification of the Triticoid type grains from archaeobotanical assemblages in southwest Asia as Heteranthelium piliferum (Banks & Sol.) Hochst. (Poaceae)

Alexander Weide (alexander.weide@arch.ox.ac.uk), Amaia Arranz-Otaegui, Ann Frijda Schmidt, Hyunyoung Kim, Michael Charles, Mohsen Zeidi, Hojjat Darabi, Tobias Richter, Nicholas J. Conard

Vegetation History and Archaeobotany Electronic Supplementary Material

Taxonomic classification of the Triticeae

We used the traditional taxonomic classification throughout this article, because this system was used by most archaeobotanical publications we referred to. ESM 1 Table 1 lists the traditional names with their modern counterparts.

ESM 1 Table 1 The traditional and modern taxonomic classification of the taxa referred to in the text Traditional taxonomy

(as used in article)

Modern taxonomy¹ Common name

T. boeoticum Boiss.

(refers to 1-grained form)

T. thaoudar Reuter (refers to 2-grained form)

Triticum monococcum subsp. aegilopoides (Link) Thell.

(includes one and two-grained forms)

Wild einkorn wheat

T. dicoccum Schübl. Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum (Schrank) Thell. Emmer wheat (domesticated) S. vavilovii Grossh. Secale cereale subsp. vavilovii (Grossh.) Kobyl. Wild rye H. spontaneum K. Koch Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum (K. Koch) Thell. Wild barley

1 after Zohary D, Hopf M, Weiss E (2012) Domestication of Plants in the Old World, 4th edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

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ESM 1 Table 2 Information on the studied modern and archaeological plant material and its provenance Herbarium specimens

ID Taxon (original as given on la-

bel) Herbarium Collector, collection site,

date, altitude asl Habitat description Treatment Max plant

height (mm) Altitude (m) 7331-3 Heteranthelium piliferum

(Banks et Sol.) Hochst. Royal Botanic

Gardens Kew S. Sakamoto, Kirkuk to Bagh-

dad, Iraq, 31/05/1970, 400m cultivated 453 400

7334-1 Heteranthelium piliferum

Gardens Kew S. Sakamoto, Mosul to Bagh-

7437 Heteranthelium piliferum

Gardens Kew S. Sakamoto, south of Shak-

lawa, Iraq, 10/06/1970 cultivated 370

(Banks et Sol.) Hochst. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew

S. Sakamoto, Al Migdadiya to Sulaymaniyah, Iraq,

25/05/1970, 300m

cultivated 270 300

Gardens Kew S. Sakamoto, Arbat to Pan-

jwin, Iraq, 26/05/1970, 890m cultivated 359 890

S. Sakamoto, Sulaymaniyah to Qara Dagh, Iraq, 27/05/1970,

850m cultivated 332 850

Gardens Kew S. Sakamoto, Sulaymaniyah,

Iraq, 27/05/1970 cultivated 360

Gardens Kew S. Sakamoto, Arbil to Kirkuk,

Iraq, 09/06/1970, 360m cultivated 452 360

Gardens Kew S. Sakamoto, Mosul to Sinjar,

Gardens Kew S. Sakamoto, Baiji to Mosul,

S. Sakamoto, Dohuk to Amadiyah, Iraq, 16/06/1970,

Gardens Kew S. Sakamoto, Mosul to Qay-

yarah, Iraq, 08/06/1970, 220m cultivated 420 220

Gardens Kew S. Sakamoto, Sinjar to Mosul,

7330-3 Heteranthelium piliferum (Banks et Sol.) Hochst.

Royal Botanic Gardens Kew

S. Sakamoto, Chamchamal to Jarmo, Iraq, 30/05/1970,

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ESM 1 Table 2 Continued

S. Sakamoto, Qazvin to Hamadan, Iraq, 15/07/1970,

Gardens Kew S. Sakamoto, Pul-i-khumri,

Afghanistan, 06/05/1966 cultivated 481

Gardens Kew S. Sakamoto, Jabal Sinjar,

Gardens Kew S. Sakamoto, Mosul to Sinjar,

S. Sakamoto, Al Migdadiya to Sulaymaniyah, Iraq,

25/05/1970, 180m

cultivated 287 180

PI 227341 Heteranthelium piliferum Hochst. in Kotschy

Wray M. Bowden, Shiraz

(Badgka), Iran, 27/04/1959 cultivated 171

S. Sakamoto, Marand to Tabriz, Iraq, 10/07/1970,

S. Sakamoto, Marand to Tabriz, Iraq, 11/07/1970,

S. Sakamoto, Rowanduz to

Rayat, Iraq, 12/06/1970, 770m cultivated 424 770

S. Sakamoto, Koi Sanjag to Ranya, Iraq, 09/06/1970,

Gardens Kew S. Sakamoto, Shaqlawa to Ar-

bil, Iraq, 10/06/1970, 880m cultivated 467 880

S. Sakamoto, Tag-Tag to Kirkuk, Iraq, 09/06/1970,

7354-4 Heteranthelium piliferum Royal Botanic S. Sakamoto, Mosul to cultivated 366 290

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(Banks et Sol.) Hochst. Gardens Kew Amadiyah, Iraq, 09/06/1970, 290m

S. Sakamoto, Jabal Sinjar,

Iraq, 15/06/1970 cultivated 399

Gardens Kew S. Sakamoto, Shaglawa, Iraq,

10/06/1970 cultivated 355

Gardens Kew S. Sakamoto, Rowanduz, Iraq,

11/06/1970, 850m cultivated 424 850

Gardens Kew S. Sakamoto, Mosul to Qay-

yarah, Iraq, 08/06/1970, 200m cultivated 312 200

S. Sakamoto, Mardin to Midyat, Turkey, 26/06/1970, 960m

cultivated 369 960

S. Sakamoto, Malatya to Maras, Turkey, 01/07/1970,

Gardens Kew S. Sakamoto, Van, Turkey,

05/07/1970 cultivated 342

Gardens Kew S. Sakamoto, Van to Tatvan,

Turkey, 04/07/1970, 1710m cultivated 301 1710

Gardens Kew S. Sakamoto, Van to Ercis,

Gardens Kew S. Sakamoto, Van to Ozalp,

Gardens Kew S. Sakamoto, Midyat to Cizre,

S. Sakamoto, Malatya to Maras, Turkey, 01/07/1970,

Gardens Kew S. Sakamoto, Baiji to Mosul,

1926 Heteranthelium piliferum (Banks et Sol.) Hochst.

Bowles Scholarship Bot. Exp., Arak, Iran, 23/05/1963, 7000

ft agricultural land collected

(field) 91 2130

27960 Heteranthelium piliferum Royal Botanic Davis & Hedge, Nisib to Bire- edge of field on marly collected 162 400

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(Banks et Sol.) Hochst. Gardens Kew cik, Turkey, 15/05/1957, 400m

soil, 0.5km from Eu-

phrates (field)

unreadable, Chamchamal,

Iraq, 05/05/1958 in cultivated fields collected

(field) 258

C. Grey-Wilson & T.F.

Hewer, Dilaram, Afghanistan, 22/04/1971, 3500 ft

cultivated fields (wheat

and barley) collected

(field) 119 1000

J. Al-Mokhias? & Karim? &

R. Hamba? & H. Hamid, un- readable (Hasar), Iraq, 16/04/1970

wheat field collected

(field) 149

629 Heteranthelium piliferum Hochst.

H. Helbaek, Jarmo, Iraq,

05/04/1955 wheat field collected

(field) 286

M. Jacobs, Bisutun, Kermanshah, Iran,

03/06/1963, 1350m field collected

(field) 216 1350

H.E. Wright Jr., A.M. Bent, Mahi-Dasht Valley, Kerman-

shah, Iran, 15/05/1960 field collected

(field) 77 1350

Hochst. Royal Botanic

Gardens Kew unreadable, Mosul to Zaltho?,

Iraq, 05/05/1954, 250 m fields collected

(field) 214 250

Gardens Kew unreadable, Mosul, Iraq,

04/05/1954, 250 m field collected

(field) 184

S.H.T. Al-Kaisi, Saadiya, Iraq,

04/04/1975, 85m clay soil in wheat field collected

(field) 263 85

T.A Cope & D. Al-Eisawi, Safawi, Jordan, 08/05/1992

sandy soil in cultivated field

collected

(field) 86 670

Gardens Kew Al Kaisi & K. Famad?, Tal

Afar, Iraq, 06/11/1979, 440m hillside, in barley field collected

(field) 187 440

Gardens Kew Davis, Kurbaş, Van, Turkey,

09/06/1966, 1850m irrigated field collected

(field) 251 1850

Royal Botanic

Gardens Kew Davis, Viranşehir to Ceylanpi-

nar, Turkey, 02/05/1966,500m fallow fields collected

(field) 209 500

Gardens Kew Davis, Viranşehir to Ceylan- pinar, Turkey, 02/05/1966,

fallow fields collected

(field) 183 500

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500m 28171 Heteranthelium piliferum (Rus-

sell) Hochst. Royal Botanic

Gardens Kew

Davis & Hedge, Urfa to Akça- kale, Turkey, 17/05/1957, 450m

fallow fields collected

(field) 140 450

Gardens Kew Alizzi, Badra, Iraq, ? silty soil collected 199

Davis & Hedge, Nisib to Bire- cik, Turkey, 15/05/1957,

450m disturbed steppe collected 168 450

Janan, Darband, Iraq,

16/04/1975, 650m rocky mountain collected 135 650

B.S. Brown, Diyabakir, Mer- mer, Turkey, 19/05/1960,

2200 ft roadside collected 146 670

Gardens Kew Botany Staff, Dohuk, Iraq,

10/01/1967, 590m clay hillside collected 235 590

unreadable, Elburz Mts.

Firuzkuh area, Iran,

14/06/1960, 6500 ft dry rocky ground collected 62 1980

P. Furse, Shaikhabad to Gardez, Afghanistan,

09/05/1964, 9000 ft dry limey slopes collected 50 2700

2426 Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch)

Nevski. Royal Botanic

Gardens Kew

J. Lamond, Gardez to Khost, Afghanistan, 08/07/1965, 2400m

humid depression in

stony desert area collected 133 2400

Gardens Kew Alizzi & Husain, Haimed,

Sinjar, Iraq, 04/05/1965 sandy clay soil collected 209 22077 Heteranthelium piliferum

(Banks et Sol.) Hochst.

A. Rawi, Avraman Mt, N. of Halabja, Iraq, 18/06/1957, 1500-1830m

Daphne and Astra-

galus region collected 115 1700

1180 Aegilops Royal Botanic

Gardens Kew

J.M. Watson, Sasun Dallari, Halkis Dag Massif, Turkey, 20/05/1966, 1300m

steep slopes on moun-

tain side, limestone collected 86 1300

Bowles Scholarship Bot. Exp., Hamadan, Iran, 23/05/1963,

6500 ft stony soil collected 247 1980

1977 Heteranthelium piliferum Royal Botanic Bowles Scholarship Bot. Exp., stony soil, with Rosa collected 121 1980

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(Banks et Sol.) Hochst. Gardens Kew Hamadan, Iran, 24/05/1963,

6500 ft persica

Gardens Kew P. Furse, Herat, Afghanistan, 21/04/1964, 4000 ft

west-facing slopes, caked fine earth with

stones collected 196 1220

R.B. & L. Gibbons, Herat to Obeh, Afghanistan,

24/04/1971 fine dry clay soil collected 130

13360 Heteranthelium piliferum (Banks et Sol.) ex Jaub. &

Spach

F.N. Hepper, Rachaiya, Lebanon, 30/04/2004, 1300- 1500m

rocky slopes collected 142 1400

W755 Heteranthelium piliferum Hochst.

R. unreadable, unreadable, Iraq, 10/05/1956

irrigation ditch along

road collected 84 760

W281 Heteranthelium piliferum

Gardens Kew R. Wheeler Haines, Jarmo,

Iraq, 22/05/1955, 2500 ft steep grassy slope collected 72 760

Gardens Kew H. Helbaek, Jarmo, Iraq,

24/04/1955 dry stations around

Jarmo camp collected 254

Gardens Kew E. Hartmann, Jebel Baruk,

Syria, 28/06/1900, 2100m dry rocky hilltop collected 47 2100

Gardens Kew unreadable, Khamjak, Iran,

24/03/1959, 820m in Stipa capensis grass-

land collected 193 820

A. Rawi, Khantur Mt. NE of Zakho, Iraq, 06/07/1957, 1360m

clay depression, under

Quercus collected 236 1360

Gardens Kew J.C. Archibald, Khorramabad,

Iran, 01/05/1966, 1340m dryish stony clay on

hilltop ridge collected 279 1340

Rawi & unreadable, Kirkuk to Koi Sanjaq?, Schwan village, Iraq, 04/05/1959, 1340m

clay soil on hillside

with small stones collected 138 740

(Hochst. Royal Botanic

Gardens Kew unreadable, Kirkuk, Iraq,

30/04/1933, 1300 ft hilltop collected 128 400

Gardens Kew F.A. Barkley & S.Y. Haddad,

Kirkuk liwa, Iraq, 09/04/1964 hilltop collected 129

Gardens Kew M. Jacobs, W. Lorestan, Ilam,

Iran, 17/04/1963, 400-450m alluvial riverine plain,

disturbed, largely bare, collected 94 400

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grows in small tufts 6481 Heteranthelium piliferum

Gardens Kew M. Jacobs, Marivan, Iran, 04/05/1963, 1300-1600m

steep mountain, shale and limestone, in rem- nants of oak forest

collected 196 1450

D. Podlech, Maymana to Dawlatabad, Afghanistan,

25/04/1971, 970m loess hill collected 135 970

Gardens Kew A. Rawi, Mela Kowa, Iraq,

20/06/1957, 1320m hillside, Rhus-Quercus

forest collected 126 1320

Gardens Kew Davis, Midyat to Gerçüş, Tur-

key, 13/05/1966, 1100m limestone steppe collected 189 1100

Bowles Scholarship Bot. Exp., Miyaneh, Iran, 14/05/1963, 5500 ft

deep earth in mountain

valleys collected 185 1670

Bowles Scholarship Bot. Exp., Mianeh, Iran, 03/05/1966,

5000 ft roadsides collected 207 1500

99 Heteranthelium piliferum (Rus-

Gardens Kew unreadable, Qaiyarah, Mosul,

Iraq, 25/04/1939, 640 ft dry stony hillside collected 188 200

Gardens Kew J. Layer?, Mosul, Iraq,

26/04/1932 on a hill collected 137

Gardens Kew Merton, Shiraz to Fasa, Sar-

vestan, Iran, 18/04/1959 along road collected 84

Bowles Scholarship Bot. Exp., Maineh, Tabriz to Tehran, Iran, 02/05/1963, 4500 ft

roadside, abundant and

widespread collected 207 1370

J.C. Archibald, Saneh, Kurdistan, Iran, 12/05/1966, 1890m

limestone ridge, rich

heavy clay collected 206 1890

Gardens Kew unreadable, unreadable, Iran, 03/04/1959, 450m

lush vegetation on river sands, in Stipa capen-

sis grassland collected 155 450

Gardens Kew

?, ruins of Persepolis, Iran, 27/04/1842 (+several other la-

bels) ruins of Persepolis collected 106 1600

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20417 Heteranthelium piliferum (Banks et Sol.) Nevski.

J.E. Dinsmore, S. of Qastal,

Syria, 27/05/1939, 1300m wadi collected 143 1300

(Banks et Sol.) Nevski. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew

J. Lamond, Quetta, Spin Karez, Pakistan, 11/05/1965,

1800-1900m dry sandy slopes collected 108 1850

J. Lamond, Quetta, between Dulai and Kanak, Pakistan,

09/05/1965, 1600m rocky hillside collected 130 1600

Gardens Kew P. Furse, Sanandaj, Iran, 17/05/1962, 5000 ft

shale slopes, associated with annual barley

grass collected 122 1500

Gardens Kew P. Furse, Sanandaj, Iran, 17/05/1962, 4500 ft

shale slopes with 15cm soil, associated with

annual barley grass collected 204 1370

A.L. Kaisi & A.L. Khayat &

F. Karim, Sarsang to Amadia,

Iraq, 07/06/1979, 450m clay gypsous valley collected 202 450

Gardens Kew

H.E. Bellringer, Ser Amadia Pass, Kurdistan, Iraq, 02/06/1937, 6000 ft

among stones in rich clay on slopes, fodder

for goat + sheep collected 187 1800

25513 Heteranthelium piliferum Royal Botanic

Gardens Kew A. Rawi & S. Haddad, Shaikh

Sa'ad, Iraq, 04/04/1958, 25m little elevated spot in

salty flooded plain collected 134 25

Al-Kaisi & K. Famad?, Jabal

Sinjar, Iraq, 24/09/1979, 610m rocky mountain collected 276 610

Gardens Kew unreadable, Balad Sinjar to

Afar, Iraq, 28/04/1933, 1100ft semi-natural steppe collected 144 330 1184 Heteranthelium piliferum

Bowles Scholarship Bot. Exp., Tabriz to Tehran, Iran,

02/05/1966, 4500 ft roadside collected 154 1370

Gardens Kew A. Rawi, Tawela, Iraq,

15/06/1957, 1400m on hillside collected 128 1400

Gardens Kew H.F. Mooney, Tehran, Iran,

18/05/1953, 4000 ft dry hillside, assoc. with

Aegilops collected 130 1220

Gardens Kew Davis, Urfa to Viranşehir,

Turkey, 02/05/1966, 650m hills in steppe collected 223 650

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Gardens Kew B.A. Cruickshank, Euphrates (Urfa), Turkey, 11/05/1969

stony ground, fine crumbly dry soil, clay

in places collected 166

- Heteranthelium piliferum Royal Botanic Gardens Kew

Eig & Feinbrun & Zohary, Khizbeth-Tmeiri, Gilead,

Palestine, 10/05/1927 collected

13370 Heteranthelium piliferum Hochst.

unreadable, Tal Afar, Iraq,

20/05/1954, 350m field collected

(field)

exception- ally tall

(omitted) 350

Gardens Kew W. Koelz, Durud, Luristan,

Iran, 20/05/1940, 5000 ft collected 1500

5-28-1-B Heteranthelium piliferum

Botanical Exp. Kyoto Univ., Sulaymaniyah to Chuarta, Iraq, 28/05/1970

collected ESM 1 Table 2 Continued

8032E Heteranthelium piliferum

(Banks et Sol.) Nevsky. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew

Behboudi, Khossom? To Iraq border, Kermanshah, Iraq,

08/03/1950 collected

11741/

HUJHERB 131228

Heteranthelium piliferum (Banks et Sol.) Hochst.

Israel National Herbarium, Jerusalem

N. Naftolsky, Ein Jina, Mt.

Hermon, Palestine,

18/06/1924 collected

Comparative seed collections and material provided by gene banks

ID Taxon (original as given on label) Collection/providing gene bank Collection site and year

R 1126 Secale vavilovii Grossh. IPK Gatersleben Turkey, 1991

TRI 17076 Triticum baeoticum Boiss. subsp. thaoudar (Reut. ex Hausskn.)

Grossh. var. abovjanii A.Filat. & Dorof. IPK Gatersleben Turkey, 1992

TRI 5860 Triticum dicoccon Schrank subsp. dicoccon convar. dicoccon var.

rufum Schübl. IPK Gatersleben Iran, 1959

01C3700006 Heteranthelium piliferum Gene Bank of the CRI Prague Uzbekistan

01C3700003 Heteranthelium piliferum Gene Bank of the CRI Prague Iran

22835 Heteranthelium piliferum (Sol.) Hochst. Israel Gene Bank Mt. Hermon

- Heteranthelium piliferum Archaeobotany Laboratory, Bar-Ilan University,

Ramat Gan

Mt. Hermon, 1977, 1991, 1992

Archaeological material

Site Context/origin of samples Sample ID (n of measured grains) Archiving institute and excavation Chogha

Golan, Iran

Deep sounding,

Archaeological Horizons

III-235 (n=1), III-410 (n=1), III-469 (n=4), IV-487 (n=2), IV-494

Archived at the Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen;

excavation of the Tübingen Iranian Stone Age Research Project (TISARP) and the

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III-VI (ca 8,100-7,800 cal BC)

(n=15), IV-495 (n=9), V-288 (n=4), V-331 (n=2), V-499 (n=1), VI-53 (n=1), VI-348 (n=2), VI-560 (n=2)

Iranian Center for Archaeological Research: N.J. Conard and M. Zeidi (University of Tübingen, Germany)

Ganj Dareh, Iran

Area A (ca 8,170-7,940 cal BC)

5067 (n=12), 5087 (n=2), 5088 (n=10), 5094 (n=13)

Archived at the Centre for the Study of Early Agricultural Societies, University of Copenhagen; excavation of the project ‘Tracking Cultural and Environmental Change: Epipaleolithic and Neolithic in the Seimarreh Valley, central Zagros: P.

Mortensen, T. Richter (University of Copenhagen, Denmark), H. Darabi (Razi University, Iran)

Tell Brak, Syria

Area HH, trenches E+F (ca 1,550-1,300 cal BC)

06/70 (n=2), 07/77 (n=6), 07/82 (n=5), 07/92 (n=17)

Archived at the School of Archaeology, University of Oxford; excavation of the Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge: A. McMahon and J. Oates (University of Cambridge, UK)

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ESM 1 Fig. 1 Comparison of cultivated (7364-1) (a) and collected (28171) (b) H. piliferum specimens, photographed at Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, London; the scale applies to both photos

ESM 1 Fig. 2 Straight lateral ridges (arrows) can occur among T. thaoudar grains (a) while ridges of

H. piliferum grains (b) follow the distinctively curved ventral side and apex. Scale = 2mm

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ESM 1 Fig. 3 Grain dimensions of Triticoid

types by archaeological site. Note that the

Ganj Dareh specimens are divided into those

measured by van Zeist et al. (1984) and as

part of this study

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Identification of the Triticoid type grains from archaeobotanical assemblages in southwest Asia as